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    Case Study Diabetes Mellitus

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    Gabbii Cinco
    Type 1 diabetes is a chronic condition where the pancreas produces little or no insulin. The exact cause is unknown but is usually due to the immune system mistakenly destroying insulin-producing cells. Risk factors include family history, genetics, geography, and age. It is managed through insulin therapy, diet, exercise, and glucose monitoring to prevent complications like heart, nerve, kidney, eye, and foot damage. Nursing care focuses on regulating glucose levels and providing education.

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    Case Study Diabetes Mellitus

    Uploaded by

    Gabbii Cinco
    36 views4 pages
    Type 1 diabetes is a chronic condition where the pancreas produces little or no insulin. The exact cause is unknown but is usually due to the immune system mistakenly destroying insulin-producing cells. Risk factors include family history, genetics, geography, and age. It is managed through insulin therapy, diet, exercise, and glucose monitoring to prevent complications like heart, nerve, kidney, eye, and foot damage. Nursing care focuses on regulating glucose levels and providing education.

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    CASE STUDY DIABETES MELLITUS

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    Type 1 diabetes is a chronic condition where the pancreas produces little or no insulin. The exact cause is unknown but is usually due to the immune system mistakenly destroying insulin-producing cells. Risk factors include family history, genetics, geography, and age. It is managed through insulin therapy, diet, exercise, and glucose monitoring to prevent complications like heart, nerve, kidney, eye, and foot damage. Nursing care focuses on regulating glucose levels and providing education.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    36 views4 pages

    Case Study Diabetes Mellitus

    Uploaded by

    Gabbii Cinco
    Type 1 diabetes is a chronic condition where the pancreas produces little or no insulin. The exact cause is unknown but is usually due to the immune system mistakenly destroying insulin-producing cells. Risk factors include family history, genetics, geography, and age. It is managed through insulin therapy, diet, exercise, and glucose monitoring to prevent complications like heart, nerve, kidney, eye, and foot damage. Nursing care focuses on regulating glucose levels and providing education.

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    TYPE 1 DIABETES MELLITUS

    INTRODUCTION
    Type 1 diabetes, once known as juvenile diabetes or insulin-dependent diabetes, is a chronic
    condition in which the pancreas produces little or no insulin. Insulin is a hormone needed to
    allow sugar (glucose) to enter cells to produce energy.
    CAUSES AND RISK FACTORS

    The exact cause of type 1 diabetes is unknown. Usually, the body’s own immune system —
    which normally fights harmful bacteria and viruses — mistakenly destroys the insulin-producing
    (islet, or islets of Langerhans) cells in the pancreas. Other possible causes include:
    • Genetics
    • Exposure to viruses and other environmental factors Some known risk factors for type 1
    diabetes include:

    • Family history. Anyone with a parent or sibling with type 1 diabetes has a slightly
    increased risk of developing the condition.
    • Genetics. The presence of certain genes indicates an increased risk of developing type 1
    diabetes.
    • Geography. The incidence of type 1 diabetes tends to increase as you travel away from
    the equator.
    • Age. Although type 1 diabetes can appear at any age, it appears at two noticeable peaks.
    The first peak occurs in children between 4 and 7 years old, and the second is in children
    between 10 and 14 years old.
    PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
    DIAGNOSIS
    • Glycated hemoglobin (A1C) test. This blood test indicates your average blood sugar level
    for the past two to three months. It measures the percentage of blood sugar attached to the
    oxygen-carrying protein in red blood cells (hemoglobin). The higher your blood sugar
    levels, the more hemoglobin you’ll have with sugar attached. An A1C level of 6.5 percent
    or higher on two separate tests indicates diabetes.
    • Random blood sugar test. A blood sample will be taken at a random time and may be
    confirmed by repeat testing. Blood sugar values are expressed in milligrams per deciliter
    (mg/dL) or millimoles per liter (mmol/L). Regardless of when you last ate, a random
    blood sugar level of 200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L) or higher suggests diabetes, especially
    when coupled with any of the signs and symptoms of diabetes, such as frequent urination
    and extreme thirst.
    • Fasting blood sugar test. A blood sample will be taken after an overnight fast. A fasting
    blood sugar level less than 100 mg/dL (5.6 mmol/L) is normal. A fasting blood sugar
    level from 100 to 125 mg/dL (5.6 to 6.9 mmol/L) is considered prediabetes. If it’s 126
    mg/dL (7 mmol/L) or higher on two separate tests, you have diabetes.
    MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
    • Insulin therapy. Insulin therapy is an essential part of the treatment of diabetes in
    children; the dosage of insulin is adjusted according to blood glucose levels so that the
    levels are maintained near normal; many children are prescribed with an insulin regimen
    given at two times during the day: one before breakfast and the second before the evening
    meal.
    • Diet. Current dietary management of diabetes emphasizes a healthy, balanced diet that is
    high in carbohydrates and fiber and low in fat.
    • Activity. Type 1 diabetes mellitus requires no restrictions on activity; exercise has real
    benefits for a child with diabetes; current guidelines are increasingly sophisticated and
    allow children to compete at the highest levels in sports.
    • Continuous glucose monitoring. The American Diabetes Association’s Standards of
    Medical Care in Diabetes-2018 recommend consideration of continuous glucose
    monitoring for children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes, whether they are using
    injections or continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion, to aid in glycemic control.
    NURSING INTERVENTIONS

    • Ensure adequate and appropriate nutrition. • Prevent skin breakdown


    • Prevent skin infection.
    • Regulate glucose levels
    • Provide client and family teaching in the management of hypoglycemia and
    hyperglycemia.

    COMPLICATIONS
    • Heart and blood vessel disease. Diabetes dramatically increases your risk of various
    cardiovascular problems, including coronary artery disease with chest pain (angina), heart
    attack, stroke, narrowing of the arteries (atherosclerosis) and high blood pressure.
    • Nerve damage (neuropathy). Excess sugar can injure the walls of the tiny blood vessels
    (capillaries) that nourish your nerves, especially in the legs. This can cause tingling,
    numbness, burning or pain that usually begins at the tips of the toes or fingers and
    gradually spreads upward. Poorly controlled blood sugar could cause you to eventually
    lose all sense of feeling in the affected limbs.
    • Kidney damage (nephropathy). The kidneys contain millions of tiny blood vessel clusters
    that filter waste from your blood. Diabetes can damage this delicate filtering system.
    Severe damage can lead to kidney failure or irreversible end-stage kidney disease, which
    requires dialysis or a kidney transplant.
    • Eye damage. Diabetes can damage the blood vessels of the retina (diabetic retinopathy),
    potentially causing blindness. Diabetes also increases the risk of other serious vision
    conditions, such as cataracts and glaucoma.
    • Foot damage. Nerve damage in the feet or poor blood flow to the feet increases the risk of
    various foot complications. Left untreated, cuts and blisters can become serious infections
    that may ultimately require toe, foot or leg amputation.
    • Skin and mouth conditions. Diabetes may leave you more susceptible to infections of the
    skin and mouth, including bacterial and fungal infections. Gum disease and dry mouth
    also are more likely.
    • Pregnancy complications. High blood sugar levels can be dangerous for both the mother
    and the baby. The risk of miscarriage, stillbirth and birth defects increases when diabetes
    isn’t well-controlled. For the mother, diabetes increases the risk of diabetic ketoacidosis,
    diabetic eye problems (retinopathy), pregnancy-induced high blood pressure and
    preeclampsia.

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