Ch4 641

INTRO FUTUREVALUE PRESENTVALUE I&N ANNUITIES RATES/RETURN AMORTIZATION
Chapter 4
Time Value of Money

Time Lines
• Show the timing of cash flows.

• Tick marks occur at the end of periods, so
Time 0 is today; Time 1 is the end of the first
period (year, month, etc.) or the beginning of
the second period.
0 1 2 3
I%
CF0 CF1 CF2 CF3

What is the future value (FV) of an initial $100

after 3 years, if I/YR = 4%?
• Finding the FV of a cash flow or series of cash

flows is called compounding.
• FV can be solved by using the step-by-step,
financial calculator, and spreadsheet methods.
0 1 2 3
4%
100 FV = ?
Solving for FV:

The Step-by-Step and Formula Methods
• After 1 year:
FV1 = PV(1 + I) = $100(1.04) = $104.00
• After 2 years:
FV2 = PV(1 + I)2 = $100(1.04)2 = $108.16
• After 3 years:
FV3 = PV(1 + I)3 = $100(1.04)3 = $112.49
• After N years (general case):
FVN = PV(1 + I)N
Solving for FV:

Calculator and Excel Methods
• Solves the general FV equation.

• Requires 4 inputs into calculator, and will solve
for the fifth. (Set to P/YR = 1 and END mode.)
INPUTS 3 4 -100 0
N I/YR PV PMT FV
OUTPUT 112.49
Excel: =FV(rate,nper,pmt,pv,type)
Present Value
• What is the present value (PV) of $100 due in

3 years, if I/YR = 4%?
 Finding the PV of a cash flow or series of cash
flows is called discounting (the reverse of
compounding).
 The PV shows the value of cash flows in terms
of today’s purchasing power.
0 1 2 3
4%
PV = ? 100
Solving for PV:

The Formula Method
• Solve the general FV equation for PV:

PV = FVN /(1 + I)N
PV = FV3 /(1 + I)3

= $100/(1.04)3
= $88.90
Solving for PV:

Calculator and Excel Methods
• Solves the general FV equation for PV.

• Exactly like solving for FV, except we have
different input information and are solving for a
different variable.
INPUTS 3 4 0 100
N I/YR PV PMT FV
OUTPUT -88.90
Excel: =PV(rate,nper,pmt,fv,type)
Solving for I: What annual interest rate would

cause $100 to grow to $119.10 in 3 years?
• Solves the general FV equation for I/YR.

• Hard to solve without a financial calculator or
spreadsheet.
INPUTS 3 -100 0 119.10

N I/YR PV PMT FV
OUTPUT 6
Excel: =RATE(nper,pmt,pv,fv,type,guess)
Solving for N: If sales grow at 10% per year,

how long before sales double?
• Solves the general FV equation for N.

• Hard to solve without a financial calculator or
spreadsheet.
INPUTS 10 -1 0 2
N I/YR PV PMT FV
OUTPUT 7.3
EXCEL: =NPER(rate,pmt,pv,fv,type)
Excel
Please watch the following YouTube videos, take notes (questions

if there are any), and then just read the rest of this file (slides 12-
35).
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JOqEpxNGQjk
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nBth1ljkBRk
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qAhV3xG0i8s
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fOS_08DEx9Y
What is the difference between an ordinary

annuity and an annuity due?
Ordinary Annuity
0 1 2 3
I%
PMT PMT PMT
Annuity Due
0 1 2 3
I%
PMT PMT PMT

Solving for FV:

3-Year Ordinary Annuity of $100 at 4%
• $100 payments occur at the end of each

period, but there is no PV.
INPUTS 3 4 0 -100
N I/YR PV PMT FV
OUTPUT 312.16
Here type = 0.
Solving for PV:

3-year Ordinary Annuity of $100 at 4%
• $100 payments still occur at the end of each

period, but now there is no FV.
INPUTS 3 4 100 0
N I/YR PV PMT FV
OUTPUT -277.51
Here type = 0.
Solving for FV:

3-Year Annuity Due of $100 at 4%
• Now, $100 payments occur at the beginning of

each period.
FVAdue= FVAord(1 + I) = $312.16(1.04) = $324.65
• Alternatively, set calculator to “BEGIN” mode and
solve for the FV of the annuity due:
BEGIN
INPUTS 3 4 0 -100
N I/YR PV PMT FV
OUTPUT 324.65
Here type = 1.
Solving for PV:

3-Year Annuity Due of $100 at 4%
• Again, $100 payments occur at the beginning of

each period.
PVAdue = PVAord(1 + I) = $277.51(1.04) = $288.61
• Alternatively, set calculator to “BEGIN” mode and
solve for the PV of the annuity due:
BEGIN
INPUTS 3 4 100 0
N I/YR PV PMT FV
OUTPUT -288.61
Here type = 1.
What is the present value of a 5-year $100

ordinary annuity at 4%?
• Be sure your financial calculator is set back to

END mode and solve for PV:
 N = 5, I/YR = 4, PMT = -100, FV = 0.
 PV = $445.18.
The Power of Compound Interest
A 19-year-old student wants to save $5 a day for

her retirement. Every day she places $5 in a
drawer. At the end of every year, she invests the
accumulated savings ($1,825) in a brokerage
account with an expected annual return of 8%.
How much money will she have when she is 65

years old?
Solving for FV: If she begins saving today, how

much will she have when she is 65?
• If she sticks to her plan, she will have $705,373

when she is 65.
INPUTS 45 8 0 -1825
N I/YR PV PMT FV
OUTPUT 705,373
Excel: =FV(.08,45,-1825,0,0)
Solving for FV: If you don’t start saving until you are
40 years old, how much will you have at 65?
• If a 40-year-old investor begins saving today,

and sticks to the plan, he or she will have
$133,418 at age 65. This is $571,954 less than
if starting at age 20.
• Lesson: It pays to start saving early.
INPUTS 25 8 0 -1825
N I/YR PV PMT FV
OUTPUT 133,418
Excel: =FV(.8,25,-1825,0,0)
Solving for PMT: How much must the 40-year

old deposit annually to catch the 20-year old?
• To find the required annual contribution, enter

the number of years until retirement and the
final goal of $705,372.75, and solve for PMT.
INPUTS 25 8 0 705373
N I/YR PV PMT FV
OUTPUT -9,648.64
Excel: =PMT(rate,nper,pv,fv,type)
=PMT(.08,25,0,705373,0)
What is the PV of this uneven cash flow

stream?
0 1 2 3 4
4%
100 300 300 -50

96.15
277.37
266.70
-42.74
597.48 = PV
Solving for PV:

Uneven Cash Flow Stream
• Input cash flows in the calculator’s “CFLO”

register:
CF0 = 0
CF1 = 100
CF2 = 300
CF3 = 300
CF4 = -50
• Enter I/YR = 4, press NPV button to get NPV =
$597.48. (Here NPV = PV.)
Will the FV of a lump sum be larger or smaller if

compounded more often, holding the stated I% constant?
• LARGER, as the more frequently compounding

occurs, interest is earned on interest more
often.
0 1 2 3
10%
100 112.49
Annually: FV3 = $100(1.04)3 = $112.49
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
5%
100 112.62
Semiannually: FV6 = $100(1.02)6 = $112.62
Classification of Interest Rates
• Nominal rate (INOM): also called the quoted or

stated rate. An annual rate that ignores
compounding effects.
 INOM is stated in contracts. Periods must also be
given, e.g. 4% quarterly or 4% daily interest.
Classification of Interest Rates
• Effective (or equivalent) annual rate (EAR =

EFF%): the annual rate of interest actually
being earned, considering compounding.
 EFF% for 4% semiannual interest
EFF% = (1 + INOM/M)M – 1
= (1 + 0.04/2)2 – 1 = 4.04%
 Excel: =EFFECT(nominal_rate,npery)
=EFFECT(.04,2)
 Should be indifferent between receiving 4.04%
annual interest and receiving 4% interest,
compounded semiannually.
Why is it important to consider effective rates

of return?
• Investments with different compounding

intervals provide different effective returns.
• To compare investments with different
compounding intervals, you must look at their
effective returns (EFF% or EAR).
Why is it important to consider effective rates

of return?
• See how the effective return varies between

investments with the same nominal rate, but
different compounding intervals.
EARANNUAL 4.00%
EARSEMIANNUALLY 4.04%
EARQUARTERLY 4.06%
EARMONTHLY 4.07%
EARDAILY (365) 4.08%
When is each rate used?
• INOM: Written into contracts, quoted by banks

and brokers. Not used in calculations or shown
on time lines.
• EAR: Used to compare returns on investments

with different payments per year. Used in
calculations when annuity payments don’t
match compounding periods.
What is the FV of $100 after 3 years under 4%

semiannual compounding? Quarterly compounding?
MN
 I 
FVN  PV1 NOM 
 M 
23
 0.04 
FV3S  $1001 
 2 
FV3S  $100(1.02)6  $112.62
FV3Q  $100(1.01)12  $112.68

Can the effective rate ever be equal to the

nominal rate?
• Yes, but only if annual compounding is used,

i.e., if M = 1.
• If M > 1, EFF% will always be greater than the
nominal rate.
What’s the FV of a 3-year $100 annuity, if the quoted

interest rate is 4%, compounded semiannually?
• Payments occur annually, but compounding

occurs every 6 months.
• Cannot use normal annuity valuation
techniques.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
2%
100 100 100

Method 1:
Compound Each Cash Flow
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
2%
100 100 100

104.04
108.24
312.28
FV3 = $100(1.02)4 + $100(1.02)2 + $100

FV3 =$312.28
Method 2:
Financial Calculator or Excel
• Find the EAR and treat as an annuity.

• EAR = (1 + 0.04/2)2 – 1 = 4.04%.
INPUTS 3 4.04 0 -100

N I/YR PV PMT FV
OUTPUT 312.28
Excel: =FV(.0404,3,-100,0,0)
Find the PV of This 3-Year Ordinary Annuity
• Could solve by discounting each cash flow,

or…
• Use the EAR and treat as an annuity to solve
for PV.
INPUTS 3 4.04 100 0

N I/YR PV PMT FV
OUTPUT -277.30
Excel: =PV(.0404,3,100,0,0)

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INTRO FUTUREVALUE PRESENTVALUE I&N ANNUITIES RATES/RETURN AMORTIZATION

Time Value of Money

• Show the timing of cash flows.

CF0 CF1 CF2 CF3

What is the future value (FV) of an initial $100

• Finding the FV of a cash flow or series of cash

Solving for FV:

Solving for FV:

• Solves the general FV equation.

• What is the present value (PV) of $100 due in

Solving for PV:

• Solve the general FV equation for PV:

PV = FV3 /(1 + I)3

Solving for PV:

• Solves the general FV equation for PV.

Solving for I: What annual interest rate would

• Solves the general FV equation for I/YR.

INPUTS 3 -100 0 119.10

Solving for N: If sales grow at 10% per year,

• Solves the general FV equation for N.

Please watch the following YouTube videos, take notes (questions

What is the difference between an ordinary

PMT PMT PMT

PMT PMT PMT

Solving for FV:

• $100 payments occur at the end of each

Solving for PV:

• $100 payments still occur at the end of each

Solving for FV:

• Now, $100 payments occur at the beginning of

Solving for PV:

• Again, $100 payments occur at the beginning of

What is the present value of a 5-year $100

• Be sure your financial calculator is set back to

The Power of Compound Interest

A 19-year-old student wants to save $5 a day for

How much money will she have when she is 65

Solving for FV: If she begins saving today, how

• If she sticks to her plan, she will have $705,373

• If a 40-year-old investor begins saving today,

Solving for PMT: How much must the 40-year

• To find the required annual contribution, enter

What is the PV of this uneven cash flow

100 300 300 -50

Solving for PV:

• Input cash flows in the calculator’s “CFLO”

Will the FV of a lump sum be larger or smaller if

• LARGER, as the more frequently compounding

Classification of Interest Rates

• Nominal rate (INOM): also called the quoted or

Classification of Interest Rates

• Effective (or equivalent) annual rate (EAR =

Why is it important to consider effective rates

• Investments with different compounding

Why is it important to consider effective rates

• See how the effective return varies between

When is each rate used?

• INOM: Written into contracts, quoted by banks