21ST CENTURY OF PHILIPPINE

LITERATURE 21st Century:

LESSON 9: ASIAN LITERATURE Mulk Raj Anand The Private Novel
Life of An
Countries with the most prominent authors and
Indian Prince
literary works are from India, Japan, and China.
R.K Narayon The English Novel
THREE NOBEL PRIZE AWARDEES FOR Teacher
LITERATURE IN ASIA: Arundhati Roy The God of Novel
Small Things
Rabindranath Tagore (India) –1913 Salman Rushdie The Satanic Novel
Yasunari Kawabata (Japan) – 1966 Verse
Kiran Desai The Novel
Kenzaburo Oe (Japan) – 1994 Inheritance
of Loss
Jhumpa Lahiri Interpreter Short story
INDIAN LITERATURE of Maladies

Early written works are written in Vedic Sanskrit  CHARACTERISTICS OF AN INDIAN

(Ancient writing system of India) includes holy LITERATURE
Hindu such as:  Intimate alliance and the perfect
Vedas (“knowledge”) fusion between poetry and religion
 Poetry and music are indissolubly
 Rigveda inter-woven with each other
 Yajurveda  Soaked in the element of love.
 Samaveda  Family is important
 Athurveda  No tragedy and is electic.
Upanishads (“scripture”)
Sulba Sutras (about geometry) JAPANESE LITERATURE
 NOTABLE INDIAN WRITERS AND THEIR -Earliest Japanese text are written in Chinese
LITERARY WORKS
-Indian Literature has influence through
Diffusion of Buddhism
Unknown Panchantantra Ancient Indian
Author collection of fables -Heian Period (Golden Era of Art and Literature in
and other stories Japan), literature became centered in cultural
Ved Vyasa Mahabharata Greatest Sanskrit elite of nobility and monks.
Epics
 NOTABLE JAPANESE WRITERS AND THEIR
Valmiki Kamayana Greatest Sanskrit
LITERARY WORKS
Epics
Kalidasa Shakuntala Most famous Sanskrit Unknown Kojiki Collection of
plays Author mythology
Kalidasa Meghaduta Most famous Sanskrit and folk songs
plays Murasaki Genji Novel
Rabindranath Gitanjali Collection of poetry Shikibu Monogatari
Tagore (The Tales of
Genji)
Sei Shinagon Makura no Collection of
 Shoshi (The Essays
Pillow Book)
Confucius Five Educational
Yoshida Tsurezuregusa Collection of
Classics Book
Kenko (Essays ion Essays
Idleness) Confucius Four Educational
Books Book
Sun Tzu The Art of Classic
Taketori Monogatari (The Tales of the Bamboo War Book
Cutter) by an unknown author (short story) – an Cao Xuequin Dream of Classic
early example of Proto-Science Fiction. the Red Novel
Chamber
21st Century: Wu Journey to Classic
Yasunari Snow Country Novel Cheng’en the West Novel
Kawabata Wang Shifu Romance Drama
Shohei Ooka Fires on the Novel of the
Plane Western
Kenzaburo Oe A Personal Novel Chamber
Matter Guan The Drama
Kobo Abe A Woman in Novel Hanging Injustice
to Don E
the Dunes
Maruki Norweigen Novel Lu Xun Diary of Short Story
Madman
Murakami Wood
Banana Kitchen Novel
Yoshimoto  CHARACTERISTIC OF A CHINESE
LITERATURE
 Recorded in handwriting or print
Matsuo Basho – Pioneer and greatest master of  Musical
Haiku  Poetry is characterized by
 CHARACTERISTIC OF A JAPANESE compactness and brevity.
LITERATURE
 Style is always favored by
21ST CENTURY OF PHILIPPINE
ambiguity and particles of speech
 Provincial or intelligible on to LITERATURE
person sharing a common
LESSON 10: NORTH AMERICAN
background (16th – 17th Century)
 Subjective and colored by LITERATURE
emotional than intellectual and Literature written or produced in the United
moralistic tone States of America and its preceding colonies
 Themes: Have universal quality
almost unaffected by time. The style of American Literature can be
 Concerned with the sub-conscious considered as ever changing
Each literary period in American Literature has its
own distinct subject and style.
CHINESE LITERATURE
 TIMELINE OF NORTH AMERICAN
One of the major literary heritages of the world. LITERATURE
 NOTABLE CHINESE WRITERS AND THEIR Native American Literature
LITERARY WORKS
 Focuses on Balance and Harmony in the
Universe
  Nature is a healing spirit, worshipped as  Themes: Horror, Tragedy, Supernatural,
deity. Sin, Fear, and Pain
 Mostly oral literature  Revolutionary ideas alienate people from
 Hero is archetypal (strong, just, brave, the society
ideal)  Notable Texts: The Cast of Amontillado by
 Trickster is archetypal (causes chaos, Edgar Allan Poe
outcast, ruled by self-gratification) -Rip Van Winkle by Washington
 Didn’t use “Once upon a time…” instead Irving
uses “Before the people came..” “When -The Legend of the Sleepy Hollow
Cayote was a man..” by Washington Irving
-Moby Dick by Herman Melville
Puritanism (1620s – 1750s)
-The Scarlett Letter by Nathaniel
 Written sermons Hawthorne
 Everyone is born EVIL – constant and -Because I could Not Stop for
physical presence in the world Death by Emily Dickinson
 Only the “saved” goes to heaven, good
Transcendentalism (1820s)
works don’t cut it.
 Notable Text: Sinners in the Hands of an Elements:
Angry God by Jonathan Edwards
 Nonconformity – Individualism
Age of Reason / Age of Enlightenment (1650s –  Self-Reliance – trust yourself / intuition
1700s)  Optimism – all men have equal
possibilities; man is inherently good
 Paved way to inventions, science
 Nature – appreciation of the simple life
 Aims for broader, clearer thinking
and the natural surroundings
 Believes that man is born with natural
 Oversoul – connects all to God, Nature,
goodness
Man
 DEISM – belief that God created the
universe and left it alone -we are all part of something
 Notable Text: Common Sense by Thomas larger than each part
Paine
-this belief draws the line between
Romanticism (1800s – 1850s) celebrating the self and being
selfish
 People are ruled by emotion and not
logic/reason  Notable Text: Walden by Henry David
 Governed by 3I’s: Imagination, Inspiration, Thorean
Idealism - Nature by Ralph Waldo
 Glorifies the past (antique, fanciful) Emerson
 Loathes artificial things - Leaves of Grass by Walt
 Writers approved the notion of Whitman
“escapism” to respond to the downside of
Realism (1850s)
Industrial Revolution
 Notable Text: Vast of Mohicans by James  Captures the world through objective
Fenimore Cooper details
To a Waterfowl by William Cullen  Subject is common man (average,
Bryant probable)
 Avoids artistic conventions, implausible,
Dark Romanticism
exotic and supernatural elements
 Dark mysteries of human nature
  Notable Texts: The Adventure of Tom  Double consciousness
Sawyer by Markk Twain  Notable Texts: Their Eyes were Watching
- The Adventure of Huckleberry by Zora Neale Hurston
Finn by Mark Twain - Quicksand by Nella Larsen
- Daisy Miller by Henry James - Cane by Jean Tomer
- Not Without Laughter by
Naturalism (1850s)
Langston Hughes
 Inspired by Charles Darwin’s Natural - When Washington Was in
Selection (Survival of the Fittest) Vogue by Edward Christopher
 Pessimistic Williams
 Characters in a story are forced to
Post-Modernism (1840s – present)
struggle to survive
 Notable Texts: The Age of Innocence by  Counter culture
Edith Wharton  Taboo subjects
- The Red Badge of Courage by  Moral changes overtime
Stephen Crane  Shows social issues like civil rights and
- To Build a Fire by Jack London feminism
 Notable Texts: To Kill a Mockingbird by
Modernism (1890s – 1945)
Harper Lee
 A self-conscious break with traditional - The Cather in The Rye by J.D
ways of writing Salinger
 Bloomed in an era characterized by - The Bell Jar by Sylvia Plath
industrialization, rapid social change and - Beloved by Toni Morrison
advances in science and social sciences - The Amazing Adventures of
 Alienation and Disillusionment Kavalier and Clay by Michael
 Fragmented Narrative Chabon
o Stream of Consciousness  NOTABLE WRITERS DURING
 ABSTRACT or does not often make sense CONTEMPORARY PERIOD
 Notable Texts: Numerous Poetries by Ezra o Mitch Albom
Pound o Stephen King
- The Wasteland By T.S Eliot o Margaret Atwood
- The Great Gatsby by F. Scott o George R.R. Martin
Fritzgerald o Jerry Spinelli
- A Farewell to Arms by Ernest
Hemingway
- The Sun also Rises by Ernest 21ST CENTURY OF PHILIPPINE
Hemingway LITERATURE
- As I Lay Dying by William
Faulkner LESSON 11: LATIN AMERICAN
- The Grape of Wrath by John LITERATURE
Steinbeck
- Of Mice and Men by John Refers to the territories in the Americas
Steinbeck where the Spanish / Portuguese languages
Harlem Renaissance (African-American prevail Mexico, most of Central and South
Literature) America, and in the Caribbean, Cuba, the
Dominican Republic and Puerto Rico.
 Sub-genre of Modernism
 Direct / Indirect reactions to racism
South America – geographical entity o Experimented languages
subcontinent / continent south of Central o Mixed different style of
America writings
Latin America – cultural entity; countries Post – Boom and Contemporary
in the Americas where a Latin language is Literature
spoken (Spanish, Portuguese, French)
o Irony and use of popular genres
LITERATURE o Rise of Magical realism
-Consist of oral and written literature in Major Themes:
several languages.
 Fantastic – odd, remarkable,
-Rose to particular prominence globally bizarre, grotesque, and highly
during the second half of the 20th century unbelievable or unrealistic
due to the international success of the events.
style known as MAGICAL REALISM o Test and often bends the
-Has a rich and complex tradition of limit of reality
literary production that dates back many o Ex: Beowulf, and The
centuries. Aleph
o Other Principle of
 HISTORY OF LATIN AMERICAN Fantastic:
LITERATURE  Labyrinth –
Pre-Colombian Literature characters are
caught in strange
o oral literature
mazes / webs of lies
o oral accounts of mythological and
 Eternal Recurrence
religious belief were also
Of All Things –
sometimes recorded after the
means that
arrival of European Colonizers
everything that has
o Aztecs and Mayans produced
happened in the
elaborated codices
past will happen
o Ex: Popol Vuh (The Book of
again
Community)  Reader Participation
The Boom (1960 -1967) – readers are invited
to construct the
o After the WWII
meaning of his work
o Refers to the Economic Prosperity
 Open Doors – some
and Literary Boom
characters are
o Many novels and collections of
murderers, insane
short stories or suicidal
o Authors:
o Crossed traditional
boundaries
  Sudden Joints – o Oral tradition
unexpected events o Poetry dominant genre
in a story o Unique verse form
 Magical Realism – when o Caesura, alliteration,
magical / supernatural elements repetition, 4 beat rhythm
are introduced into an otherwise o Ex: Beowulf, Historia Ecclesiastica
realistic fictional setting Gentis Anglo rum, Exeter Book
o Ex: Like Water for
The Middle English Period (Medieval
Chocolate
Period) (1066 – 1485)
 Social Realism – dark and often
depressing depictions of life o Plays that instruct the illiterate
o Reflects the violent theory masses in morals and religions
of the region o Chivalric code of honor and
 Female Discourse – fiction that romances
critique Marianismo and o Religious devotion
Machismo in Latin American o Styles / Genres:
society o Oral tradition
o Ex: Julia Alvares o Folk ballads
o Mystery and miracle plays
o Morality plays
21ST CENTURY OF PHILIPPINE o Tock epithets
LITERATURE o Kennings
LESSON 12: EUROPEAN ANF AFRICAN o Frame stories
LITERATURE o Moral tales
o Ex: Sir Gawain and the Green Pearl,
European Literature (Western Literature)
Domesday Book, L’Mortede Arthur
-refers to the literature in Europe
The Renaissance (1485 – 1660)
-includes literatures in many languages
o World view shifts from religion and
 TIMELINE AND CHARACTERISTICS after life to one stressing the human
life on earth.
Old English / Anglo – Saxon Period (449 –
o Popular Themes: development of
1066)
human potential
o Admiration of heroic warrior who o Many aspects of love explored:
prevail in battle unrequited love, constant love,
o Strong belief in fate timeless love, courtly love, love
o Juxtaposition of church and pagan subjects to change
worlds o Style / Genres:
o Expresses religious faith and give o Poetry : the Sonnet
moral instruction through literature  Metaphysical poetry
o Style / Genres:
  Elaborate and o Elegies
unexpected metaphors o Poetry: grammatic
called conceits monologues
o Drama : Written in Verse o Drama: comedies of manner
 Supported by royalties o Effects: literature begins to reach
 Tragedies, comedies, the masses
histories
The Modern Period Years (1901 –
o Ex: Romeo and Juliet, Doctor
1965)
Faustus, To His Coy Mistress, Sonnet
75 o Styles / Genres:
o Poetry
The Neoclassical Period (1660 – 1798)
o Free verse
o Emphasis on reason and logic o Epiphanies
o Stresses harmony, stability, wisdom o Speeches
o Styles / Genres: o Memoir
o Satire o Novels
o Essay o Effects: Stream of consciousness
o Novel
African Literature
o Poetry
o Letters, diaries, biographies -consists of a body of work in different
o Ex: An Essay on Man, Adventures of languages and various genres, ranging
Robinson Cruse, Paradise Lost from oral literature written in a Colonial
languages
The Romantic Period (1798 – 1832)
-first literature is circa 2300 – 2100
o Introduction of the Gothic elements
o Nature: one can find comfort and - Memphite Declaration of Deities (first
peace written accounts of creation)
o Style /Genres: - “Papyrus” – originate our word for paper
o Poetry : lyrical ballads invented by Egyptians
The Victorian Period (1832 – 1901) Provides: useful knowledge, historical
o Conflicts between rich and poor knowledge, ethical wisdom, creative
o Country vs city life motivation.
o Aristocratic villains  TIMELINE
o Shocking life of poor are highlighted
Pre-Colonial Literature
o Style / Genres:
o Novel: bildungsroman, o Exposed to Western writings and
political novels, detective culture
novels (Sherlock Holmes), o Plays in English started to emerge
serialized novels (Charles o West Africa: Epic of Sundiata
Dickens) o Ghana: Epic of Dinga
 o Ethiopia: Kebra Negast / “Book of Literary Approaches / Criticism
Kings”
-study, discussion, evaluation, and
o Timbuktu: 300,000 manuscipt
interpretation of Literature
written in Arabic
o Swahili: Utendi wa Tambuka (The -helps to understand the relationship
Story of Tambuka) between authors , readers and texts.
o Oral Cultures takes forms: -ultimately enhances the enjoyment of our
o Proverbs and riddles reading of the literary work.
o Epic Narratives
“Literary Criticism is the evaluation of
o Praise poetry and songs
Literary Work. It includes the classification
o Legends
by genre, analysis of structure and
o Chants and rituals
judgement of value.” – Beckson Gatz
o Folk tales
o Oration and personal Critical Approaches
testimony -different perspective we consider when
o Trickster Stories – small animal uses looking at a piece of literature.
its wits to survive / outsmart
-seeks to give us answer to these
encounters with larger creatures
questions, in addition to aidling us in
Famous Authors: interpreting literature.
Chinua Achebe – the father of African What do we read? Why do we
Literature in English read? How to we read?
Wole Soyinka – Nigerian playwright and Different Critical Approaches
poet
 Historical – Biographical Criticism
 Themes of African Literary Works:  Moral – Philosophical Criticism
For education and entertainment of  Psychoanalytic Criticism
children:  Romanticism
 Structuralism
Stories, History, Dramas, Myths, Riddles,  Mythological – Archetypal
Songs, Proverbs Criticism
To remind the community about  Sociological Criticism
their ancestor’s heroic deeds, past, etc. : o Feminism
o Marxism
Oral Histories, Myths, Proverbs
 Gender Criticism
 Post – Colonial Criticism

21ST CENTRUY OF PHILIPPINE Formalism / Formalist Criticism

LITERATURE -derived from the word “form”, “ism”
LESSON 13: LITERARY CRITICISM: -a belief or approach of looking at the
FORMALISM things
-the approach of looking at things strictly  Background
adhering to their form  Symbolism
 Author’s personal life
 Formalism – object – centered
 Author’s belief
theory of critical literature
- focuses only on the work itself;
ignores the author’s info and audience Text (According to Formalism)
perception.
Literary work which is a finished product
- holds the true meaning can be and nothing can change its meaning and
determined only by analyzing and form.
understanding
Form and contents of the text cannot be
- emphasizes close reading of the separated.
text to analyze the deeper meaning
It has a fixed meaning.
 Formalist Criticism – analyzes the
21ST CENTURY OF PHILIPPINE
form of a literary work to discover
its true meaning LITERATURE
- Evaluative; it differentiates LESSON 14: HISTORICAL – BIOGRAPHICAL
great work of art from CRITICISM
poor works of art
Works by looking into a literary work’s
For Formalism … background: cultural and social contexts
Literature is a form of knowledge with as well as the author’s biography.
intrinsic element style, structure, imagery, Sees a literary work chiefly, if not
tone, and genre exclusively as a reflection of its author’s
Style and theme influence each other and life and times of the characters in the
can’t be separated work.

“Extracting” element in isolation may When applying…

destroy a reader’s aesthetic experience. The social structure of the time period
The formal properties of a literary work during which the author lived.
includes: Events that took place during the author’s
 Words life and also during the time period
 Shape / structure of text The author’s attitude towards society /
 Harmony events taking place.
 Rhythm of the sentences
Important aspects of the author
 Rhyming
(Biographical Aspect):
 Meaning of the text
 Personality of the author
Not included:
 Life events
 Time  Political and/or religious view
  Economic status  A model of a universal
 Educational background narrative structure or a
 Family system of recurrent patterns
or motifs.
Historical Aspects during the author’s
time: Example of Structurist Criticism:
 Economic and political events Says that all text is part of a bigger picture
 Ideas and moral standards at the because of symbol and signs
time
 Typical horror story patterns
 Cultural Milieu (Social and Cultural
 Typical love story patterns
Aspects of life)
 Typical heroic stories – theorists like
Ex: (Historical Criticism) Joseph Campbell and Vladimir
Propp believe that heroic stories or
Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, Les
epics in different culture all share a
Miserables (The Miserable Ones)
pattern
(Biographical Criticism) o Call of adventure
Their Eyes When Watching God, Kite o Assistance
Runner, The Tell-Tale Heart o Departure
o Trials
o Approach
21st CENTURY OF PHILIPPINE o Crisis
LITERATURE o Treasure
o Result
LESSON 15: STRUCTURALISM CRITICISM
o Return
-tries to reduce the complexity of human o New Life
experiences to certain underlying o Resolution
structure which are UNIVERSAL
Three Dimensions in Individual Literary
-taken to be an effort to link up the Texts:
culture, mind, and universe
 Textuality – involves looking at
-“should identify the general principle of works that function powerfully in
literary structure and not to provide our world and considering both
interpretations of individual text.” – Propp what they mean and how they
and Torodov mean
-relates literary text to a larger structure o The idea of textuality comes
which may be: along with the assumption
that the form in which a
 A particular genre; message comes to you will
 Range of intertextual influence your interpretation
connections; of the messages
 o For many people, different Applies Freudian psychoanalytic ideas to
textualities also mean literature
different experience
Looks at the psyche and psychological
 Intertextuality – the
anxieties and issues of a literary text’s
interconnection between similar or
characters and/or author.
related works of literature that
reflects and influence an audience/s Nothing you do, say or feel is simple.
interpretation of the text Everything has a hidden meaning.
o Texts are unavoidably Sigmund Freud (The Father of
influenced by other texts Psychoanalytic Theory):
o The way that one influences
-was born Sigismund Schlomo Freud on
another
the 6th of May 1858
o Fact about literary text – they
are all intimately -believes that: childhood experiences,
interconnected repressed erotic feelings, and unconscious
 Binary Opposition – pair of related conflicts can affect adult behavior
terms or concepts that are
Aim of Psychoanalysis: to bring repressed
opposition in meaning
memories, desires, and wishes to the
o Proves that 2 opposing
surface
concepts cannot coexist
therefore producing Applying psychoanalysis in literature:
CONFLICTS when reading a text, assumes that you are
o Ex: Good and Evil, Rich and a psychologist…
Poor, Young and Old You will analyze:
Advantages of Structuralism Author: the theory is used to analyze the
Can be used to study any kind of system author and his/her life, and the literary
text or material work is seen to supply evidence for this
analysis. This is often called
Enables awareness to underlying “psychobiography”
structures and reveals their limiting and
conditioning nature Characters, Audience, Text

Disadvantages: does not enable analysis Level of Consciousness

of the literature, only the structure.  Conscious – what one is presently
aware of
 Preconscious – what one is thinking
21ST CENTURY OF PHILIPPINE  Unconscious – the site of conflict
LITERATURE and trauma, what one has
LESSON 16: PSYCHOANALYTIC CRITICISM repressed, what one cannot know
without analytical help.
Repression – to repress something is to  Lack of self-control
hold it back  Messy and careless
 Dependent
- Often driven by social
 Submissive
taboos
 Desire to be a victim
- Your repression when you
 Genital Fixation – repressed when
were a child makes up
parents explains that children must
who you are now as an
hide or be ashamed of their genitals
adult.
o Characteristic:
- Repression during
 Sex is just a game
childhood lead into
 Vain
Fixation.
 Proud
Fixation – the tendency to stay at a  Exhibitionist
particular stage. The individual is troubled  Attention seeker
by the conflict that characterizes that  Thrill seekers
stage and seeks to reduce it by means of  Wanting to be in a very
the behavior characteristics of that stage. bad way
Types of Fixations Oedipus Complex – young boy develops a
 Oral Fixation – focus of pleasure is longing for his mother. He wants her
on the mouth attentions, affection, and her caresses,
o A person with oral fixation and her in a broadly sexual way.
has a tendency to smoke, Electra Complex – young girl is initially
swear a lot, drink alcohol, attached to her mother, but then a shift of
over eat, be talkative or bite attachment occurs when she realizes she
his or her nails. They also lacks a penis. She shifts her desires to her
tend to become sensitive to father
rejection because they easily
Anxiety – emotion characterized by
“swallow” the opinion of
feelings of tension, worried thoughts and
others.
physical changes like increased blood
 Anal Fixation – focus of the
pressure.
pleasure is the anus. Holding it in
and letting it go are greatly enjoyed. Types of Anxiety
o Anal Retentive Personality
Fear of Intimacy – the chronic and
 Stingy
overpowering feeling that emotional
 Compulsive seeking of
closeness will seriously hurt or destroy us
order or tidiness (has
and that we can remain emotionally safe
OCD)
only by remaining at an emotional
 Stubborn and
distance from others at all times. Fear of
perfectionist
function as a defense
o Anal Expulsive Personality
Fear of Abandonment – the unshakable  Avoidance – staying away from
belief that our friends and loved ones are people or situations that are liable
going to desert us (physical abandonment) to make us anxious by stirring up
or don’t really care about us (emotional some unconscious
abandonment).  Displacement – “taking it out” on
someone or something less
Fear of Betrayal – the nagging feeling that
threatening that the person who
our friends and loved ones can’t be
caused our fear, hurt, frustration, or
trusted, for ex: can’t be trusted not to lie
anger
to us, not to laugh at us behind our backs.
 Projection – involves taking our own
Low Self – Esteem – the belief that we are unacceptable qualities or feeling
less worthy than other people and, and ascribing them to other people
therefore, don’t deserve attention, love,  Regression – temporary return to a
or any other of life’s rewards. former psychological state, which is
Insecure or Unstable sense of self – the not just imagined but relieved
inability to sustain a feeling of personal Structure of Personality
identity, to sustain a sense of knowing
Id – the impulsive (and unconscious) part
ourselves. This core issue makes us very
of our psyche which responds directly and
vulnerable to the influence of other
immediately to the instincts.
people, and we may find ourselves
continually changing the way we look or Ego – deals with reality, trying to meet the
behave as we become involved with desires of the Id in a way that is socially
different individuals or groups. acceptable in the world. The Ego
recognizes that other people have needs
and wants too, and that being selfish is
Defense Mechanisms – guard the mind not always good for us in the long run.
against feelings and thoughts that are too
Superego – based on morals and
difficult for the conscious mind to cope
judgements about right and wrong
with.
Types:
Dream Analysis
 Selective Perception – hearing and
seeing only what we feel we can Dream – embody the involuntary
handle occurrences within the mind
 Selective Memory – modifying our
- manifests what a person remembers and
memories so that we don’t feel
consciously considers
overwhelmed by them or forgetting
painful events entirely. - are a product of the Id’s expression of
 Denial – believing that the problem internal conflict
doesn’t exist or the unpleasant Latent – hidden meaning of symbols in
incident never happened. dreams
Sex is the root cause for what occurs in
your dream (Freud)
Impulses and desires are suppressed by
the superego when the individuals
awaken, causing people to forget
Interpretation (Free Association)
 Yonic (vagina) – circular, wide open
 Phallic (penis and testicles) – long,
blunt, pointed
 Castration - separation
 Coitus – anything resembling sexual
behavior

*Criticism towards psychoanalytic

sometimes lead to “over – interpretation”