WRITING FOUDATION

The Sentence

Student’s Book

2012
1 Clauses 2

2 Sentences 12

Noun Clauses 27

Clauses (1) 37

5 Adverbial Clauses (2) 49

6 Relative Clauses (1) 61

7 Relative Clauses (2)

8 Subject-Verb Agre~ment
• Clauses
• Independent clauses
• Dependent clauses
Clause connectors

2
 ryz ~~~~~~a;:~~~'Y0itjj!@/&!~!11

~ lll~lirl 1 ~:
llii!ir!WE-;;;;;;;;;!!'.~~

•
Clauses are the building blocks of sentences. A clause is a group of words that contains (at
least) a subject and a verb.
lb.,._,,..,,,,.nn is a ~"'l<Olli"llO">O

•
An independent clause contains a subject and a verb and expresses a complete thought.

independent clause is formed with:

Students normally spend four in college .

•
A dependent clause begins with a subordinator such as when, while, if, that, or who, followed
by a subject, verb, and complement. It does not express a complete thought.

A dependent clause is formed with:

Clause connectors are groups of words which are used to connect clauses in order to form
different kinds of sentences.

They are subordinators (subordinating conjunction), coordinators (coordinating conjunctions),

and conjunctive adverbs.

after before that when which

although even though though whenever while
as how Unless where who
as if if Until wherever whom
as soon as as long as What whether since
because in order that so that 111111 Ill

come
 0

There are only seven coordinators, which you can remember by the phrase FAN BOYS.

F A N y s

for and nor But or yet so

I wasn't listening, so I don't know said.

She has no real problems, she's always complaining.
0

thus however likewise Nonetheless

for example otherwise meanwhile Nevertheless
besides in addition Moreover Furthermore

consequently indeed therefore on the other hand

instead in contrast 111111111

The room I was given at your hotel was unsatisfactory; mr~rainUlll:~ll" the
was poor.
I know he some
him.

5
w~~ '% !f'0i0~"!10%!~=--~0$',;;;vi0/illl

~I-Rill i :
~~~

shaded regions: clauses \vitl1 indicative verbs

solid region: clauses '"ith subjunctive verbs

1. because pollution causes cancer

2. to protect the environment
3. after working all day in the language laboratory
4. if you accept the job
5. when I was 5 years old
6. before going to school
7. Mark is a genius
8. for cultivating most seedlings
9. the seasonal distribution of rain
10. when the war was over

6
 Write mc1en1 en~C1e1n clauses and a period(.)
to dependent clauses.

1. Jet lag affects most long~distance travelers

2. During long journeys through several time zones, the body's inner
clock is disrupted
3. For some reasons, travel from west to east causes greater jet lag than
travel from east to west
4. Also, changes in work schedules can cause jet lag
5. When hospital nurses change from a day shift to a night shift, for
example
6. Although there is no sure way to prevent jet lag
7. There are some ways to minimize it
8. Because jet lag is caused at least partially by loss of sleep, not just a
change in the time of sleep
9. The traveler should plan to arrive at his destination as late as possible
10. Upon arriving, he or she should immediately go to bed

Exercise 3

Read the following sentences its options. circle A, C, or to choose

best "" 1
cmme~c1o~r
11
""'' """""

1. The sky was grey and cloud; _ _ _ _ _, we went to the beach.

A. consequently B. nevertheless C. even though D. in spite of

2. I turned on the fan - - - - - the room was hot.

A. due to B. despite C. even though D. because

3. It's Saturday, _ _ _ _ _ I needn't get up so early.

A. even if although c. so D. as long as

I have to go to the meeting _ _ _ _ _ I want or not.

A. provided C. unless only

7
5. The professor told me that I was doing well, _ _ _ _ _ my final grade was awful!

A. so B. therefore C. in spite of D. yet

6. You must lend me the money for the trip; _ _ _ _ _, I won't be able to go.

A. consequently B. nevertheless C. otherwise D. although

7. Carol showed up for the meeting _ _ _ _ _ I asked her not to be there.

A. even though B. despite C. provided that D. because

8. I don't like him, _ _ _ _ _ I'll give him my support.

A. but B. however C. therefore D.for

9. The windows were all left open; _ _ _ _ _, the room was a real mess after the
windstorm.

A. nevertheless B. however C. consequently D. otherwise

10. The road will remain safe _ _ _ _ _ the flood washes out the bridge.

A. as long as B. unless C. providing that D. since

• do a number of more complicated exercises to

complete sentences using independent and
dependent clauses and clause connectors.

8
~=" ~f?J"'"~~!\)OOO)iO#:'::;' ~ ""'"° -~ =,;c "'° =>~

'1-~lli I
,.. """" " 10 0 ~{; "" "" ,::

following sentences

1. I am getting education so that ................................................................................ .

2. I wanted to relax, so ............................................................................................... .

3. Since I came here, .................................................................................................. .

4. There was a major accident on the high way; consequently, ................................ .

5. As long as we have some extra money this month, ............................................... .

6. I brought my brother with me in case .................................................................... .

7. Next Monday is a national holiday; therefore, ...................................................... .

8. ................................................. n ...................................... although he had a temperature

all night.
9. The population of the city has increased so rapidly .............................................. .

10. Although I heard the telephone ring, ..................................................................... .

1. I went to early. I would be able to get early.

9
 2. It is an excellent course. I am very lucky to get a place on it.

I
;·
I
3. She is extremely generous. Her husband is the exact opposite.

4. There is very little that the company can do about this. It is not their responsibility.

5. I had a terrible headache last night. I couldn't go out.

6. My job is very interesting. I am not well-paid.

i
( __

7. I have known her for a long time. I don't know much about her private life.

8. I like working here. The people are very friendly.

9. He looks a bit overweight. He is quite fit.

10. The economy has been in recession all year. Our sales have remained steady.

Exercise 3

the sentences using words may more one way

doing

1. Despite the cold weather, we all went for a walk. (although)

2. Because she argued with an umpire, she got into trouble with the sport's authorities.
(so)

3. She left early to catch train. (so that)

They arrested six two of them are Swiss. (whom)

5. Though I was I

10
6. She became too old to stay at the top, so she retired from tennis completely. (because)

7. That is the town where I was born. (which)

8. Even though there were protests from the public, the law was passed. (however)

9. They had finished packing by the time we returned from work. (after)

10. The bad weather resulted in an increase in fruit and vegetable prices. (consequently)

11
• Sentences
• Simple sentences
• Compound sentences
• Complex sentences
• Compound - complex sentences

12
~~ Gff""4= W ~,,£~"f&'-""0Pd&f/G0P'0'"1\§/: ~~Af?~tl

.1g1JiB 1 . ~
. .
~p=;;,*~~-

•
A sentence is a group of words that you use to communicate your ideas in writing or in speaking.
Every sentence is composed of one or more clauses and expresses a complete thought.

L1''-'1"'!!Jl""M~'"' it is
There are basically four kinds of sentences in English: simple, compound, complex, and
compound-complex. The kind of sentence is determined by the kind of clauses used to form it

•
A simple sentence is one independent clause. Like an adult person, it can '~live" alone.

13
 I like going shopping weekends.

Simple Sentence =1 Subject + 1

I enjoy playing tennis with my friends weekend.

I enjoy playing tennis

Simple Sentence = 2 Subject + 1

My friends and I play tennis weekend.

My friends and I play tennis and go bowling every weekend .

•
A compound sentence is two or more independent clauses joined together.

In the last twenty years, Americans have reduced their smoking,

Europeans seem to be smoking more ever.

There are three ways to join independent clauses to form a compound sentence.

14
I enjoy playing tennis; I playing golf.

•
A complex sentence contains one independent clause and one (or more) dependent clause

cost of education is rising, students must work part-time .

•
A compound-complex sentence is a combination of two or more independent clauses and one or
more dependent clauses.

After I graduated from high school, I wanted to travel, but I had to work in my
family's business.

Although women could own property, they could not vote, nor could they be
elected to public office.

• do a number of simple exercises to recognize

different kinds of sentences.

15
~-~-~-"'~~
~~1.llili. I< ~
, ~

_,,-~~~"'~-

sentences to a complete sentie11tce.

change

sister

1. The tree creaked and _ _ _ _ _ in the powerful wind.

2. The professional wrestler and _ _ _ _ _ strutted around the ring and pounded
on their chests.
3. The little girl fell off the jungle gym and _ _ _ _ _ in dirt.
the - - - - - to
Lavvrence of Arabia.

16
5. On Sunday, I will vacuum the upstairs rooms and _ _ _ _ _ the linen.

6. Amy breathed deeply and then her karate exercises.

7. The late afternoon sun shone on the leaves and them gold.

8. _ _ _ _ _ and I always race each other to the bathroom in the morning.

9. Sam and _ _ _ _ _ greased their chapped lips with Vaseline.

10. The tall, masked man and his - - - - - rode off into the sunset.

11. Jay and Elise were married two years ago and are already.

12. At dinnertime, my cat meows and against my leg.

a sentence choose a C0(]1ra1mator _,..,.,. ... best fits

!hi

a co1nocm11Ld sentence.

1. The accident at the nuclear power plant at Three Mile Island in the United States
created fears about the safety of this energy source.

2. Solar heating systems are economical to operate.

3. Energy needs are not going to decrease.

4. Burning fossil fuels causes serious damage to our planet.

5. Ecologists know that burning fossil fuels causes holes in the ozone layer.

6. Poorer nations especially will continue this harmful practice.

7. All nations of the world must take action.

8. I am studying computer science.

9. Betsy put masking tape on her forehead at night.

10. She felt faint.

a. Our children and grandchildren will suffer the consequences.

b. They don't have the money to develop "clean" energy sources.

c. People continue to do it.

d. We need to develop other sources of energy

e. Energy sources are not going to increase. (Use nor and question word order in the
second clause, deleting word "not".)

f. The cost of installation is very high.

17
 g. The disaster at Chernobyl in the Soviet Union confirmed them.
h. She grabbed the metal lamppost.
i. She wanted to stop wrinkles from forming.
j. My sister is majoring in communications.

Exercise 3

1V.ta1tcn a clause A a c1a1use

a solid

SJ.,,. ............. ,., ........ Because the cost ofeducation is rising, manv students must work part-time.

1. When foreign students come to the United States,

2. Because the cost of education has risen,
3. Please tell me
4. Engineers, who have an aptitude for drafting and mechanics,
5. While the contractor follows the blueprint,
6. Since the blueprint presents the details of the engineer's plans,
7. Students should declare a major by their junior year
8. Even though I may declare my major now,
9. Last year, the government report stated that
10. The U.S Surgeon General is alarmed about the impact of alcohol advertising on young
people,
I
I

a. who think that drinking is risk-free.

b. they sometimes suffer from culture shock.
c. many students are having financial problems.
d. where the student union is.

e. must also be artistic and imaginative.

f. the engineer checks the construction in progress.
g. it must be interpreted accurately by the contractor.
unless they have not minds.
i. I can still change it
J. spent

1
Underline each tn(llep en1cle11t clause,
1
parentheses around
Example: (When he listens to the radio), he turns the volume UP. and the neighbors
complain.
1. When the monster appeared on the screen, one girl fainted, and the audience clapped.
2. The movie's visual effects, which cost fifteen million dollars, were fantastic; later, the
graphic artists won an Academy Award for their work.
3. I wish that you had seen the film; we could discuss it.
4. Knitting, which is a relaxing pastime, can be profitable, for handsome sweaters have
become fashion items.
5. Take the meat out when you get home; I'll be there soon.
6. Because England was American's first country, many people believe that the English
do everything better; however, these Americans are not correct.
7. If you will wait for me, I'll finish my work, and then we can go to the beach.
8. Before you purchase your textbooks, go to class; the instructor may have changed the
reading list.
9. Our surprise birthday party for Jerry failed; before he entered the room, everyone was
practicing "Happy Birthday".
10. My father always told me to tum the lights off when I left a room; he claimed that such
a practice would save money.

simple sentence, co1no4rm11ta sentence, CLX for ""'Jll1IUl.!19 ....... A sentence,

of sentences hdl!IR.n'1mr

1. I had misplaced my car keys, but I had another set at home.

2. Jodie is a fine girl; we really enjoy having her round.
3. A vacation trip which has been planned for a long time may tum out
to be everything you dreamed of, or it can prove to be a real
disappointment.

5. Although the party was a lot of fun, I stayed out too late and awful
at work the next day.

19
6. As soon as Kim bought a new outfit, Laurel wanted one, and then
Frannie would whine that nothing was fair; the girls drove their
parents crazy with their rivalry.

7. Joe and Fernando, even though they sometimes had a lot of different
ideas about things, were the very best of friends from the time they
played together as toddlers all the way through high school.

8. Joe regularly ran out of money a couple of days after payday every
week.

9. Janie backpacked, camped, fished, hunted, swam, and skied, but

somehow never found time for her schoolwork.

10. Even though Howard wasn't a very good student, Mr. Simpson found
him to be a conscientious and intelligent worker in the hardware store.

In 3

• do a number of more complicated exercises to

complete sentences of different kinds.
r K~:40i'Z~~~~"~"Ttw::=+ssi"~

IB~llm-1 ~
:~~ : ~~~~ ~ .::II

a clause connector to clause

add IJU11Ct1Iat110n •

.111.:.1.A.UllULill.IJ'.ll'"'" The college campus is located in the center of the city therefore it is very easy to
do my shopping.
1. Students can live in dormitories

2. I have studied English for six years .......................................................................... .

3. My advisor suggested a typing class ......................................................................... .

4. Most students had not even chosen a topic ............................................................... .

5. The teacher was very upset .............. ~ ........................................................................ .

6. My roommate scored very high on the English placement test

00000.aoo.aooo.aoooooooo.aooo.aooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo•o•oooooooooooooooo•o•oooooooooooOooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo

7. Vietnamese people are kind...................................................................................... .

8. I was not allowed to enter her house ........................................................................ ..

9. Next Monday is a national holiday ........................................................................... .

10. Mary has to wear glasses ........................................................................................... .

 Add a clause and a clause connector to complex sentences .. Circle
connectors.

ExampleEJµe college campus is located in the center of the city, it is verv easv to do
my shopping.

1....................................................................................................... until I pay my tuition.

2. ooeoo•oootoooooooo••••ooooooooooooeoooo4'•00oeoooooooooooooooo•oooooo1111000000eoooooooooooooooo•••••••••••••••ooeo•ooooooooooo40000.o.aooo

....................................unless I take twelve units.

3. It is a fact that ............................................................................................................ .

4. oooooooooootoPoooeeooo1110000000009oooooo•o•o•ooooootooooooooooooo~ooooo•o•oooooooooooocioooooooo•••••o•ooooootoooooooooooooo4•••••00000

.................................................... who is the chair of the Communications Department.

5. Because I had to look for a part-time job................................................................... .

6. .......................................................................................................... if I want to get to school

on time.
7 ..........................................................................................................whether I should take
international relations.
8 ................................................................................................... whom I met at the social club
meeting last month.
9.................................................................................................. when I left my country.
10. .......................... .......... ........... ............... ............................. that my college adviser
recommends.

Use

1. (Students)

2. (Vietnam)
 3. (Studying)

4. (Public transportation)

5. (English)

6. (My teacher)

7. (Hanoi University of Technology)

Oo1110000000000000,ooooooooooooooooaoooooooooooooooeoeooooooooooooooooooooooooeooooo•oooooooo••ooooocH1ooooooo•oeoooo•ooooo•OO•oooooooooooooooo

8. (Women)

9. (Weather)

-,

I 10. (Food)

1. I don't know the answer. I don't know where to find.

2. Paula plans to become a food-service supervisor. She will need several courses in nutrition.

3. Your air conditioner filter should c1eam:~Cl or replaced regularly. The air conditioner
not operate efficiently.
 4. This coat is a real bargain. You are lucky to get it at that price.

5. At the fund-raising luncheon everyone talked at once. I could not hear what anyone said.

Complex sentences

1. The movies disgusted Karen. She walked out after twenty minutes.

2. The house had been burglarized. Dave couldn't sleep soundly for several months.

3. My vision begins to fade. I know I'd better get some sleep.

4. My family would need a place to sleep. Fred told the movers to unload the mattress first.

5. The hurricane hit the coast. We crisscrossed our windows with strong tape.

1. He had worked at the construction site all day. Tom decided not to meet his friends at the
dinner. He was too tired to think.

2. The projector broke_ for the second time. Some people in the audience hissed. Others
shouted for a refund.

3. Nothing could be done. The river's floodwaters receded. The townspeople waited
helplessly in the emergency shelter.

You are sent damaged goods. The store must replace the items. It must issue a full refund.

5. Sears outdoor I wanted. The clerk wouldn't sell it to me. It was the floor
sample.
Exercise 5

Identify the kind of each sentence. of sentence.

Example:
The hair dryer was not working, so I returned it to the store.
c> Compound sentence
Because the hair dryer was not working right, I returned it to the store.

1. The muffler shop advertised same-day service, but my car wasn't ready for three days.
c>••••••••oo9oooooooeooooaooo1110000000000Qoootooooooooooooooo•oooooooooooooooooooooooo•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••o«100000

c>ooo•oooooooooeooooo•ooooooooooooaooooooo•oooooooooooooooooooooo(looooooo11100000000000•00oooaoooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo•••

2. Since the high-blood pressure pills produced dangerous side effects, the government
banned them.
~••••••••••0000000011oooaoooo•••ooooooooeo•oooooaoo•ooooo••••••oooaooo••••••••••ooooo•••••••••ooooooooooooooooo•ooooooooooooo

~ ...........................................................................................................................
3. Although the auditorium was large, it could not accommodate the overflow crowd.
~0111croo••••••o•ooooooo40111oooooooooooooeooqooooooooooooo400011100•00000000000000000000000•0000•0•00000000aoooo••o••••••ooo.oooooo

~ooooooooooodlooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooa•oooooo11000000000C11000•0000•••••••0000000000000004000000000000•00

4. Anne wedged her handbag tightly under her arm because she was afraid of muggers.
c> .......................................................................................................................... .
~ ...........................................................................................................................
5. Allen counted the cash three times, but the total still didn't tally with the amount on the
register tape.
c> ...........................................................................................................................
~oooo<tooooooooooooooooo111000000111oo•Oooooooo•ooo111otoooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooqooooooooooooooooooooo

6. Although my supervisor gave me a good rating, I'm still waiting for a raise.
c> ...........................................................................................................................
c> ...........................................................................................................................
7. We liked countryside
~ ...........................................................................................................................
c> ...........................................................................................................................
8. Unless he drives more carefully, he will get a ticket.
c> .......................................................................................................................... .
c> ...........................................................................................................................
9. We made a sudden decision to go camping this weekend, so we had to hurry out to get
supplies.
c>oooooo6oooaooooooooooooooooooooooeooooooooooooooooooooooo•ooooeoooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo

c> .......................................................................................................................... .
10. Brad was excited about starting his new job at the explosives factory; however, he was
nervous at the same time.
c> ...........................................................................................................................
c> ...........................................................................................................................
• That - clauses
• Wh-question clauses
• Yes/No question clauses
ar~~~-
~ 1glfltfi 1 l
. ~

~ -~JIBJll

•
Noun clause is a dependent clause that functions as a noun. It can be a subject, object or subject
complement. However, you will study noun clause only as it is used as an object.

•
- clauses are dependent noim clauses often introduced by subordinator
A that-clause is composed of:
 (That) + Subject + Verb + Complement

.......... (that) the brain is the master control for both mind and body

......... (that) it controls sensations, moods, thoughts, and actions

A number of clause verbs are used to introduce that-clause

../Group 1: The president concluded that he would veto the bill.

../Group 2: The president mentioned (to the press) that he might raise taxes
../Group 3: The governor informed the press that water rationing was necessary
../Group 4: The mayor promised (city employees) that they wouldn't lose their jobs.

1 2 3 4
agree admit assure promise

answer explain convince show

conclude mention inform teach

notice point out notify warn

realize reply remind write (to)
r i
think tell

•
A Wh-question clause is a dependent noun clause formed from a direct Wh-question that is first
changed into a statement and then joined to an introductory clause to form a complex sentence.

A Wh-question clause can follow two patterns: the subject pattern or the object pattern.

In the subject pattern, a direct Wh-question becomes a dependent noun clause without any
change in word order.

us

In the object pattern, word order is changed when transforming a direct Wh-question into a
Wh-question clause. This occurs when the Wh-word is not subject of clause
when you have question containing to be + subject complement.
Who are the hijackers? (Containing to be+ subject complement)

~ No one knows who the hijackers are.

Where have they taken the hostages?

~The police won't reveal where they have taken the hostage .

•
Yes/No question clauses are dependent noun clauses that are formed from yes/no questions.
A yes/no question clause is formed by:
1. changing the word order into a statement
2. omit the auxiliaries do, does, and did
3. add subordinator such as if (informal), whether (formal), or whether/if ... or not

final examinations begin month?

~ We would like to know whether final examinations begin month

Was the notice posted on the bulletin board?

~ The professor wasn't sure if the notice was posted on the bulletin board

• do a number of simple exercises to recognize

noun claases.
fit* ::~ ¢1 !ff'P:#J;ffff~~ffflf;fff!filfil8 d X<ti~~=-?!% ~21 ~

Jil~llili 2 m

~~~~~~?f?+&S'i210fd&?~~

Exercise 1

Match the list on left its suitable state1111e1lt on

the right

Independent clauses Statements

1. Yesterday Anna discovered a. she has a lot of money

2. She didn't think b. she would ever be so lucky
3. How would it feel to learn c. you were a rich person
4. The lawyer told her d. she had become a millionaire
5. She knew, of course, e. she would never have to work again
6. She didn't want the town to find out f. her aunt Beulah had willed Anna all her
money and property
 Choose the best answer based on
1. When I was little, my father gave me some advice. He said _ _ _ _ _ talk to
strangers.

A. I shouldn't B. that shouldn't C. don't D. that I don't

2. "Did you tell Carol where _ _ _ _ _ us this evening?"

"Yes, I did. I can't understand why she is late."

A. should she meet B. she to meet C. she meets D. to meet

3. "Officer, can you tell me how to get to Springfield?"

"Sure. What part of Springfield _ _ _ _ _ to go to?"

A. do you want B. you want C. that you want D. where you want

4. It is difficult for me to decide _ _ _ _ _ prompt.

A. a person B. a person that is

C. that a person D. whether or not a person is

5. The mystery movie was clever and suspenseful. The audience couldn't guess
_ _ _ _ _ committed murder until the surprising ending.

A. who he B. who had C. that who D. that

6. "How do you like your school? Tell me _ _ _ _ _ "

A. who in your class is B. who your class is in

C. who is in your class D. your class who is in it

7. The college does not grant degree simply to _ _ _ _ _ pays the cost of tuition;
the students must satisfy the academic requirements.

A. whoever B.who C. whomever D. whoever that

8. Why did Berth ask you _ _ _ _ _ a bicycle?

A. that if you had B. do you have C. that you had D. ifyouhad

9. "This restaurant is very expensive!"

"It is, but order _ _ _ _ _ want. Your birthday is a very special occasion.

A. what is it you want what do you

whatever you do
10. "What did your grammar teacher want to talk to you about?"

"I did badly on the last test. She---~- study for it."

A. said why didn't I B. asked why didn't I

C. said why I didn't D. asked why I didn't

11. "I can't decide what color I want for my bedroom. What do you think?"
"You should choose _ _ _ _ _ color you want. You are the one who will have to
live with it"

A. whichever that B. whatever C. however D. that what

12. "What are you going to buy in this store?"

"Nothing, _ _ _ _ _ want is much too expensive"

A. that I B. what I C. that what I D. what do I

13. _ _ _ _ _ saying was so important that I asked everyone to stop and listen

A. What the woman was B. The woman was

C. That the woman was D. What was the woman

14. Tom walked into the huge hall to register for class. At first, he simply looked around
and wondered what _ _ _ _ _ supposed to do.

A. he was B. am I C.Iam D. was he

do a number of more complicated exercises to

complete sentences using noun clauses.
~•• Rm~ --~w, mG ~~ww~~~-~:

1r M -~ := = • = ~ -~•

following sentences on
1 . Industry I show I coal I regarded I energy's black gold.

2. Federal government I think I country should double I coal use I ten years.

3. Speaker I inform I United States I have I largest coal use I 10 years.

4. Environmentalists I think I new ways I burn coal cleanly must I find.

5. Federal Energy Administration I assure I only about 20% of energy I use I United States I
be I from coal.

Exercise 2

'-'Dani~e the following direct Wh-questions

a
Example: Which companies offer the best opportunities in your field?
~ The job center can tell you which companies offer the best opportunities in your field.
1. Who is responsible for creating pollution and wasting resources?

2. How many big cities have anti-pollution laws?

3. Who is charge of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)?

 4. What is required to solve the problem of air pollution?

5. Which state has the most stringent anti-pollution laws for automobiles?

Wh...question a cmnptex

1. When did polluters start infesting the seas?

~ U.S News & World Report clearly states ................................................................. .

2. Why is plastic pollution hazardous to birds and sea mammals?

~ It is obvious ......................................................................................................... .

3. What are the major kinds of plastic pollutants dumped into the sea?
~Does anyone know ................................................................................................. .

4. How do drifting plastic nets endanger diving sea birds?

~ The writer clearly explains ....................................................................................... .

5. When will the U.S. Congress pass anti-dumping legislation?

~ The government hasn't stated ............................................................................. .

Example: At which university did Albert Einstein teach?

~ I can't remember at which university Albert Einstein taught.
1. he Nobel Prize?
 2. For which theory did Einstein win the Nobel Prize?

3. What is Einstein's quantum explanation of the photoelectric effect?

4. How long has Einstein been dead?

5. How long will he be remembered?

Change the following yes/no questions

complex sentences
1. Is the food industry concerned about the health of the people?

2. Do food additives present health hazards?

3. Has the safety of MSC, which is frequently used in Chinese cooking, been thoroughly
tested?

4. Does MSC cause cancer inhuman?

5. Can food additives approved by the FDA be considered safe to eat?

• Time clauses
• Place clauses
• Reason clauses
• Purpose clauses
• Concession clauses
• Condition clauses
14~0[!["2??6'ir--~ ~T&++~-~~' - - d~~+-

W I~ lim 1 ,~
~~~~~~AV:Yf00~~

•
An adverbial clause is a dependent clause which modifies a verb, an adjective, or an adverb. It is
used to show time, place, cause, purpose, result, condition, manner, or comparison and is
introduced by a subordinating conjunction.
 Independent Clause + Subordinator + Subject + Verb + Complement

had less protein in their diet areas.

protein in their diet.

•
An adverbial time clauses tells when the action described by the main verb took place.

I began to have fun.

Clause Subordinator

after before when while by the time (that)

as soon as since until whenever the first time (that)
the time once time (that)
. (that)
the last time (that)

•
An adverbial clause of place tells where the action described by the main verb took place.

An adverbial reason clause answers the question 'Why?' It is introduced by the reason clause
subordinators.
 Reason clause subordinators

because since as as long as

now that insofar as inasmuch as due to the fact that

•
An adverbial purpose clause states the purpose of the action in the independent clause.

The purpose clause action is generally in the future of the time stated in the independent (main)
clause. The modals can/could, may/might, or will/would usually occur in the purpose clause.

use chemical pesticides so can

also spray their fields consumers

Purpose clause subordinators

so that in order that for that

•
Adverbial clauses of concession are used to express ideas or actions that are not expected. The
information in the independent clause indicates a concession or unexpected result of information
in the dependent clause.

he given them up for his

Andrew is going to sail his a

Concession clause

although · even though though no no

•
Adverbial clauses of condition are used to express the condition necessary for result expressed in
the independent clause.

If I an
 if on exams will we give you your bicycle.

Condition clause subordinators

if only if whether (or not) even if providing (that)

in case (that) in the event (that) provided (that)

• do a number of simple exercises to recognize

adverbial clauses.
~;;f~;fi?J:?4l)""%S0t"";-=-a-='«>'""v'1!0 ;:;:= =*'qr""' "'W""""~

~~Rl~llm I ~
""~st:--)(%P~~~'4¥41"'~)&,::tk~1ir'.'.~<P~ri0=/!J!4ii?A!M""' ~

Choose the correct subordinator to .nnm..,,-• """11"'° the sentence so that 1

adverb clause
makes sense. Each question only one answer..
1. _ _ I was finishing my homework, she began cooking.

A. If B.As C. Before

2. _ _ as the students had successfully completed their exams, their parents rewarded
their efforts by giving them a trip to Paris.

A. Inasmuch B. Due to C. Before

3. He will let us know - - he decides.

A. as soon as due to the C. inasmuch
fact

_ _ you have the time, why don't you come for dinner?

Before As long as C. As soon

5. They won't able to come _ _ they have enough money.

because even if C. as long as

 6. the course was difficult, he passed with the highest marks.

A. Although B. Because C. As soon as

7. We keep our bread in the fridge _ _ _ it doesn't go bad.

A. since B. so that C. although

8. The five .. cent coin looks very Canadian ____ it has a picture of a beaver on it.

A. since B. so that C. though

9. He would live with his grandmother _ _ she likes.

A. anywhere B. because C. unless

10. You may get malaria ____ you are bitten by a mosquito.

A. though B. so that C.if

11. He travels - - - he likes.

A. although B. wherever C. since

12. Hockey players wear lots of protective clothing _ _ _ they don't get hurt.

A. because B. in order that C. though

13. you need me, I'll be at Tom's.

A. In the case B.As C. By the time

14. _ _ it was expensive, he bought the car.

A. Despite B. Even though C. Whereas

15. We take a hike - - - he visits.

A. because B. every time C. whereas

16. smart they are, they are required to do the revision.

A. No matter how B. No matter c.

what Although

17. They brought a lot of food _ _ they would be hungry during the trip.

A. so that B. if C. for fear that

 Exercise 2

Fill blanks with correct subordinators . You have to

marks .
(1) students decide on majors, they should do some homework. My friend
Julie went to the library (2) she found a wealth of info1mation about interior
design and architecture, two of her interests. (3) she read the books and articles
she found, Julie decided that architecture would be best for her (4) her eantlng
potential would be greater. Samir, another friend of mine, took the Meyers~Briggs test (5)
_ _ _ _ he declared a major. (6) he's a student worker in the career counseling
office, Samir knew all about the test. It asks questions about a person's interests (7)
____ possible careers can be isolated. (8) the test results said that Samir
should be a teacher, he is still planning to major in engineering (9) he can't pass
calculus. Then he may have to seriously consider a teaching career, a bridge (10) _ _ __
he hopes he never has to cross.

• do a number of more complicated exercises to

complete sentences using adverbial clauses.

I,
 11•-iliii~ i~ -~ -~·-~

i .~-~ ..·, '~.ff. 0• ,,.: ,ii

following sentences
necessary.
clauses
1. The United States is in the process of changing to the metric system.
Both the metric and English systems will be used

2. American industries are slowly converting to the metric system.

l
_J Many food products will indicate contents by ounces and kilograms.

3. U.S. soft drink companies have been using the 2-liter no-return bottle.
Conversion to the metric system began in the 1970s.

4. Tom went fishing.

The lake was calm, quite and clear.

5. I was working in my office late last night.

Someone suddenly knocked loudly at my door and nearly scared me to death.

1. Consumers have a tendency to buy more.

Credit cards are accepted for payment of the merchandise.
 2. I shop.
I use my credit cards.

3. He takes his wife with him.

He goes.

4. They are accepted.

Travtryghellers can use credit cards in foreign countries.

5. There are computers.

There is Microsoft software.

C. Reason clauses
1. He has passed the TOEFL with a score of 550.
He will be admitted into the university.

2. July 4th is a holiday.

We do not have to go to work.

3. Chemical preservatives for crops are necessary.

They help to protect against spoilage, disease, and pests.

4. Ice cream will actually make you warmer rather than colder.
It contains so many calories.

5. Chemicals have become an important part of our lives.

The chemical industry has grown tremendously.
 u ............. ,,.,..,,,,,,. clauses
1. Chemicals are used in many food products.
They will stay fresh longer.

2. Environmentalists want strong anti-pollution laws.

Less damage to lakes and fish will occur.

3. She took a computer job.

She could get a better job.

4. Farmers use chemical fertilizers and pesticides.

They can increase food crops.

5. The Clean Air Act was adopted.

Public health would be protected.

Concession clauses
1. It was cold outside.
I didn't bring my coat.

2. Chemicals are beneficial to man.

They also cause risks.

3. Scientists do not agree about the safe levels of chemical exposure.

They do agree that everyone must be protected from unnecessary risks.

Government regulations are strict.

Their benefits are significant.

5. Natural vitamins are preferable.

•
··' ·'
 Artificial ones are almost as good for you.

F. Condition clauses
1. You cannot study at this university.
You have an F-1 Visa.

2. I will be at my friend's house.

You should need to call me.

3. She will play the piano.

She is paid.

4. We're late for class.

Our teacher will be angry.

5. We'll have lunch outside in the garden.

It's too cold.
• Result clauses
• Strong contrast clauses
• Manner clauses
• Distance clauses
• Frequency clauses
~~~~~&P%f*4P2;~~~~~~111

: 1I1111m n ~
~10;r@JftW#~~;1~1r,av-~""4~

•
An adverb~al result clause expresses the result of the independent clause statement. The result
clause is introduced by:
 such + a(n) + adjective + noun + that

New textbooks are so expensive that many students buy used ones.

lecture was boring and irrelevant, so some

•
In adverbial contrast clauses, the information in the first clause of the sentence is in strong
contrast to or is the direct opposite of the information in the second clause of the sentence.

Strong contrast subordinators:

While Whereas

Francisco is very cool.

Adverb clauses of manner will answer the question "How?" referring to the verb in the main
independent clause.

Manner clause subordinators

as if as though as

as we

•
Adverb clauses of distance will answer the question when referring to the verb in
the main independent clause.

as+ +as

on as can.
 •
Adverb clauses of frequency will answer the question "How often?" when referring to the verb
in the main independent clause.

Frequency clause subordinators

as + often + as

We should try to conserve energy as as we can.

• do a number of simple exercises to recognize

adverbial clauses.

iL.1I
 -~~=--~~+t,;7!'"£"?7""~~~":;--J@i§i'4~"«"'"'~~-

~ IBIJllili I
4
:
'

~»"/&i'~~~JJ&t~~-

Choose correct subordinator to co1nmtete sentence so that the adverb clause

makes sense.. Each question only one correct answer.

1. There was _ a lot of material to cover _ _ Ivan found it difficult to keep up with
his studies.
I_
A. such ... that ... B. so ... that ... C. as ... as ...

2. Many readers remember him best for his black humor, _ _ _ some others identify
him as literature's greatest character assassin.

A. when B. while C. as

3. John did the project ___ the teacher had instructed.

A. as B. so c. if
4. I carried the package _ _ _ I could.

A. as far as so that C. while

s. could.

as often as unless C. although

 6. She was crazy about him, _ _ for him it was just another affair.

A. whereas B. however C. as

7. you have lots of time to do your homework, I have very little time indeed.

A. only if B. whereas C. unless

8. Juan Jo acts _ _ he had a lot of money.

A. as B. as if C. because

9. The Environmental Protection Agency must remind people ___ they can about the
danger of pollution.

A.as B. so that C. as often as

10. He walked he came to the river.

A. so far B. as far as C. that

blanks with to
marks.
1. Many American want to move ................................................... they can from
polluted cities. (distance)
2. Citizens should make a strong effort to conserve all natural resources ....
..................................................................................................... the
government has advised. (manner)
3. No nation in the world can afford to act .......................pollution were not its problem.
(manner)
4. He stood by .............................. he had been shocked by the news. (manner)
5. She jogs on the beach ........................................ she can (frequency)
6. Diana ran ...................................... she could from the explosion. (distance)
7. The committee meets ............................... .it could. (frequency)
8. No one can afford to use gas ....................................... it were water. (manner)

is a in•ii,.Tn~ra Pll111r1Pl!l'i!ll''Plli11d:llli1111"
~~~~~~~~~~~~

A. however, Al Gore is a public official

whereas Al Gore is a official
C. where Al Gore is a public official
 over
A. Unless Tornadoes generally occur over land
B. As Tornadoes generally occur over land
C. While Tornadoes generally occur over land
D. Tornadoes generally occur over land
3e Whereas the economy 19th was spurred by the industrial revolution,
economy of the 21st on an information age,

A. thus it changed the job market for prospective employees

B. thus changed the job market for prospective employees
C. thus changing the job market for prospective employees
castaways were busy 2mmennt2

A. While resting in his hammock

B. While Gervase was resting in his hammock
C. Gervase was resting in his hammock while
D. While Gervase is resting in his hammock
- - - - - - - - - - - ' Southern . . . . 0. . ~1 ..1..t"J.,·....~·ilo has a
11
one..
A. Because Thailand has a humid climate
B. Whereas Thailand a humid climate has
C. Thailand has a humid climate but
D. Whereas Thailand has a humid climate
6.
house has not been matmt:alllled
A. years, unfortunately, the house is now one of the worst eyesores in the city
B. years; unfortunately, the house is now one of the worst eyesores in the city
C. years, unfortunately; the house is now one of the worst eyesores in the city
D. years; unfortunately, the house being now one of the worst eyesores in the city
7.. , she bas never "officially" run a marat:no111 ..
A. Because Maria trains at distances of more than 30 miles
B. While Maria trains at distances of more than 30 miles
C. Although Maria trains at distances of more than 30 miles
Maria trains at distances of more than 30 miles but
is prcne~itaittt

A. Sue is Catholic but

B. Whereas Sue is Catholic
C. Where Sue is Catholic
D. Sue is Catholic even though
no
A. While the teacher infuriated at the student's total disrespect for authority
B. With the teacher was infuriated at the student's total disrespect for authority
C. While the teacher was infuriated at the student's total disrespect for authority
D. Because the teacher was infuriated at the student's total disrespect for authority
lOe Whereas Tsunami's are caused by underwater earthquakes,------
A. storm surges caused by gale force winds and high tides
B. storm surges are caused gale force winds and high tides
C. storm surges which are caused by gale force winds and high tides
D. storm surges are caused by gale force winds and high tides

3 wm ...
• do a number of more complicated exercises to
complete sentences using adverbial clauses.
f'~A1¥S~~F-d""'Z!fS~ifr'"1%~ = ~""'""""' """~

1d11m m :
;@ ~= 2 *~~~

Combine
necessary.
Result clauses
1. Oil plays an important part in engine protection.
It must be changed regularly

2. Changing the oil and filter in a car is easy.

Anyone can do the job.

3. Changing the oil is an easy job.

An understanding of automotive mechanics is not necessary.

4. Oil contamination occurs rapidly.

It is important to change the oil every 2,000 to 3,000 miles.

5. The viscosity of the oil is critical.

Using the right weight of oil is important for proper engine performance.

1. The West Coast suffered a severe drought.

The East Coast had heavy rainfall.
 2. The air is polluted in industrial areas.
The air is clean in many areas.

3. Smokers claim the right to smoke in public places.

Nonsmokers claim the right to clean air.

4. College graduates with engineering and business degrees are in demand.

Graduates with liberal arts degrees are not.

5. The space shuttle Columbia landed in the desert.

The Apollo space crafts splashed down in the ocean.

Add such or so, complete the sentences with you own words.

1. Larry was . .... . . . .... . .. exhausted after working for ten straight hours
that ..................................................................................................... .

2. I couldn't help it! When Ali told me that joke, I laughed ............... hard
that .................................................................................................... .

3. Bill always snores when he sleeps. In fact, he is .......................... a loud snorer

that ...................................................................................................... .

Sandra was planning to take a long vacation, but her boss suddenly gave her
.................. much work to do that .................................................................... ..

5. Janet is a travel agent, and she used her computer for nearly everything in her work. It
is ................ an essential piece of equipment that

6................................................. exhausted that ...................................... .

7......................................... a good time that .......................................... .

 8.......................................... shy that ................................................... .

9 .......................................... many people that ........................................ .

10 ................................................................................ , so I went to the cinema.

Exercise 3

Complete a

1. While Americans usually drink coffee for breakfast. ......................................... .

2. My English teacher is witty and stimulating ................................................... .

3. While Helen understands calculus ................................................................ .

4. San Francisco has many hilly streets ............................................................. .

5. My uncle is wealthy ................................................................................. .

. . m
6. L1vmg . a metropol'1tan area 1s
. expensive
. ....................................................... .

7. Eating at home is economical ....................................................................... .

8. A single person leads a carefree life ................................................................ .

1. finished work as ...................................................................... ..

 .......................................................................................... (manner)
2. They talked as if........................................................................... .
.......................................................................................... (manner)
3. We should cycle ................................................................. (frequency)
4. New species emerge just ..................................................................... .
... . . . ... . . .. . . ... ....... .. .. . ... .. . ...... .. . .. . ... ..... .. .. . .. ... . .. ... .. . . .. . .. ... .. .. (frequency)
5. The old farmer nodded as though ......................................................... .
........................................................................................... (manner)

~
I
I
 I
:.J

I']
l
• Relative adverbs and pronouns
1 1 • Restrictive and nonrestrictive clauses
i
• Relative pronouns as subjects and objects
 ~~ n=c"":"' ~~~z~~1JI!

~
1~11111 n ~:
~

-:i~~~~~

•
A relative or adjective clause is a dependent clause introduced by a relative pronoun or relative
adverb. It functions as an adjective, i.e. it modifies or describes a noun or pronoun in the
independent clause.

Since relative clause is dependent, it must be combined ·with an clause to form a

complex sentence. The relative clause comes right after noun phrase it modifies (the
antecedent).
 •
Relative adverb replaces a prepositional phrase in the dependent clause. The relative adverbs are
where, when, and why.

Relative «~-. .-~i-t Function Example

Where Refers to a place The supermarket where I shop ... (where has the
same meaning as in which)

When Refers to a time July 4 is the day when I was born ... (when has the
same meaning as on which)

Why Refers to a The reason why I was late ... (why has the same
reason meaning as for which)

Relative pronoun replaces a noun phrase or pronoun in the independent clause. The relative
pronouns are who, whom, which, that, and whose + N.

1111
A restrictive clause gives essential A nonrestrictive clause gives additional or
information that identifies or specifies interesting information (usually not
which person or thing is being talked about. essential) about people or things. The
The sentence would not make sense sentence has a clear meaning without the
without the relative clause. relative clause.
11 Do not use a comma to separate a Use a comma to separate a nonrestrictive
restrictive clause clause
Example: The kind of music which/that my Example: My car, which I only bought two
group plays is hard to describe. months ago, has broken down.
A body of land that is surrounded on three San Francisco, which is surrounded on three
sides by water is called a peninsula sides by water, is a peninsula

A relative pronoun maybe the subject of its own clause. A relative clause in the subject pattern is
formed with:

a
save
 b. They use microwave ovens.
energy.
a. An electron tube produces microwaves
Microwaves cook foods quickly.

Relative Pronouns as Objects

A relative pronoun maybe the object of its own clause. A relative clause in the object pattern is
formed with:

The relative pronoun maybe omitted in the object pattern restrictive clauses.

Example: Notice how sentences a and b are combined to form a sentence

1. a. The science magazine is published in England.
professor discussed the science magazine.

a. White is an ecologist
b. You met Dr. White in my office.

• do a number of simple exercises to recognize

adjective clauses.
 ~ 4"!0JiYy:,~~~~~A"0iiifi""=""'""''2'~~~ "'-"!0JiY~

1-1111 ~
~~~·~~~

\ I
l \

Choose correct explanation of the m~~an:m2 of each sentence.

1. The students, who attend class five hours per day, have become quite proficient in their
new language
a. All of the students attend class for five hours per day
b. Only some of the students attend class for five hours per day
2. The students who attend class five hours per day have become quite proficient in their
new language
a. All of the students attend class for five hours per day
b. Only some of the students attend class for five hours per day
3. The orchestra conductor signaled the violinists, who were to begin playing.
a. All of the violinists were to begin playing
b. Only some of the violinists were to begin playing

I I
 4. The orchestra conductor signaled the violinists who were to begin playing.
a. All of the violinists were to begin playing
b. Only some of the violinists were to begin playing
5. I put the vase on the top of the TV set, which is in the living room
a. I have more than one TV set
b. I have only one TV set
6. I put the vase on the top of the TV set that is in the living room
a. I have more than one TV set
b. I have only one TV set
7. Trees which lose their leaves in winter are called deciduous trees
a. All trees lose their leaves in winter
b. Only some trees lose their leaves in winter
8. Pine trees, which are evergreen, grow well in a cold climate
a. All pine trees are evergreen
b. Only some pine trees are evergreen

Exercise 2

Identify restrictive nonrestrictive clause by writing for a restrictive and NR for a

nonrestrictive clause; Underline relative clause or clauses (some sentences have two)
and commas to nonrestrictive ones .
Example:
(R) The senator whose family is politically active in Massachusetts visited China
(NR) Senator Kennedy, whose family is politically active in Massachusetts, visited China.

( ..... ) 1. The sun which in forty minutes can produce enough solar energy
to meet man's needs for a year.

( ..... ) 2. All tobacco companies who~e goal is to get the public to buy
their cigarettes claim that their particular brands have the lowest
nicotine and tar content.

( ..... ) 3. We are at the door of the medical computer revolution according

to an article which the professor cited.

( ..... ) The machine that analyzes and delivers laboratory tests and
electrocardiogram results is a medical computer.

( .....) 5. Laser beams are useful medicine and industry

 were first predicted in science fiction stories fifty years ago.

( ..... ) 6. Physicians who feed patient symptoms into the computer receive
a list of diseases that fit the symptoms of their patients.

( ..... ) 7. The country that has the highest per capita income is not the
United States which is only in third place.

( ..... ) 8. Kuwait which is a small country in the Middle East is in the first
place.

( ..... ) 9. It was a thrilling experience to meet the author of the book that
we have been reading all semester.

( ..... ) 10. The public is highly suspicious of the oil industry whose profits
have been increasing in spite of the energy crisis.

( ..... ) 11. Carbohydrates which are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and

oxygen are organic compound.

( ..... ) 12. Foreigners who do not understand American ''body language"

may become confused when they talk to Americans.

( ..... ) 13. People who use body language to express themselves are
interesting to watch.

( ..... ) 14. My Italian brother-in-law who uses his hand a lot when he is
talking is an especially expressive body language practitioner.

( ..... ) 15. First National Bank where we have our savings account
recently raised its interest rates, so we are now earning more on our
savings.

1. Francis Ford Coppola, that made the Godfather films, is a very

well-known director.

2. The Godfather films are about a Mafia family live and operate
in the US.

3. The Godfather films, which Coppola based on a Novel by

Maurio Puzo, were a huge success.

4. The first two Godfather films, which Coppola made

1970s, are considered classics.
5. The Godfather films, which they starred Al Pacino, follow the
history of the fictional Corleone family.

6. Coppola also made the film Apocalypse Now, that was set in
the Vietnam War.

7. Apocalypse Now was filmed in the Philippines, which

Coppola had a lot of problem.

8. Apocalypse Now, which cost more money than it was

supposed to, was a big success.

• do a number of more complicated exercises to

complete sentences using adjective clauses.
~~ =~~=-~%JiR!S8i'H'®1i'0<0=" ~a-"%'"'.~=-~~

"1g11m I %

~~ ~= : ~ = ~ ~ ~ $ ~

Combine a
orcm(]mn as subject.
Example: Mr. Lawson teaches political science. He passed the bar examination.
~ Mr. Lawson, who teaches political science, passed the bar examination
A. Result clauses
1. John Fish explained the tapeworm's complex structure. He is a research biologist.

2. While he lectured, he showed us a slide. The slide diagrammed the various parts of the
tapeworm's structure.

3. Words in English are often difficult for foreigners to pronounce. They begin with the
consonant "0"

4. Foreigners also have difficulty with English spelling. English spelling is not always
logical.

5. The drugs have the same effects on human beings. They are used on experimental
animals.

6. A person must be able to work logically. A person wants to be a computer programmer.

 Combine each following sentences to c01nu.1ex sentences a
pronoun as object. Remember to commas relative clause is nonrestrictive.
1. Einstein's theory of relativity is the best known of his work. He developed this theory
when he was in his thirties

2. Geologists are searching for Uranium. Our nation needs Uranium.

3. Albert Einstein was a high school dropout. The world recognizes him as a genius.

4. Einstein is famous for his theory of relativity. He developed this theory while he lived in
Switzerland.

J 5. As a young boy, Einstein had trouble in elementary and high schools. He attended these
schools in Germany.

6. He did poorly in subjects. He disliked them.

7. ·The only subject he excelled in was mathematics. He loved mathematics.

• Possessive relative clauses
• Relative pronouns as objects of preposition
• Relative pronouns in phrases of quantity & quality

71
p;;:44WW0-""~~st"""~~~AWA%0'~~0&~~»£¥"*1111

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•"''l!i-~-~:: ~

•
Possessive relative clauses are used to show possession. As with other relative clauses, they may
be used as subjects or objects.

When used as a subject, the relative pronoun phrase whose +Noun is the subject of its clause

Notice how sentences a and b are combined to form a sentence

are
 _,. Opportunities for college graduates whose degrees are in business and
.;;:;.;..;..;:;&::..;:..;;.;::::;.;:::;;.:..::.:..::..;;;1. may on upswing.
a. meteorologist cannot forecast conditions a month in advance
b. meteorologist'sjob is to make weather predictions.
_,. A meteorologist, ~~~~~~...!!!.~::!.-.!.~~~~~~!.!.2.1 cannot forecast
conditions a month in advance.
Object ua1tte111
When used as an object, the relative pronoun phrase whose +Noun is the object of the verb or
main statement of the relative clause.

depend on meteorologists, whose forecasts they for successful

agricultural planning.
The young woman whose article I read in National Geographic traveled 1700 miles
across Australia's western wilderness .

•
A relative pronoun can be the object of a preposition in its own clause, and is formed in two ways

Formal
Whom
Preposition + Which +Subject+
Whose+N

Informal

+Subject+

+
Note: The relative pronoun that can only be used in the less formal pattern in restrictive
clauses

1. The
 The candidate whom/that I voted for didn't win the election (Informal)
The candidate I voted for didn't win the election (Informal)

•
A relative pronoun can also occur in phrase of quantity and is formed with

...... some
....... one

+ +
All such clauses are nonrestrictive

Notice how sentences a and b are combined to

1. a. The members of the special commission on crime meet weekly.

b. Some of them were appointed by the mayor.

-+ The members of the special commission on crime. some of whom were appointed bv
the mayor. meet weekly.

2. a. As an experiment, the television station decided to show only movies.

b. I had already seen most of the movies.
-+ As an experiment, the television station decided to show only movies, most of which I
had seen recently.

A relative pronoun can also occur in a phrase of quality and is formed with

more

etc.

Example: Notice how a

1. a. I looked at three imporled cars.
b. Jaguar was most beautiful.

-+I looked

b. helpful.

-7 /
 2

• do a number of simple exercises to recognize

adjective clauses.

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Exercise 1

Choose the correct answer..

1. Bob is the kind of person to _ _ _ one can talk about anything.

A.who B.whom C. that D.him

2. He is a person _ _ _ _ friends trust him.

A.who B.his C. that D. whose

3. People _ _ _ live in glass house shouldn't throw stones.

A.who B. whom C. which D. that

4. Cathy is trustworthy. She is a person upon ____ you can always depend.

A.who whom C. which D. that

5. Your career should focus on a field in _ _ _ you are genuinely interested.

A. which c. 0
 6. People _ _ _ _outlook on life is optimistic are usually happy people.

A. whose B.whom C. which D. that

7. They said they didn't have any money, _ _ _ was a pity.

A. which B. that C. this D. it

8. The part of town where I live is very noisy at night, _ _ _ makes it difficult to sleep.

A. this B. where C. that D.which

9. One of the people _ _ _ I admire most in the history of the world is Gandhi.

A. that B. which C. whose D. of them

10. I enjoyed talking to the people _ _ _ I had dinner last night.

A. to whom B. with whom C. with that D. with those

Exercise 2

Ii Fill relative pronouns necessary

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1. Can you remember the girl _ _ _ _ _ _ showed you the way?

2. The dog _ _ _ _ _ we heard last night is a bulldog.

3. The friends you are living with phoned you yesterday.

4. The money we spend on magazines should be spent on books.

5. The doctor visited your mother is very famous.

6. Where is the library you borrowed those books from?

7. People live in glass houses shouldn't throw stones.

8. The street leads to the school is being repaired.

9. Here is the man dog bit you.
10. I know somebody lives in the town where you were born.

11. The key you were looking for was behind the cupboard.
12. The town we've just passed through was completely destroyed during the
war.
13. That's the poet _ _ _ _ _ poems are so successful.
14. The plane _ _ _ _ _ has just landed comes Paris.
15. I had my passport in the case _ _ _ _ _ I lost.

16.
good.
18. That's the toy _ _ _ _ _ my son enjoys playing with.

In 3

• do a number of more complicated exercises to

complete sentences using adjective clauses.
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Exercise 1

Combine these sentences "',,,. "tn. 1 ""...,. sentences

111
possessive clauses (subject
commas em~ou1nt~~r a 1'11fil1'111111'>£•1Dill'•"li.n11t·1i"'"" clause..

1. Denver still has dirty air problem. Denver's pollution is not considered serious.

2. Securities Corporation's president is Mr. Mann. His expertise on financial investments is

well known.

3. Large corporations can afford costly research and development. Large corporations'
investments lead to new manufacturing techniques.

4. Companies that manufacture products usually spend large sums of money for advertising
to attract consumers. Consumers' business is necessary for profits.

5. A manufacturer can sell to customers at lower prices. A manufacturer's costs are lower
because of mass production.

6. Stockholders are not responsible for a corporation's debts. Stockholders' financial

liability is limited.

7. First Space publishes a brochure for women investors. The bank's president is a
woman.
 Combine these pair of sentences into complex sentences with possessive clauses (object
pattern). commas a nonrestrictive clause.

1. Bay View City College is popular with many students in the city. My brother took the
college's computer programming class last summer.

2. The King of Xanadu was deposed by a revolution. The United States had supported his
government.

3. The author of this poem died penniless and heartbroken. The world never recognized his
talent.

4. Mr. French is the state's budget director. The newspaper published his report yesterday.

5. The actress has played in several successful films. I can't remember her name right now.

6. There are several women claiming to be Princess Anastasia of Russia. The revolutionaries
executed her entire family in 1918.

new se11tte111ce
Example: Finding reasonable priced housing is becoming a problem. Many young couples
are concerned about the problem.
~ Finding reasonable priced housing is becoming a problem about which
many young couples are concerned.
 Finding reasonable priced housing is becoming a problem which many
young couples are concerned about.

1. Single-family homes are becoming harder to find. Buyers must pay high prices for single-
family homes.

2. There are many young people. Such homes would be ideal for many young people, yet
they can't afford them.

3. One solution may be condominiums. Many families occupy single units in

condominiums.

4. Many former apartment buildings are being converted into "condos." Buyers must still
pay high prices in addition to monthly maintenance fees for them.

5. Another type of housing is the two-master-bedroom dwelling. Two couples live in this
dwelling.

6. One problem with this type of housing is choosing the people. You are going to share
living space with these people.

7. You must get along well with the people. You are going to live with these people.

8. Since you will be sharing a kitchen and a living room, a strict time schedule will have to
be observed. Both couples must work around this time schedule.
Exercise 4

Combine each sentence pair

quantity.

1. The students wrote a letter of protest to the Dean. Half of the students had received a
failing grade in chemistry.

2. The State of Nevada has very little abroad. Most of the state is desert land.

3. My three older sisters are living abroad. Each of them attends a different university.

4. At our school's annual international fair, I ate a lot of native food. I had not tasted some
of the food before.

5. Medical researchers have tested thousands of cancer-fighting drugs. Most of the drugs
prove to be useless.

6. Humphrey Bogart made many films. One of the films was Casablanca.

7. She has seven brothers. One of her brothers is the head of the family

1. There is a chain of islands in the Caribbean Sea. The most beautiful and charming island
is Puerto Rico, "the land of enchantment."
 2. The original inhabitants of Puerto Rico were hardworking farmers. The best farmers were
Indians.

3. Puerto Ricans speak two languages. The most popular language is Spanish.

4. On our last trip, we met many Puerto Ricans. The friendliest people live in the small
towns.

5. Puerto Rico's economy is basically agricultural products. The most important product is
sugar cane.

6. Puerto Rico has many lovely beaches. The best beach is Luquillo Beach, lying about 30
miles east of San Juan, the capital.

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trick is in knowing whether the subject is singular or plural. next trick is recognizing a
singular or plural verb.
1. a use a

a are means
 Sometimes the subject is separated from the verb by words such as ac1r:o1no1anJrea
1nr.,,;nJJc,11n1rJ1. no
oe~s1ares. or Ignore these expressions when determining whether to use a singular or plural
verb.
Example: The ao11t1c1ran_ along with the newsmen,

When subjects joined by

the verb agrees with the subject closest to it.

Example: -Nce1t11er she nor I am going to the festival.

~'''"'er my father or my brothers are going to sell the house.

The indefinite pronouns

and SOl'l'lltel~OCIV

verbs. Do not be misled by what follows of.

of the girls well.

A few indefinite pronouns are always plural:

Sometimes the pronoun who, that, or which is the subject of a verb in the middle of the
sentence. They take a verb that agrees in number with the pronoun's antecedent.
Example: one men do

In expletive sentences beginning with the pronoun the verb that follows is always singular.

Example: It was Dorothy and Helen who came to see us yesterday while we were away.

Collective nouns such as

a singular verb when they to
to individuals or the group.

Example: - ora1 cm~es every day at 4 p.m.

- The rec~enre their physical examinations tomorrow.

.. )
 Example: The news from the front bad.

1 Amounts and measurements that appear to be plural usually require a singular verb.
Example: Ten dollars a big sum of money for him.

11. With fractional expressions- a a a and so forth

-look at the noun in your phrase (object of the preposition) to determine whether to use a
singular or plural verb. (The same is true, of course, when and some act as
subjects.)
Example: - Forty percent of the students are in favor of changing the policy.
- Forly percent of the student body in favor of changing the policy.

If your sentence compounds a positive and a negative subject and one is plural, the other
singular, the verb should agree with the positive subject.
Example: The deparlment members but not the chair
Day.

1 Titles of books, movies, novels, etc. are treated as singular and take a singular verb, even
when the words are plural in form.
Example: The Days of Ours Lives my mother's favorite soap opera.

2 will ...

• do a number of simple exercises to practise on

subject-verb agreement

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1. Your friendship over the years and your support on a wide variety of national issues
(has/have) meant a great deal to us.

2. Two-week-old onion rings in the ashtray (is/are) not a pretty sight.

3. Neither of the police officers (was/were) called to testify.

4. The main source of income for Trinidad (is/are) oil and pitch.

5. Not one of the men in the original group of US astronauts (continues/continue) in the
space program today.

6. Neither my cousin nor his rowdy friends (was/were) accused of the prank.

7. Quilts made by the Amish (commands/command) high prices.

8. Seized in the raid (was/were) $400 in cash, two color televisions, and a set of stereo
speakers.

9. A tall glass of club soda with a twist of lime (suits/suit) me just fine at the end of a hard
tennis match.

10. The old iron gate and the brick wall (makes/make) our courthouse appear older than
its fifty years.

11. There (was/were) a Peanuts cartoon

bulletin board.
 12. Each cat and each dog (has/have) its own toy.
13. Why (is/are) the police standing over there?
14. The number of students who knew the answer to the last question on the exam
(was/were) very low.
15. A number of students (was/were) absent.
16. Two hours (is/are) too long to wait, don't you think?
17. The majority of us (is/are) in favour.
18. Statistics (is/are) an interesting subject.
19. Statistics (is/are) often misleading.
20. More than one student (has/have) tried this.

Edit the following sentences for problems subject-verb agreement. a sentence

''correct''
1. High concentrations of carbon monoxide result in headaches, dizziness, unconsciousness,
and even death.
c2. At the back of the room is an aquarium and a terrarium.
3. After hearing the evidence and the closing arguments, the jury was sequestered.
4. Crystal chandeliers, polished floors, and a new oil painting has transformed Sandra's
apartment.
5. Either Alice or Jan usually work the midnight shift.
6. The board of directors, ignoring the wishes of the neighborhood, has voted to allow further
development.
7. Of particular concern are penicillin and tetracycline, antibiotics used to make animals more
resistant to disease.
8. I am one of those who does not believe that a national debt is a national blessing.
9. Nearly everyone on the panel favor the arms control agreement.
10. The federal government have established a meals-on-wheels program for senior citizens.
11. Until recently, economics was not a major academic field.
12. Steve Winwood, as well ad Paul Simon, were attending the Grammy Awards ceremony.
13. The chief executive of the United States and the commander in chief of its armed forces
are the president.
14. Among her most valued possessions were a locket and a bracelet.
15. Visible alongside thousands of Colorado roadways are evidence of widespread littering.
 ~~~~~;1i\S'. "Wi/"~~Wd<c%ff!/''~*"="~ = ~

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Make all changes additions necessary to nrnunnu:-P. C~[)ffilDle1te sentences

following words phrases. to subject-verb a2r·ee1ne1Jtt.
Dear Kumiko,

1. I be I very pleased I receive /parcel I send.

2. What I good idea I send I selection I different kinds of foods I your country.

3. I enjoy I eat I very much I so I my familyty.

\' 4. I be I not possible I buy I things I England except perhaps I London.

5. You say I your letter I you like I to send I parcel I English food.

6. I I just post one I you.

7. It I not arrive I same time I this letter I send I by sea-mail

8. In I parcel I be I information /prepare I eat I food.

Love,
Mary.