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    Phonetics and Phonology Introductory Lecture

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    Dr.Eman Linguistics
    The document discusses the structure of syllables in English. It defines a syllable as consisting of an essential vowel sound which may be preceded and/or followed by consonant sounds. It describes the different types of syllables based on whether they have an onset of consonant(s) before the vowel, a coda of consonant(s) after the vowel, or both. The maximum structure of an English syllable is outlined as having an optional onset of up to three consonants, a vowel peak forming the rhyme with an optional coda of up to four consonants.

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    Phonetics and Phonology Introductory Lecture

    Uploaded by

    Dr.Eman Linguistics
    26 views21 pages
    The document discusses the structure of syllables in English. It defines a syllable as consisting of an essential vowel sound which may be preceded and/or followed by consonant sounds. It describes the different types of syllables based on whether they have an onset of consonant(s) before the vowel, a coda of consonant(s) after the vowel, or both. The maximum structure of an English syllable is outlined as having an optional onset of up to three consonants, a vowel peak forming the rhyme with an optional coda of up to four consonants.

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    The document discusses the structure of syllables in English. It defines a syllable as consisting of an essential vowel sound which may be preceded and/or followed by consonant sounds. It describes the different types of syllables based on whether they have an onset of consonant(s) before the vowel, a coda of consonant(s) after the vowel, or both. The maximum structure of an English syllable is outlined as having an optional onset of up to three consonants, a vowel peak forming the rhyme with an optional coda of up to four consonants.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    26 views21 pages

    Phonetics and Phonology Introductory Lecture

    Uploaded by

    Dr.Eman Linguistics
    The document discusses the structure of syllables in English. It defines a syllable as consisting of an essential vowel sound which may be preceded and/or followed by consonant sounds. It describes the different types of syllables based on whether they have an onset of consonant(s) before the vowel, a coda of consonant(s) after the vowel, or both. The maximum structure of an English syllable is outlined as having an optional onset of up to three consonants, a vowel peak forming the rhyme with an optional coda of up to four consonants.

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    Class 1 : Introduction

    Dr. Eman Alhusaiyan 28/03/1443


    Phonetics Phonology

    Dr. Eman Alhusaiyan 28/03/1443


    Dr. Eman Alhusaiyan 28/03/1443
    Dr. Eman Alhusaiyan 28/03/1443
     A syllable is a group of one or more sounds.
     The essential part of a syllable is a vowel sound
    (V) which may be preceded and/or followed by a
    consonant (C) or a cluster of consonants (CC or
    CCC)
     Some syllables consist of just one vowel sound
    (V) as in I and eye/aI/, owe/ə/.
     In English, a syllable can consist of a vowel
    preceded by one consonant (CV) as in pie/paI/,
    or by two consonants (CCV) as in try/traI/, or
    by three consonants (CCCV) as in spry/spraI/.
     The vowel of the syllable may also be followed by
    one consonant (VC) as in at/æt/, or by two
    consonants (VCC) as in its/Its/, or by three
    consonants (CVCCC) as in text/tekst/or by four
    consonants (CVCCCC) as in texts/teksts/.
    Dr. Eman Alhusaiyan 28/03/1443
     The syllable may be defined both
    phonetically and phonologically.
     Phonetically (i.e. in relation to the way we
    produce them and the way they sound),
    syllables are usually described as consisting
    of a centre which has little or no obstruction
    to airflow and which sounds comparatively
    loud; before and after this centre (i.e. at the
    beginning and end of the syllable), there will
    be greater obstruction to airflow and/or less
    loud sound.

    Dr. Eman Alhusaiyan 28/03/1443


    Dr. Eman Alhusaiyan 28/03/1443
     1) What we will call a minimum syllable is a
    single vowel in isolation. Examples:
     are /ɑː/ - or /ɔː/ - err /ɜː/
     These are preceded and followed by silence.
     Isolated sounds such as mmmmm /m/which
    we sometimes produce to indicate agreement,
    or shhhhh /ʃ/, to ask for silence, must also
    be regarded as syllables.

    Dr. Eman Alhusaiyan 28/03/1443


     2) Some syllables have an onset - that is,
    instead of silence, they have one or more
    consonants preceding the centre of the
    syllable:
     Examples:
     bar /bɑː/
    key /kiː/
     more /mɔː/

    Dr. Eman Alhusaiyan 28/03/1443


     3) Syllables may have no onset but have a
    coda - that is, they end with one or more
    consonants:
     Examples:
     am /æm/
     ought /ɔːt/
     ease /iːz/

    Dr. Eman Alhusaiyan 28/03/1443


     4) Some syllables have both onset and coda:
     Examples:
     ran/ræn/
     sat/sæt/
     fill/fɪl/

    Dr. Eman Alhusaiyan 28/03/1443


     We find that the word can begin with a vowel,
    or with one, two or three consonants. No
    word begins with more than three
    consonants.
     In the same way, we can look at how a word
    ends when it is the last word spoken before a
    pause; it can end with a vowel, or with one,
    two, three or (in a small number of cases)
    four consonants. No current word ends with
    more than four consonants.

    Dr. Eman Alhusaiyan 28/03/1443


     If the first syllable of the word in question begins
    with a vowel we say that this initial syllable has a
    zero onset.
     If the syllable begins with one consonant, that
    initial consonant may be any consonant phoneme
    except ŋ; ʒ is rare.
     When we have two or more consonants together
    we call them a consonant cluster

    Dr. Eman Alhusaiyan 28/03/1443


     When we have two or more consonants together
    we call them a consonant cluster.
     When we have a consonant cluster starting with s,
    this s is said to be a pre-initial consonant, and
    the consonant(s) following s are initial
    consonants

    initial
    Pre-initial
    s

    Dr. Eman Alhusaiyan 28/03/1443


    Pre-initial

    Dr. Eman Alhusaiyan 28/03/1443


     begins with one of a set of about fifteen consonants,
    followed by one of the set l, r, w, j as in, for example,
    ‘play’ pleɪ, ‘try’ traɪ, ‘quick’ kwɪk, ‘few’ fjuː
     We call the first consonant of these clusters the
    initial consonant and the second the post-initial.

    initial

    Dr. Eman Alhusaiyan 28/03/1443


     If there is no final consonant we say that there is a
    zero coda.
     When there is one consonant only, this is called the
    final consonant.
     Any consonant may be a final consonant except h, w,
    j.
     There are two sorts of two-consonant final cluster:
    1. A final consonant preceded by a pre-final
    consonant
    2. A final consonant followed by a post-final
    consonant.

    Dr. Eman Alhusaiyan 28/03/1443


     The pre-final consonants form a small set: m, n, r,
    l, s.
     We can see these in ‘bump’ bʌmp, ‘bent’ bent, ‘bank’
    bænk, ‘belt’ belt, ‘ask’ æsk.
     The post-final consonants also form a small set: s, z,
    t, d, θ;
     example words are: ‘bets’ bets, ‘beds’ bedz, ‘backed’
    bækt, ‘bagged’ bægd, ‘eighth’ eɪtθ

    Dr. Eman Alhusaiyan 28/03/1443


     To sum up, we may describe the English syllable as
    having the following maximum phonological
    structure:

     The vowel and the coda (if there is one) are known as
    the rhyme;

    Dr. Eman Alhusaiyan 28/03/1443


     To sum up, we may describe the English syllable as
    having the following maximum phonological
    structure: Rhyme

     The vowel and the coda (if there is one) are known as
    the rhyme;

    Dr. Eman Alhusaiyan 28/03/1443


     To sum up, we may describe the English syllable as
    having the following maximum phonological
    structure: peak Rhyme

     The vowel and the coda (if there is one) are known as
    the rhyme;
     The rhyme is divided into the peak (normally the
    vowel) and the coda

    Dr. Eman Alhusaiyan 28/03/1443

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