Assignment 2 Part Anis

Assignment 2
Introduction
Farmers, food wholesalers, food outlets like restaurants, families, and individuals all
contribute to the global problem of food waste. Food waste is regarded as a complex issue throughout
the supply chain. The food supply chain can be defined as a series of interactions between producers
and customers, associated with various food processing and distribution companies (Ocicka &
Raźniewska, 2018). Food waste in Malaysia has increased drastically by 100% in 2020 (Mohamed
Zain & Abdul Rahman, 2021), and hence, Malaysia’s ambition to become a garbage-fee country is
becoming a frustration. This condition contradicts the Malaysian government’s recommendation and
hopes to decrease 44% waste by 2020.
Food and beverages are considered a necessity, accounting for more than half of Malaysian
consumer spending on a daily basis. According to the Department of Statistics Malaysia, (2020), basic
necessities usually dominate household expenditure such as housing, water, electricity, gas & other
fuels, food & non-alcoholic beverages, and transportation. The composition of each category are
23.6%, 17.3% and 13.9%, respectively. From the obtained statistic, it is seen that food and non-
alcoholic beverages contributed to the major components of expenditure on necessities.
The average waste composition in Malaysia indicates that food waste serves as the main
waste component at 32%, followed by paper and plastics, 21% and 14% respectively (Hashim et al.,
2021). Food waste is expected to increase rapidly in the coming years, while landfill space is getting
constrained. According to The Star, (2021), there are 141 solid waste landfills in Malaysia presently.
116 of the landfills are open dump sites, 21 are sanitary landfills and four are residual waste landfills.
Table 1 shows the number of solid waste disposal sites in Malaysia in 2014 (Aja & Al-Kayiem, 2014).
Table 1: Types and number of landfill sites under the responsibility of local authorities in Peninsular Malaysia
(Aja & Al-Kayiem, 2014)
States Open dump Control dump Sanitary landfill Total

Johor 12 14 1 27
Kedah 9 5 1 15
Kelantan 12 2 0 14
Melaka 2 3 0 5
Negeri Sembilan 8 6 0 14
Pahang 7 5 3 15
Perak 15 11 4 30
Perlis 0 1 0 1
Pulau Pinang 1 1 1 3
Sabah 5 15 0 20
Sarawak 2 8 1 11
Selangor 73 71 11 155
Terengganu 12 14 1 27
Total 9 5 1 15
According to World Population Review, (2022), Malaysia’s population is currently 32.37 million
people. It is estimated that Malaysia’s population will peak in the year of 2068 at 42.07 million
people. Figure 1 shows the population density map of Malaysia and Table 2 shows the population
number in Malaysia.
Figure 1: Malaysia Population Density Map (World Population Review, 2022)
Table 2: Population data at various locations in Malaysia (World Population Review, 2022).
Location Population
Kota Bharu 1,459,994
Kuala Lumpur 1,453,975
Klang 879,867
Kampung Baru Subang 833,571
Johor Bahru 802,489
Subang Jaya 708,296
Ipoh 673,318
Kuching 570,407
Petaling Jaya 520,698
Shah Alam 481,654
Based on Table 2, it is seen that Kelantan has the highest population, followed by Kuala Lumpur and
Klang. At these three locations, it is beneficial to propose a waste to energy plant at their nearest
landfill. This is because high population in a location contributes to high amount of food waste.
However, there is lack of data when it comes to SWM in Kelantan. Therefore, the potential landfills
to be selected is decided to be around Selangor & Kuala Lumpur.
Solid Waste Management (SWM) in Selangor & Kuala Lumpur are handled by multiple local
authorities. The disposal site for solid waste in Selangor & Kuala Lumpur are Rawang Sanitary
Landfill, Ulu Langat Landfill and Sabak Bernam Sanitary Landfill. Figure 2 shows the SWM
Facilities in Selangor & Kuala Lumpur (National Solid Waste Management Department, 2020).
Food, paper, and plastics make up the majority of MSW in Kuala Lumpur, accounting for
almost 80% of the waste by weight. The waste composition data in Kuala Lumpur was collected using
data from Alam Flora and previous research projects. In Kuala Lumpur, municipal solid waste is
generated from variety of sources, including high, medium, and low-income residential families,
institutional, commercial, and other sources. Due to a lack of available data provided by the
municipality, current data on MSW composition in Kuala Lumpur cannot be acquired, and only
previous pilot plant conducted in 2003 is available. Table 3 shows the average composition of
components in MSW generated in Kuala Lumpur.
Table 3: Average composition weight percentage of components in MSW generated by various sources in Kuala
Lumpur
Residential Residential Residential

Commercial Institutional
Sources high income middle low income
(%) (%)
(%) income (%) (%)
Food/organic 30.84 38.42 54.04 41.48 22.36
Mix paper 9.75 7.22 6.37 8.92 11.27
Newsprint 6.05 7.76 3.72 7.13 4.31
High grade
- 1.02 - 0.35 -
paper
Corrugated
1.37 1.75 1.53 2.19 1.12
paper
Plastic (rigid) 3.85 3.57 1.90 3.46 3.56
Plastic (film) 21.62 14.75 8.91 12.79 11.82
Pampers 0.74 1.72 0.85 0.83 4.12
Textile 6.49 7.58 5.83 3.80 1.69
Rubber/leather 1.43 3.55 5.47 1.91 4.65
Wood 0.48 1.78 1.46 0.80 2.07
Yard 5.83 1.39 0.86 0.96 9.84
Glass (clear) 6.12 1.12 2.03 5.75 0.87
Glass (coloured) 1.58 2.07 1.21 2.90 0.28
Ferrous 1.17 2.02 0.09 1.82 0.24
Non-ferrous 1.93 3.05 2.25 2.47 3.75
Aluminium 0.17 0.00 0.18 0.55 1.55
Batteries/
0.34 0.08 0.39 0.25 0.04
hazards
Fine 0.22 0.18 - 0.29 0.06
Other organic - 0.71 2.66 0.00 0.39
Other inorganic 0.02 0.00 - 1.26 1.00
Others - 0.27 0.25 - 8.05
Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
Figure 2: Waste Flow and SWM Facilities in Selangor , Kuala Lumpur, and Putrajaya in 2020 (National Solid Waste Management Department, 2020)
References
Aja, O. C., & Al-Kayiem, H. H. (2014). Review of municipal solid waste management options in
Malaysia, with an emphasis on sustainable waste-to-energy options. Journal of Material Cycles
and Waste Management, 16(4), 693–710. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-013-0220-z
Department of Statistics Malaysia. (2020). Household Expenditure Survey Report 2019. Department
of Statistics Malaysia Official Portal.
https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/cthemeByCat&cat=323&bul_id=c3JpRzRqe
TNPamMxL1FpTkNBNUVBQT09&menu_id=amVoWU54UTl0a21NWmdhMjFMMWcyZz09
Hashim, A. A., Kadir, A. A., Ibrahim, M. H., Halim, S., Sarani, N. A., Hassan, M. I. H., Hamid, N. J.
A., Hashar, N. N. H., & Hissham, N. F. N. (2021). Overview on food waste management and
composting practice in Malaysia. AIP Conference Proceedings, 2339(May).
https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0044206
Mohamed Zain, I. N., & Abdul Rahman, H. (2021). Food Waste Management and Green Purchasing
Behaviour Among Youths in Malaysia. International Journal of Academic Research in Business
and Social Sciences, 11(15). https://doi.org/10.6007/ijarbss/v11-i15/10635
National Solid Waste Management Department. (2020). Waste Flow and SWM Facilities in
Selangor , Kuala Lumpur and Putrajaya in 2020. 2020.
Ocicka, B., & Raźniewska, M. (2018). Food Waste Reduction as a Challenge in Supply Chains
Management. Scientific Journal of Logistics, 14(4), 549–561.
http://www.logforum.net/volume14/issue4/abstract-9.html
The Star. (2021). Tackling the rising amount of trash. The Star.
https://www.thestar.com.my/news/focus/2021/10/24/tackling-the-rising-amount-of-trash
World Population Review. (2022). Malaysia Population 2022.

https://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/malaysia-population

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Assignment 2

States Open dump Control dump Sanitary landfill Total

Figure 1: Malaysia Population Density Map (World Population Review, 2022)

Residential Residential Residential

World Population Review. (2022). Malaysia Population 2022.

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