Physics 162 Activity 3

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Metabolism
3
Activity
Objectives:
● The purpose of this exercise is to define what a calorie is and what it means in
terms of food eaten and activities performed.
Background:
All living systems need energy to function. It involves all chemical reactions
required to maintain the living state of the cells and the organism. The processes
involved in the energy intake, storage, and use by the body are collectively called the
metabolism; the discipline describing this area is sometimes called bioenergetics. More
generally, metabolism is any energy usage by the body, and is the sum of all chemical
processes performed by the cells in order to keep the body alive. The energy is used to
circulate blood, obtain oxygen, repair cells, and so on. As a result, even at complete
rest in a comfortable environment, the body requires energy to sustain its life functions.
Metabolic processes can be divided into catabolic and anabolic reactions. In
catabolic reactions complex molecules are broken into simple ones, for purposes such
as energy usage. In anabolic reactions simple molecules are combined to form
complex ones, for purposes such as energy storage.
The body uses food to (1) operate organs, (2) maintain a constant temperature
by using some of the heat that is generated by operating the organs (while the rest is
rejected), (3) do external work, and (4) build a stored energy supply (fat) for later
needs. About 5–10% of the food energy intake is excreted in the feces and urine.
The amount of energy expended over a specific period of time is called its
metabolic rate. Metabolic rate may be measured in Cal / h or Cal / m2 ⋅ h. It has been
found, that the amount of energy consumed by a person during a given activity
divided by the surface area of the person’s body is approximately the same for most
people.
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A calorie is defined as the amount of heat energy needed to raise the
temperature of one gram of water by 1 °C . Calories are normally used to describe the
amount of energy your body gets from what you eat and drink. That is why Cal is also
used a unit of energy.
Now, whenever a human performs bodily functions, the chemical energy used in
these processes is obtained from the oxidation of food molecules. The glucose sugar
molecule, for example, is oxidized as follows:
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H20 + Energy
For every gram of glucose ingested by the body, 3.81 Cal of energy is released for
metabolic use. The caloric value per unit weight is different for various foods.
Measurements show that, on the average, carbohydrates (sugars and starches) and
proteins provide about 4 Cal/ g, lipids (fats) produce 9 Cal /g , and the oxidation of
alcohol produces 7 Cal /g .
Example:
A sample schedule and the associated metabolic energy rate are shown in the table
below. Assuming that the surface area of the person is 1.7 m 2. Find his/her total energy
expenditure in a day.
To find the energy expenditure on each activity, multiply the surface area of the person
and its metabolic rate.
Sleeping: ( 35 Cal /m2 ⋅ h ) ( 1.7 m2 )=59.5 Cal /h
Moderate physical labor: ( 150 Cal /m2 ⋅h ) ( 1.7 m2 )=255 Cal /h
Activity Metabolic rate Energy expenditure
8 h sleeping 2
35 Cal /m ⋅h 59.5 Cal/h
8 h moderate physical labor 150 Cal/m2 ⋅ h 255 Cal /h
4 h reading, writing, etc. 2

60 Cal /m ⋅ h 102 Cal/h
1 h heavy exercise 300 Cal /m2 ⋅h 510 Cal/h
3 h dressing, eating 2
100 Cal/m ⋅ h 170 Cal/h
We can now solve for the total energy spent per activity and take the sum to obtain the
daily energy expenditure.
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Sleeping: ( 59.5 Cal/h )( 8 h ) =476 Cal
Moderate physical labor: ( 255 Cal /h )( 8 h )=2040 Cal
Reading, writing, etc.: ( 102Cal /h ) ( 4 h )=408Cal
Heavy Exercise: ( 510 Cal/h )( 1 h )=510 Cal
Dressing, eating: ( 170 Cal/h )( 3 h ) =510Cal
His/her total energy expenditure is 3944 Cal /day .

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Work on this!
1. Assume that an athletic person has an area of 1.8 m2 whose daily activities are
shown in the table below. Fill out the table and find the energy spent per activity
and determine his/her total energy expenditure in a day.
Total Energy Expenditure in a day: ___________________
Metabolic rate Energy expenditure

Activity 2
Cal /m ⋅ h Cal /m2
8 h sleeping 35 Cal /m ⋅h
2
8 h moderate physical labor 150 Cal/m2 ⋅ h
1 h reading, writing, TV watching 60 Cal /m ⋅h

2
2
2 h bicycling 250 Cal /m ⋅ h
1 h running 2
600 Cal / m ⋅ h
2
2 h heavy exercise 300 Cal /m ⋅ h
2 h dressing, eating 100 Cal/m ⋅ h

2
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2. A certain person consumes food in every meal, including snack, and the calory
intake is listed below in the table. a.) If the person spends most of his day
sleeping and doing moderate physical labor, how much of the total calories
were used? b.) If the energy expenditure for 1 hour of running is 1,080 Cal/h, how
many more hours of running does this person need to burn the remaining calories
obtained from all the meals consumed?
Activity Metabolic rate
8 h sleeping 70 Cal /h
12 h moderate physical labor 80 Cal /h
Meal Calories Eaten
Breakfast 507 Cal
Lunch 685 Cal
Dinner 600 Cal
Snack 265 Cal
TOTAL
a.) Total Calories Burned: ___________________ (show solution)
b.) Hours of Running: ___________________ (show solution)

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terms of food eaten and activities performed.

Metabolic processes can be divided into catabolic and anabolic reactions. In

as energy usage. In anabolic reactions simple molecules are combined to form

complex ones, for purposes such as energy storage.

used a unit of energy.

molecule, for example, is oxidized as follows:

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H20 + Energy

alcohol produces 7 Cal /g .

Sleeping: ( 35 Cal /m2 ⋅ h ) ( 1.7 m2 )=59.5 Cal /h

Moderate physical labor: ( 150 Cal /m2 ⋅h ) ( 1.7 m2 )=255 Cal /h

Activity Metabolic rate Energy expenditure

8 h moderate physical labor 150 Cal/m2 ⋅ h 255 Cal /h

4 h reading, writing, etc. 2

1 h heavy exercise 300 Cal /m2 ⋅h 510 Cal/h

Moderate physical labor: ( 255 Cal /h )( 8 h )=2040 Cal

Reading, writing, etc.: ( 102Cal /h ) ( 4 h )=408Cal

Heavy Exercise: ( 510 Cal/h )( 1 h )=510 Cal

Dressing, eating: ( 170 Cal/h )( 3 h ) =510Cal

His/her total energy expenditure is 3944 Cal /day .

Total Energy Expenditure in a day: ___________________

Metabolic rate Energy expenditure

8 h moderate physical labor 150 Cal/m2 ⋅ h

1 h reading, writing, TV watching 60 Cal /m ⋅h

2 h dressing, eating 100 Cal/m ⋅ h

Activity Metabolic rate

12 h moderate physical labor 80 Cal /h

Meal Calories Eaten

Breakfast 507 Cal

Lunch 685 Cal

Dinner 600 Cal

Snack 265 Cal

a.) Total Calories Burned: ___________________ (show solution)

b.) Hours of Running: ___________________ (show solution)

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