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Special Science Elective – Grade 8

Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 – Module 3_Week 5-6: Commonly Used Microbes in Biotechnology
First Edition, 2020

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 8
Science
Quarter 1 – Module 3_Week 5-6:
Commonly Used Microbes in
Biotechnology

https://www.cleanpng.com/png-human-microbiota-research-science-microbiology-hyp-2316810/
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:

Welcome to the Science 8 Module on Commonly Used Microbes in Biotechnology!

This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also aims to help
learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into consideration their
needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of
the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This module is self-explanatory. You are
expected to encourage, assist and keep
track of the learners as they do the tasks
included in the module.

Notes to the Learners

This module is self-explanatory. You are
expected to follow the module sequentially
and independently. Answer the activities
and assessment with outmost honesty.

Notes to the Facilitator/Parent

This module is self-explanatory. Provide
ample time for the learner to finish the task
given and a space conducive for learning.
The role of the facilitator/parent is to
explain a topic for clarification

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Standard Symbols/Icons used to represent some
parts of the module:

Introduction. It contains learning objectives to be developed in

a material. It introduces the topic/content of the module briefly.

What I Know. This is given to check what the learner knows about
the lesson to take. This contains instruction in whether to proceed or
skip the module.

What’s In. Connects the current lesson with the previous lesson by
going over concepts that were learned previously.

What’s New. Introduces the new lesson through a story, a poem,

song, situation, or an activity.

Discussion. Provides questions that will help the learner discover

and understand the concept.

What is It. This section provides a brief discussion of the lesson.

The aims to help you discover and understand new concepts and
skills.

What’s More. This comprises activities for independent practice to

solidity your understanding and skills of the topic. You may check the
answers to the exercises using the Answer Key at the end of the
module.

What I Have Learned. This includes questions or blank

sentence/paragraph to be filled into process what you learned from the
lesson.

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 What I Can Do. This section provides an activity which will help you
transfer your new knowledge or skill into real life situations or concerns.

Assessment. This evaluates the learner’s level of mastery in

achieving the learning objectives. The task given shall validate the
concepts and provide more opportunities to deepen the learning.

Additional Activities. In this portion, another activity will be given to

you to enrich your knowledge or skill of the lesson learned. This also
tends retention of learned concepts.

Answer Key. This contains answers to all activities in the module.

At the end of this module you will also find:

References This is a list of all sources used in developing

this module.

The following are some reminders in using this module:

1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of the
module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities
included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not
hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are
not alone.

We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning
and gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!

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 What I Need to Know
This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you master
the Commonly Used of Microbes in Biotechnology. The scope of this module permits
it to be used in many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the
diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard
sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to
correspond with the textbook you are now using.

The module has one lesson.

• Lesson 1 –Commonly Used Microbes in Biotechnology

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. recognize the role of microbes in DNA research,
1.1 identify the parts of a bacterium, a yeast and of bacteriophage and their
corresponding functions.

What I Know
Read and understand the question carefully. Choose the letter of the best answer.
Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Microorganism live in us, on us and about all over around us. Which of the
activities are microorganism responsible for?
a. Decomposition of dead organisms
b. It helps in digestion process
c. Capturing energy from the sun
d. All of these

2. Which among the choices is NOT ordinarily examined in microbiology?

a. Bacteria b. Viruses c. Fungi d. Multicellular plant

3. What may be the reason why microorganism is valuable in numerous diverse

inquiries about research facilities (such as environment, natural chemistry,
advancement, and hereditary qualities)?
a. They are easy to count and visible to our naked eye.
b. They are expensive and have complex structures and.
c. They easily grow in large number and reproduce so fast.
d. They are everywhere so contaminants from the environment are not a
problem.

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4. What is a causative agent of infectious disease?
a. An agent that causes harm to a host
b. A bacterium that causes harm to a host
c. A fungus that causes harm to a host
d. All of the above

5. Microbiology is the study of bacteria, algae, fungi, viruses and protozoa. Most of
these are single-celled, except for which two:
a. Bacteria (some of which are multicellular) and algae
b. Algae and fungi (some have many cells)
c. Protozoa and fungi
d. Bacteria and viruses

6. Microbes, such as our gut flora provide __________ and vitamins for us in our GI
tract.
a. Mucus b. Fiber c. Ions d. Digestive enzymes

7. What is a bacterium?
a. Asexual c. Carriers of protozoan infectious agents
b. smaller than most viruses d. Sexual

8. Which of the following kingdom yeast belong?

a. Animalia b. Plantae c. Monera d. Fungi

9. Which of the following characteristics of fungi does they differ from plants?
a. Fungi cell walls is made of chitin rather than cellulose
b. Fungi does not undergo photosynthesis in food making
c. Both A and B
d. None of the above

10. What type of fungi being formed by filaments that is called hyphae?
a. Molds b. Mushroom c. Yeast d. Club Fungi

Module
Commonly Used Microbes in
3 Biotechnology

Microorganisms activities are exceptionally imperative to nearly each division of

concern to mankind. From a survey of the aforesaid topics, these microbes may find
applications (uses) to food, forestry, agriculture, medicine, industry, and
environment. The scope of centrality of microbiology has broaden complex or
enlarged manifold, most particularly when it comes to the importance of environment
was realized globally and thus the word environment was used in much greater sense
in terms of the totality to include almost everything, every bit of nature.

Microbes play a fantastically role in research specially in laboratory studies.

Numerous of the breakthroughs are in molecular biology, which includes how genes

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are used to make proteins which were made by scientists studying microbes in the
laboratory and understanding how the genetic code works. We cannot deny the fact
that the use of microorganisms makes the world’s problems more manageable. The
potential applications of it are undeniable and are seemingly endless. There are tens
of millions of species that are yet to discover and still don’t know what we can do
with. The micro-world is a world full of possibilities.

Every aspect of life on earth is influences by microbes. They have an unbelievable

variety of shapes and sizes and can exist in a wide range of habitats from hot to icy
wastes of Antarctica and inside the bodies of animals and plants. Even the surfaces
of the human body inside and out, for example the skin, mouth and the intestines,
are covered in millions of individual micro-organisms that don’t do us any harm. As
a matter of fact, they help to protect us from becoming infected with harmful
microbes and they are known as the normal body flora.

Bacteria Yeast Bacteriophage

https://www.google.com/search?q=types+of+microorganisms+virus+bacteria+fungi

Figure 1. Type of Common Microbes

What’s In

In previous lesson, you already know that cell division is part of the life cycle of
virtually all cells. Cell division happens when one cell divides to form two new cells,
which referred to as daughter cells. This process happens depends on whether the
cell is prokaryotic or eukaryotic.

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 Cell division in prokaryotes is
much easier than eukaryotes
since prokaryotic cells
themselves are simpler. This
prokaryotic cell has no nucleus,
has a few cell structures, and
has a single circular
chromosome. Most of them
undergo cell division in a
process of binary fission,
wherein bacteria use this
process to form two identical
cells from one cell.

https://flexbooks.ck12.org/cbook/ck-12-biology-
flexbook-2.0/section/2.31/primary/lesson/cell-division-bio

Figure 2. Process of Binary Fission in a Prokaryotic Cell.

https://www.ck12.org/book/ck-12-life-science-for-middle-school/section/5.1/

In contrast, eukaryotic cells, have

different chromosomes contained inside
the nucleus, and numerous other
organelles. All these cell parts must be
copied and separated during cell division.
A coiled structure known as chromosome
which is made of DNA and protein will be
focus of a subsequent concept. Cell
division in eukaryotes happens in two
major steps: mitosis and cytokinesis.
Mitosis is considered the first step,
wherein a multi-phase process occurs
which the nucleus of the cell divides. So,
it followed by the second major step which
is the cytokinesis. In prokaryotic cells,
the cytoplasm must divide. Basically,
cytokinesis is the division of the
cytoplasm in eukaryotic cells, resulting in
Figure 3. Eukaryotic Cell Division two genetically identical daughter cells.

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 What’s New

Presented below is a poem that gives us a clear idea and understanding on microbial
word. Using each line in the poem it would give us information and better knowledge
on the diversity and wonder of microbial life as such bacteria, fungi (yeast) and virus
(bacteriophage).

Activity 1. Microbial World

Objective: Recognize the role of common microbes in biotechnology.

Direction: Read and understand the poem carefully. Then answer the guided
questions below using the information and details from the poem to support your
ideas.

Microbial World
By: Morgan A. Feeney

Microbes manage everywhere-these small cells that survive and thrives.

Some come from acid mines, from fiery pits or sulfurous deeps.
Some sour the milk, some swell foam to make bread or beer.
Some eke out lives, drinking light or eating stone.

These small still cells will wait to bloom in a metro station.

They sit on handrails, on seats and shoes and shoe-scuffed floors,
and lurk on platforms like small pale pearls.
Our microbes meet and where we have met.

Some have strayed from farm and field,

where they twined with roots and slept deep in soil.
Some have stayed here on our salt skin, or crept into our failing lungs,
or cast shadows on our weakened hearts.

Some microbes dance upon a pin, fleeted-footed,

free to find a better place.
Some will swell the tide at dawn, cells bright as the light of a bobtail squid.
Some fill plant phloem or seek to feed sap-sweet aphids with an amino store.
Some rise with dust and fall with rain, or drift in clouds
and severe to start the slow sure growth of snow-each flake
forms around a borrower heart.
Some will fail but more will rise; these cells that shape the changing world.

Guide Questions
1. What is the poem all about?

2. Mention 3 microbes that you know.

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 3. What implies on the first paragraph of the poem?

4. How will you explain this line, “Some have stayed here on our salt skin, or
crept into our failing lungs?

5. State at least (3) advantages and disadvantages brought to us by microbes.

What is It

The poem presented above refers to microbes or microorganism’s nature wherein

they are considered as the dominant life forms on earth, are found in almost every
conceivable environment, and are essential to sustaining life on this planet. There
are three basic groups of microorganisms: Bacteria are typically unicellular,
microscopic, prokaryotic organisms that reproduce by binary fission. Fungi (yeasts
and molds) are typically unicellular, microscopic, eukaryotic fungi that reproduce
asexually by budding. Molds are typically filamentous, eukaryotic fungi that
reproduce by producing asexual reproductive spores. Viruses (ex, bacteriophage) are
typically submicroscopic, acellular infectious particles that can only replicate inside
a living host cell. Most viruses possess either DNA or RNA, but not both. Study of
microbes is called microbiology while the study of its development and use of
techniques that apply microbes or microorganisms for practical purposes is called
biotechnology.
Basically, the first paragraph of the poems implies where this microbe came from,
where it is present everywhere and its possible disadvantages and disadvantages that
may brought to us. Some of these may brought us harm or diseases especially to our
situation this past few months, where the whole world facing the pandemic outbreak
of COVID-19. Not just failing lungs are concern but almost all aspects of human
world are in paralyzed because of this.
MICROBES EFFECT
ADVANTAGES DISDAVANTAGES
They help in food industry to produce Microbes causes diseases in humans,
cheese, bread, and curd. animals, and plants.
Helps in preparation of vaccine and Responsible for rotting of food.
making antibiotics.
Helps in fermentation and in agriculture. Responsible for tooth decay.
It plays and important parts during Spreading of diseases.
carbon and nitrogen cycle.
They help in the cleansing of Are sometimes responsible for
environment. whooping of plants.

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 What’s More

Microorganisms or microbes are microscopic organisms that exist as unicellular,

multicellular, or cell clusters. Microorganisms are widespread in nature and are
beneficial to life, but some can cause serious harm. They can be divided into three
major types: bacteria, fungi (yeast), and viruses (bacteriophage).

Bacteria are single celled microbes. The cell structure is simpler than that of other
organisms as there is no nucleus or membrane bound organelles. Yeast is Fungi.
Yeast are single-celled microorganisms that are classified, along with molds and
mushrooms, as members of the Kingdom Fungi. A bacteriophage is a type of virus
that infects bacteria. In fact, the word "bacteriophage" literally means "bacteria
eater," because bacteriophages destroy their host cells. Bacteriophage, also called
phage or bacterial virus, any of a group of viruses that infect bacteria.
Now that you appreciated the nature and diversity of microbes when it comes to their
beneficial effects in biotechnology and harmful effects that they brought to us, the
next activity will lead us to identifying the parts and functions of most commonly
used microbes in biotechnology such as bacteria, yeast and bacteriophage. Yeast is
a living organism. It can be used to make bread and alcoholic drinks such as beer
and wine. Different species of yeast may cause infections such as thrush.

Activity 1.1 Identifying Parts and Functions of Microbes

Directions: Study the different Figures of microbes below where parts are being
labelled and their corresponding functions where tabulated. Once you have done,
you can now answer the given questions below on each figure presented with regards
to parts and functions of bacteria, yeast and bacteriophage.
A. A Typical Bacterial Cell

http://textbookofbacteriology.net/structure.html

Figure 3Illustration of structural components of a typical bacterial cell. See Table 1 below for its
labeled components and its corresponding functions and chemical composition.

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Table 1. Summary of characteristics of typical bacterial cell structures

STRUCTURE FUNCTION(S) PREDOMINANT

CHEMICAL
COMPOSITION
Flagella Swimming movement Protein

Pili Sex Plus Stabilizes mating bacteria during Protein

DNA transfer by conjugation

Common pili or Attachment to surfaces; Protein

fimbriae protection against phagotrophic
engulfment

Capsules (includes Attachment to surfaces; Usually polysaccharide;

"slime layers" and protection against phagocytic occasionally
glycocalyx) engulfment, occasionally killing polypeptide
or digestion; reserve of nutrients
or protection against desiccation

Cell wall
Gram-positive Prevents osmotic lysis of cell Peptidoglycan (murein)
bacteria protoplast and confers rigidity complexed with teichoic
and shape on cells acids
Gram-negative Peptidoglycan prevents osmotic Peptidoglycan (murein)
bacteria lysis and confers rigidity and surrounded by
shape; outer membrane is phospholipid protein-
permeability barrier; associated lipopolysaccharide
LPS and proteins have various "outer membrane"
functions
Gram-positive Prevents osmotic lysis of cell Peptidoglycan (murein)
bacteria protoplast and confers rigidity complexed with teichoic
and shape on cells acids
Plasma membrane Permeability barrier; transport of Phospholipid and
solutes; energy generation; protein
location of numerous enzyme
systems

Ribosomes Sites of translation (protein RNA and protein

synthesis)

Inclusions Often reserves of nutrients; Highly variable;

additional specialized functions carbohydrate, lipid,
protein or inorganic
Chromosome Genetic material of cell DNA

Plasmid Extrachromosomal genetic DNA

material

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Direction: Match the description from Column A (functions of the structures) of with
its corresponding name in Column B (bacterial cell structure). Write the letter of the
correct answer on the space provided before each number.

COLUMN A COLUMN B

____1. Sites of translation (protein synthesis) A. Inclusions

____2. Swimming movement B. Gram-positive bacteria

____3. Extrachromosomal genetic material
C. Pili sex plus
____4. Stabilizes mating bacteria during DNA
transfer by conjugation D. Ribosomes

____5. Often reserves of nutrients, additional E. Flagella

specialized functions
F. Chromosome
____6. Prevents osmotic lysis of cell protoplast
and confers rigidity and shape on cells G. Plasmid

B. A Typical Yeast Cell

https://www.google.com/search?q=yeast+parts+photo

Figure 4. Basic Parts of a Yeast. See Table 2 below for structure and function of the
labeled components.

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Table 2. Summary of characteristics of typical yeast cell structures

STRUCTURE FUNCTION(S)
Cytoplasm Cytoplasm is the fluid that fills cells and serves several
important functions, it holds the internal components of
cells in place and protects them from damage.
Nucleus The nucleus contains double-stranded chromosomes
that pass along DNA during reproduction.
Cell Membrane The cell membrane of yeast cells (specifically
Saccharomyces spp.) forms the barrier between the
cytoplasm and the cell wall.
Lipid Granule They are a reservoir of energy and building blocks for
membrane lipid synthesis.
Bud Scar Bud scars remain permanently deposited on the surface
of the mother cell, serving as a convenient marker for
the number of divisions realized by a single cell.
Cell Wall The cell wall determines the shape of the cell and
provides protection against threats in the environment.
Vacuole Vacuoles are large spaces in the yeast cell containing
enzymes in a slightly acidic environment. Functions
include breaking down protein and other complex
molecules, storing nutrients and maintaining
homeostasis (balance).
Mitochondria Mitochondria in yeast cells play a similar role to
mitochondria in plant and animal cells. All living
organisms depend on the mitochondria to produce
energy for respiration, growth and homeostasis.
Golgi Apparatus The Golgi apparatus of the eukaryotic cell plays a
central role in intracellular vesicular transport as the
main secretory protein-processing factory

Direction: Label the parts of a yeast cell and give their corresponding
functions by completing the table below.

https://www.google.com/search?q=yeast+parts+photo

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 PARTS OF A FUNTIONS
YEAST CELL
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

C. A Typical Structure of Bacteriophage

Head: is prism like hexagonal

having length 950 A0 and
breadth 650 A0,tail is also 950
A0 in length, joined to head by
neck and collar, tail is having
hollow core of 80 A0 and is
surrounded by tail sheath. It
consists of ds DNA core
surrounded by protein coat
called capsid which is formed
of ~ 2000 capsomeres.

Neck/Core: is the head tail

connector consists of a collar
or a disc and several whiskers.

Tail: is the narrow cylindrical

part. It has central hollow core
or tube through which viral
DNA is injected into the host.
The core is surrounded by
sheath proteins.
Sheath: it injects the nucleic
https://www.google.com/search?q=describe+the+structure+and+funtions+of+bacteriophage
acid into the cell.

Figure 5. Basic Parts of a Bacteriophage Fiber: used to attach into the

cell
Base plate: is the hexagonal plate with tail fibers, usually 6 in number and
used for attachment to the host cell wall during infection. Tail fibers can
recognize specific receptor sites in the host cell wall.

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Bacteriophages exhibit two types of replication cycle – virulent or lytic cycle and
temperate or lysogenic cycle.
I. Lytic or Virulent Cycle

In this type of cycle, a phage acts like an ordinary virus, first it hijacks its host
cell and thus uses the cell’s resources to create lots of new phages, which makes the
cell to lyse or burst and eventually die in the process and its viral DNA replication
occurs independently. The stages of the lytic cycle are:

1. Attachment: Proteins in the "tail" of the phage bind to a specific receptor (in
this case, a sugar transporter) on the surface of the bacterial cell.

2. Entry: The phage injects its double-stranded DNA genome into the cytoplasm
of the bacterium.
3. DNA copying and protein synthesis: Phage DNA is copied, and phage genes
are expressed to make proteins, such as capsid proteins.

4. Assembly of new phage: Capsids assemble from the capsid proteins and are
stuffed with DNA to make lots of new phage particles.

5. Lysis or Release: Late in the lytic cycle, the phage expresses genes for proteins
that poke holes in the plasma membrane and cell wall. The holes let water flow in,
making the cell expand and burst like an overfilled water balloon.

Cell bursting, or lysis, releases hundreds of new phages, which can find and infect
other host cells nearby. In this way, a few cycles of lytic infection can let the phage
spread like wildfire through a bacterial population. In this cycle, viral DNA does not
integrate into the host cell DNA, the host DNA hydrolyzed in this phage and then the
viral particles released from the host cell by host cell lysis. This cycle
https://www.slideshare.net/mrtangextrahelp/07-lytic-vs-lysogenic-cycle

Figure 6. Lytic Cycle Diagram

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II. Lysogenic or Temperate Cycle

The lysogenic cycle (Figure 13), sometimes referred to as temperate or non-

virulent infection, does not kill the host cell, instead using it as a refuge where it
exists in a dormant state. Following the injection of the phage DNA into the host cell,
it integrates itself into the host genome, with the help of phage-encoded integrases,
where it is then termed a prophage. The prophage genome is then replicated passively
along with the host genome as the host cell divides for as long as it remains there
and does not form the proteins required to produce progeny. As the phage genome is
generally comparatively small, the bacterial hosts are normally relatively unharmed
by this process.

In this cycle, the host DNA is not hydrolyzed in this phage, and viral replication
occurs depending upon the host DNA replication and the host cell is not lysed. A
non-virulent and a considered as a long-term cycle.

1. Adsorption
2. Penetration/Entry
3. Integration/Formation
4. Spontaneous Induction
5. Replication
6. Lysis & Release

https://www.slideshare.net/mrtangextrahelp/07-lytic-vs-lysogenic-cycle

Figure 7. Depiction of the stages of the bacteriophage lysogenic cycle.

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 Direction: This quiz is designed to assess your basic knowledge in bacteriophage.
Choose the best answer from the four options given. Write your answers on
the space provided after each question.

https://www.quizbiology.com/2017/03/diagram-quiz-on-bacteriophage.html

1. What are the viruses that attack bacteria?

a. Viroid c. Bacteriophages
b. Bactericides d. Prions
2. Which region is the genetic material of the phage is found?
labeled 1 is the______.
a. Tail region c. Head and neck region
b. Head region d. Collar region
3. What is the region labelled 2 which is involved in injecting genetic material to host?
a. Tail region c. Head and neck region
b. Head region d. Collar region
4. What is the location of region labelled 3?
a. DNA is present c. RNA is present
b. Protein is present d. Either DNA or RNA is present
5. What surrounds the genetic material of the phage or number region labelled 7?
d. Protein coat called virion c. Glycoprotein envelope
b. Protein coat called capsid d. Glycolipid envelope
6. What is region labelled 5 which connects the head to the tail?
a. Neck with collar c. Tail plate
b. Connector d. Tail fiber
7. In phages, the structure labelled 6 has contractile proteins that injects
genetic material to the host is ______.
a. Tail Fiber b. Collar c. Tail sheath d. Base plate
8. The structure labelled 7 that helps in the attachment of phage to the host
which is the ______.
a. Base Plate b. Tail Plate c. Tail sheath d. Pins
9. The structure labelled 8 attach to specific receptors on the bacteria cell.
This structure that determines the host specificity of the phage is ______.
a. Tail Plate b. Tail Fibers c. Base Plate d. Tail Pins
10. The structure 7, 8, and 9 helps in attachment of phage to host surface.
The structure labelled 9 is ____________.
a. Tail Hooks b. Tail Fibers c. Tail Fibers d. Tail Sheath

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Performance Task

Direction. Conduct a research about the roles of different Microbes in Research and
specify whether it is bacteria, yeast or bacteriophage. You may write it or print it out
in a long bond paper. Do not forget to write the differences.

Criteria for Success! The following are the criteria to be used in assessing your
performance.

1. Correctness (10 pts.) – If the research output information is correct.

2. Knowledge on Content (10 points) – If the research concept presented is detailed

and comprehensive.

3. Timeliness (5 pts.) – If it is submitted before the deadline

4. Legible and Readable (5 pts.) - neatness and good use of space

Total points = 30 points

What I have Learned

Direction: Compare and contrast the Lytic Cycle vs. Lysogenic Cycle of
Bacteriophage based on the following criteria.

CRITERIA LYTIC CYCLE LYSOGENIC CYCLE

Definition
Integration of
the viral DNA
Host DNA
hydrolysis
Stages

Virulence

Lysis of host cell

Viral DNA
Replication
Time

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 What I Can Do

Now it is your turn to appreciate more of the importance of Microbes in our lives.
Direction. List down 3 advantages and disadvantages of the different types of
Microbes. Fill the table below.

MICROORGANISMS ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

1.

BACTERIA 2.

3.

1.

2.
YEAST
3.

1.

BACTERIOPHAGE 2.

3.

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 Assessment

Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper.

1. All microbes are best defined as organisms that_______.

a. Cause human disease c. Are too small to be seen with the naked eye
b. Lack of cell nucleus d. Can only be found growing in laboratories

2. The microbes that do not have a nucleus in their cells are called_________.
a. Decomposers c. Eukaryotes
b. Prokaryotes d. Pathogens

3. Disease causing microbes are called___________.

a. Decomposers c. Eukaryotes
b. Prokaryotes d. Pathogens
4. What stages of lytic cycle that proteins in the "tail" of the phage bind
to a specific receptor (in this case, a sugar transporter) on the surface
of the bacterial cell?
a. Attachment c. Assembly
b. Entry d. Lysis
5. Which activity is an example of biotechnology?
a. Bacteria in the soil secreting an antibiotic to kill competitors.
b. A microbiologist using the microscope to study bacteria.
c. Human using yeast to make beer and wine
d. Public health officials monitoring diseases in a community.
6. In what cycle does a phage acts like a typical virus: it hijacks its host cell and
uses the cell's resources to make lots of new phages, causing the cell to lyse
(burst) and die in the process?
a. Lysogenic Cycle c. Temperate Cycle
b. Lytic Cycle d. All of the above
7. A type of microbes that is a living organism. It can be used to make
bread and alcoholic drinks such as beer and wine.
a. Bacteria c. Yeast
b. Bacteriophage d. Protozoa
8. How do bacteria reproduce?
a. Binary Fusion c. Budding
b. Transformation d. Binary Fission
9. They are also called as “bacteria eater," because they destroy their host cells
is known as ________.
a. Bacteria c. Fungi
b. Bacteriophage d. Protozoa
10. What do you called these single celled microbes with structure is simpler than
that other organisms as there is no nucleus or membrane bound organelles?
a. Bacteria c. Yeast
b. Bacteriophage d. Fungi

21
 Additional Activities

Direction. Create your own graphic organizer about Microbes based on your own
understanding on the topic. It may be through Venn Diagram, Concept Map or
whatever preference you like.
Criteria for Success! The following are the criteria to be used in assessing your
performance.
1. Creativity (10 pts.) – If the output is creatively created.
2. Organization of the Content (10 points) – If the organization of the content
presented is well-organized and coherent with each other.
3. Legible and Readable (10 pts.) - neatness and good use of space
Total points = 30 point

22
 23
What Is It
Parts of A Functions
Yeast Cell
1.Cell The cell membrane of yeast cells (specifically Saccharomyces
Membrane spp.) forms the barrier between the cytoplasm and the cell
wall.
2. Cell Wall The cell wall determines the shape of the cell and provides
protection against threats in the environment.
3. Nucleus The nucleus contains double-stranded chromosomes that
pass along DNA during reproduction.
4. Golgi The Golgi apparatus of the eukaryotic cell plays a central role
Apparatus in intracellular vesicular transport as the main secretory
protein-processing factory
5. Cytoplasm Cytoplasm is the fluid that fills cells and serves several
important functions, it holds the internal components of cells
in place and protects them from damage.
6.Mitochondria . All living organisms depend on the mitochondria to produce
energy for respiration, growth, and homeostasis.
7.Vacuole Functions include breaking down protein and other complex
molecules, storing nutrients and maintaining homeostasis
(balance).
8.Lipid They are a reservoir of energy and building blocks for
Granule membrane lipid synthesis.
9. Bud Scar Bud scars remain permanently deposited on the surface of
the mother cell, serving as a convenient marker for the
number of divisions realized by a single cell.
What I Know What's More
What Is It
1. D A.
2. D 1.The poem is all about Microbes.
3. C 1. D 2.Bacteria, Fungi (yeast), virus
4. D 2. E (bacteriophage) or answer may vary.
5. B 3. G 3. It implies that microbes are
6. D everywhere. They can be beneficial
4. C
7. A and harmful at the same time.
5. A 4. Since we cannot see name by our
8. D 6. B
9. D naked eye, it means that harmful
C. microbes may stay in our body and
10.A
1. C 6. A may brought us diseases and even
2. B 7. C death.
3. A 8. A 5. Answers may vary.
4. D 9. B
5. B 10. B
Answer Key
 24
Assessment Additional Activity
1. A Answers may vary.
2. B
3. D
4. A What I Can Do
5. C
6. B Answers may vary.
7. C
8. D
9. B Performance Task
10.A
Answers may vary.
What I Have Learned
CRITERIA LYTIC CYCLE LYSOGENIC CYCLE
In lytic cycle, a phage acts like The lysogenic cycle, sometimes
a typical virus: it hijacks its referred to as temperate or
host cell and uses the cell's non-virulent infection, does
Definition
resources to make lots of new not kill the host cell, instead
phages, causing the cell to lyse using it as a refuge where it
(burst) and die in the process. exists in a dormant state.
Integration Viral DNA does not integrate Viral DNA does integrate into
of the viral into the host cell DNA the host cell DNA
DNA
Host DNA Host DNA is hydrolyzed in this Host DNA is not hydrolyzed in
hydrolysis phage. this phage.
Lytic life cycle has 5 stages, Lysogenic cycle has 6 stages,
namely attachment, entry, namely adsorption,
DNA copying and protein entry/penetration,
Stages
synthesis, assembly, and integration/formation,
release/lysis. spontaneous induction,
replication, and lysis/release.
Virulence This cycle is virulent. This cycle is non-virulent.
Lysis of host The viral particle released from Host cell is not lysed in this
cell the host cell by host cell lysis. cycle.
Viral DNA replication occurs Viral DNA replication occurs
Viral DNA
independently. depending upon the host DNA
Replication
replication.
Time Shor-period Long-term
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27
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