PENNY

INTERNATIONAL
COLLEGE, BASIC
SCIENCE JSS THREE

SECOND TERM SCHEME OF WORK BASIC SCIENCE JSS3

WEEKS TOICS SUB-TOICS

1. Endocrine system Meaning, example, location, functions

2. Drug Abuse 3 Meaning, prevention

3. Atomic Structure Meaning, simple atomic model, particles of an atom.

4. Chemical formula Definition, formular of comounds IUApAC nomenclature.

5. Simple chemical Balancing chemical equation

equation
6. Metals and Non-metals Meaning, characteristics and extraction of metals.

7. Activity series Activity of metals, non-metals and action of water on metals.

8. Acids, bases and salts Definition, acid in nature, test for acids and bases,
neutralization, prevention of simple salts.

9. Energy and application Light energy. Concept of reflection, refraction of light,

apparent depth, vision, dispersion of rainbow, colour prism
and production. Splitting of light , electrical concept of electron
flow. Circuit(series/parallel).

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

In the response to stimuli, the endocrine system plays major roles like the nervous system plays
major roles like the nervous system.
Endocrine coordination is chemical because it involves secretion of chemical substances called
hormones, while nervous coordination is electrical involving the transmission of electric impulse.
What are Hormones?
Hormones are chemical messengers produced by endocrine glands and transported through the
blood stream to target organs some distance away in which they bring about specific effects. Some
of the effects caused by hormones include, development of secondary sexual characteristics,
preparation of the body for emergency etc.
ENDOCRINE GLANDS
These are specific glands from where hormones are secreted. They are also referred to as ductless
glands because they do not have ducts. The hormones which they secrete entre the blood directly
by diffusion.
The other types of glands known as exocrine glands have ducts and they usually secrete body
fluids/juice containing enzymes eg salivary gland, gastric gland etc.
The endocrine glands and their locations in the human body are shown below

PITUITARY GLAND
This gland is referred to as a master gland because its secretion influence the activities of other
glands. However, secretions of other glands such as thyroid and adrenal influence the activities of
the pituary gland.

ENDOCRINE GLANDS HORMONE SECRETED FUNCTION

1. Pituitary gland i.Somatotropic (growth i.Regulates the growth of the
hormone) body.
 ii.Stimulates the secretion of
milk from the mammary gland.
iii.Promotes motherly love
(instinct) for the young.
ii.Gonadotropic i.Stimulates the development of
sex organs (ovaries and testis).
ii.Controls secretion of
hormones from the testis and
ovaries.
iii.Thyrotropic (thyroid Stimulates the secretion of
stimulating hormone TSH). thyroxin from the thyroid gland.
iv.Oxytocin i.Causes the contraction of
uterus muscles guring child birth.
ii.Regulates blood pressure.
iv.Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) Increases the reabsorption of
water in the kidney tubles.
2. Thyroid i.Thyroxin (rich in iodine) i.Accelerate the rate of
metabolism in the cell.
ii.Controls growth.
ii.Calcitoin Lowers calcium level in the
blood.
3. Parathyroid gland Parathormone Helps to maintain the normal
level of calcium and phosphate
ions in the body.
4. Pancreas (islets of insulin Converts excess blood sugar to
langerhans) glycogen and therefore lowers
blood glucose.
5. Adrenal gland adrenaline i.increases blood sugar by
conversion of liver glycogen into
glucose.
ii.increase the rate of heart beat.
iii.prepares the body for
immediate actions in emergency
situations, hence, it is sometimes
called ‘Emergency hormone’
6. Ovaries i.Oestrogen i.Stimulates the development of
female secondary sex
 characteristics eg breast
development,pubic hair etc.
ii.Controls menstrual cycle and
development of the mammary
glands.
iii.Promotes sex urge.
ii.Progestrone i.Prepares and maintains the
lining of the uterus after
ovulation.
ii.Aids the implantation of the
fertilized eggs in the walls of the
uterus.
7. Tetes (in the scrotum) Testosterone and androsterone i.Stimulates the development of
male secondary sex
characteristics.
ii.promotes sex urge
iii.promotes cell respiration and
blood circulation.

EFFECT OF OVER SECRETION AND UNDER SECRETION OF HORMONES

HORMONE EFFECT OF OVER SECRETION EFFECT OF UNDER SECRETION

1. somatotropic i.In children gigantism occurs, Stunted growth or dwarfism in

in adult it results in acromegaly. children,that is the child will be
Hands and feet grow out of a midget.
proportion.

2. Prolactin Oversecretion of milk and Lack of milk production to feed

hypersensitivity the young

3. Thyroxine i.hyper thyroidism ie increased Hypothyroidism ie metabolic

metabolism, heartbeat. rate slows down, mental activity
ii.over anxiety,loss of weight slows down making a person
iii. excessive growth of tissues less alert.
behind the eyes ii.in infants cretinism occurs
(exophthalmos) leading to mental, physical and
 sexual retardation.
iii.Goitre.

4. Adrenalin i.over anxiety Lack of energy,weakness,and

ii.over excitement tiredness.

5. Insulin Blood sugar falls below normal Diabetes mellitus

6. Oestrogen Abnormal urge for sex i.poor development of

reproductive organ.
ii.decline of female secondary
sex characteristics.

7. Testosterone Abnormal urge for sex Same as above

DRUG ABUSE 3

Effects of drug Abuse

1. The abuse of drugs changes a person’s state of mind ie being in a state of hallucination.
2. Causes damages of the nervous system and the affected person becomes nervous.
3. Damages vital parts of the brain and spinal cord thereby affecting a person’s standing and
walking posture.
4. It damages the stomach lining leading to ulcer and even death.
5. Causes malfunctioning of the liver. The liver becomes stiff and loses its original soft
texture. This condition is known as liver cirrhosis.
6. Damages respiratory system and may lead to cancer of the nostrils, lungs and other
respiratory organs.
7. Sometimes may cause skin rashes and abscess especially when hard drugs are injected
through the skin.
8. Causes divorce in marriages which affects children’s upbringing.

Prevention of Drug Abuse

1. By educating and creating awareness of the evil effect of illicit drugs.
2. By counseling and rehabitating drug addicts. These are sufficiently achieved by
involving them with life coping skills.
3. By adopting positive social interactions that require youths and adults to be selective
in picking friends .
4. Avoid youths from honouring all invitations except those approved by parents or
guardians.
5. By adopting healthy life style that is devoid of drug addiction and eating good
nourishing food. This is because most drug dependent diseases are as a result of
prolonged bad feeding manner.

Drug Control Agencies

Drug control agencies are established health institutions that are responsible for
implementing general health policies of government in order to maintain good health
of the people.
In Nigeria, there are two major drug control agencies. These are :
i. NAFDAC – National Agency for Food, Drug, Administration ad Control.
ii. NDLEA - National Drug Law Enforcement Agencies
NDLEA monitors the transporting, trafficking and use of illegal or illicit drugs.
The officials of NDLEA operate at the airports where they usually arrest and
 apprehend those attempting to smuggle illicit drugs out of the country. They
also have offices nation wide and carryout frequent raids to farm settlement
where Indian hemp is grown.
NAFDAC on the other hand is mainly concerned about the sales and uses of fake
drugs which are prescribe to the people.
Apart from NAFDAC and NDLEA, other subsidiaries may include police, customs,
immigration and quarantine. They also assist in arresting hard drug sellers,
importers, users and traffickers.

ATOMS AND ATOMIC STRUCTURE

Experimental evidence has been given to show that matter is made up of very small discrete
particles. The main ones are atom, molecules and ions.
In 1808, an English chemist John Dalton put forward a theory to describe the nature of atom. Atom
is presently considered to be the basic unit of simple substances or element.
Definition of Atom
An atom is the smallest part of an element which can take part in a chemical reaction. In other
words, an atom is the smallest part of an element that can ever exist and still retain the chemical
properties of that element.
Dalton Atomic Theory
Dalton’s theory about the nature of atoms can be summarized as;
1. All elements are made up of small indivisible particles called atom.
2. Atoms can neither be created nor destroyed. This means that atoms cannot be made or
broken down.
3. The atoms of the same element are exactly alike and different from atoms of other elements.
4. During chemical reaction atoms are either combined or separated.
Constituents of an Atom
From the work of great scientists like J J Thompson, Ernest Rutherford and James Chardwick, it is
believed that atoms contains smaller particles which is a modification of Dalton’s atomic theory that
atoms are indivisible. These sub-atomic particles are protons, neutrons and electrons.
Atomic Structure
A typical atom has two parts:
i.the nucleus (at the centre) and
ii.the orbit which surrounds the nucleus.
The nucleus contains protons and neutrons. The electrons are located on the orbits round the
nucleus. Basically, an atom consist of three sub-particles;
(i)Electron (ii)Proton (iii)Neutron
The proton is positively charged while the electron is negatively charged. Neutrons are known to be
electrically neutral. The electron is very light such that it does not contribute significantly to the
weight or mass of the atom. The mass of a single proton is approximately the mass of 1480
electrons put together. The neutron is slightly heavier than the proton.
Conventionally, an atom is electrically neutral, this is because the number of electrons is equal to
the number of protons in that atom. The proton and electron have the same magnitude of charge
but opposite in sign. The positive charge of the nucleus cancels out the negative charge of the
electrons, making the atom neutral.

ATOMIC NUMBER AND MASS NUMBER

Atomic number of an element is the number of protons in the atom of that element. It is also the
number of electrons present in a neutral atom. Atomic number is denoted as ‘Z’ and written on the
left hand side of the symbol of an element as a subscript.

The mass number or atomic mass is the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in an atom. It is
symbolized as A. it is written on the left hand side of the symbol of an element as a superscript.
Mass number (A) = number of protons (P) + number of neutrons (N)
Therefore, A=P+N
Also, atomic number (Z) =number of protons(P)
Therefore Z=P=E
An element which contains 11 electrons, 11protons and 12neutrons will be written as
Example: calculate the number of neutrons and electrons in the following atoms.
(i)chlorine atom with mass number 35
(ii)carbon atom with mass number 12.
Solution
A=P+N, 35= 17 + N, N=35-17 N=18
Therefore chlorine atom contains 18Neutrons.

ATOMIC STRUCTURE/ ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE

Niel Bohr, the scientist who studied hydrogen atom explained that electrons moves in orbits round
the nucleus of the atom. These orbits are known as shells and are denoted as K L M N O P Q .
K-shell can take a maximum of two electrons. The other shells can accommodate maximum of eight
electrons each. Electronic structure is the Pictorial representation of electrons contained in an
atom.

The shells or orbits represents the different energy levels of the electrons in the atom.
Hydrogen is represented by

ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION
Electronic configuration is the arrangement of electrons in an atom according to their various
energy levels . electronic configuration of hydrogen (H)=1
Also, the atomic structure of nitrogen is given as

Therefore, the electronic configuration of nitrogen = 2,5

CLASS WORK
Write and show the electronic configuration of the first 20 elements.

ISOTOpES
Isotopes are atoms of the same element with the same atomic numbers (protons) but with different
mass number. Examples
1. Chlorine has two isotopes : 35
17 Cl
37
17 Cl

2. Carbon has three isotopes : 6C 6C 146C

12 13

3. Oxygen has three isotopes : 168O , 178O, 188O

VALENCY ELECTRONS AND VALENCY

Valence electrons are the electrons in the outermost shell of an atom. These are electrons
that participate in a chemical reaction (chemical bonding with other elements). We therefore,
refer the valence electrons that take part in the bonding as bonding electrons, while those
that do not participate as non-bonding electrons.
Valency is defined as the combining power of an element. It is actually defined as the number
of hydrogen atoms that will combine with one atom of hydrogen.
This means the number of electrons an atom must lose or gain in other to have two or eight
electrons in its outermost shell.
Elements Electronic valency
Configuration
Hydrogen (H) 1 +1
Helium(He) 2 Nill
Lithium (Li) 2,1 +1
Beryllium(Be) 2,2 +2
Boron (B) 2,3 +3
Carbon(C) 2,4 +2 or +4
Nitrogen(N) 2,5 +3 or -5
Oxygen(O) 2,6 -2
Fluorine(F) 2,7 -1
Neon(Ne) 2,8 Nill
Sodium(Na) 2,8,1 +1
Magnesium (Mg) 2,8,2 +2
Aluminium (Al) 2,8,3 +3
Silicon (Si) 2,8,4 +4
Phosphorus(p) 2,8,5 -3 or +5
Sulphur (S) 2,8,6 -2, +4 or +6
Chlorine (Cl) 2,8,7 -1
Argon (Ar) 2,8,8 Nill
Potassium (K) 2,8,8,1 +1
Calcium (Ca) 2,8,8,2 +2
 The elements with the positive valencies are called metallic elements or metals, while those
with the negative valencies are called non-metallic elements or non-metals.
Other elements and their valencies include:
Element symbol valency
Barium Ba +2
Bromine Br -2
Copper Cu +1 or +2
Gold Au +1
Iodine I -1
Iron Fe +2 or +3
Krypton Kr nil
Lead Pb +2 or +4
Mercury Hg +1 or +2
Silver Ag +1
Zinc Zn +2

IONS
An ion is an atom that posses electric charge. There are two types of ions, namely:
(i) Cation
(ii) Anion

Cations are positively charged ions and they are formed when metals loses electrons. Examples are :
K+, Mg2+, Na+, Al3+, Zn2+, Fe3+, Pb2+, Cu2+, Ag+, Au+, etc

Anions are negatively charged ions and they are formed from non-metallic atoms when they gain
electrons. Examples are: O2-, Cl-, F-, I-

RADICALS

A radical is a group of atoms that come together to act as a single unit. They may be positively or
negatively charged, that is they exist as ions in a solution. Some examples of radicals are stated
thus;
 Radicals Valency or Oxidation

Ammonium ion(NH4+) +1

Trioxonitrate (V) ion (NO-3) -1

Tetraoxosulphate (VI) ion(SO42-) -2

Trioxosulphate (IV) ion (SO-3) -2

Trioxocarbonate (VI) ion (CO2-3) -2

Trioxochlorate (V) (ClO-3) -1

Tetraoxomanganate (vii) ion (MnO4-) -1

Hydroxyl ion (OH-) -1

Hydrogen trioxocarbonate (vi) (HCO3-) -1

CHEMICAL FORMULAE

A formula is defined as a short hand representation which shows the number and kinds of atoms in
one molecule of a compound. The following rules are considered when writing formula.

1. The sum of the positive valency of a compound must be equal to the sum of the negative
valencies . it is usually achieved by exchanging valencies of the elements or radicals.
2. The number of atoms of the element in the compound must be written in numerical subscript
after the element. If radicals appear more than once, it must be enclosed within brackets or
parenthesis.
Example : write the formulae of the following
1. Iron (iii) oxide
Elements Iron oxygen
symbol Fe O
valency 3 2
formular Fe2O3
 2. Magnesium Chloride
Elements magnesium Chlorine
Symbol Mg Cl
Valency 2 1
Formula MgCl2
3. Iron (ii) Chloride
Element Iron Chlorine
Symbol Fe Cl
Valency 2 1
Formula FeCl2
Class work
Write the formulae of the following comounds
1. Sodium tetraoxosulphate (vi)
2. Carbon (ii) oxide
3. Iron (iii) oxide
4. Calcium hydroxide
5. Ammonium chloride
6. Sodium trioxocarbonate (vi)
7. Potassium trioxochlorate
8. Sulphur (iv) oxide
9. Potassium chloride
10.Hydrogen sulphide
11.Magnesium sulphide
12.Sodium hydroxide
13.Calcium chloride

BALANCING AND WRITING CHEMICAL EQUATIONS

Chemical reactions are easily represented in prints (on paper) by using chemical equations which
involve only chemical formulae of compounds and symbols of elements in a free state.

Chemical equation has two sides which are: (a) the left hand side where the reacting substances or
reactants are written and (b) the right hand side where the products are spelt out.
Instead of the usual equality sign, an arrow symbol ( ) leads from the reactants to the
products. Consider the chemical equation

Zn +2HCl ZnCl2 + H2 it is the summary of the reaction between metallic zinc and hydrochloric
acid. It should be noted that :

1. The chemical equation shows a whole number ratio in terms of mole.

2. The reactants are usually written on the left hand side. They are the chemical substances
being mixed.
3. The products are written on the right hand side. Products are the result of the outcome of the
chemical reaction between the reactants.
4. The number of atoms of an element on the left hand side must be equal to the number on the
right hand side for the equation to be balanced.

RULES IN BALANCING CHEMICAL EQUATIONS

1. Write a word equation.

2. Write an unbalanced formula equation.
3. Add numbers as coefficient to balanced the formula equation.
4. Do not alter or change the formula of the compounds given in the equation.
5. Donot add number as subscript or superscripts to balance the equation.

EXAMPLES

Balance these chemical equations

1. Mg(s) + HCl(aq) MgCl2(aq) + H2(g)

Ans : Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) MgCl2(aq) + H2(g)

2. NaOH + CO2 Na2CO3 + H2O(l)

Ans : NaOH + CO2 Na2CO3 + H2O

Assignment

1. Fe + HCl FeCl3 + H2
METALS AND NON-METALS

METALS

Metals are elements whose atoms loses electron(s) during chemical reaction. Hence, metals are
ELECTROPOSITIVE . They usually have less than four (4) electrons on their outermost shells. When
they loose electrons they usually form positive ions (cation). Examples are : Na +, Ca2+,K+, Mg2+, Zn2+,
Pb2+, Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Al3+ etc

NON-METALS

Non-metals are elements whose atoms gain electron(s) during chemical reactions, hence they are
ELECTRONEGATIVE. When no-metals gain electrons(s) they usually form negative ions (anions).
Examples are: Cl-, Br-,O2-,S2- etc.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES /COMAPRISM OF METALS AND NON-METALS

METALS NON-METALS

1. They are solids except mercury They may be solid, liquid or gas
which is liquid at room
temeprature.

2. They are good conductors of heat They are poor conducts of heat and electricity
and electricity. except graphite from carbon.

3. They are malleable and ductile, They are not malleable nor ductile.
they can be beaten and drawn into
wires.

4. They are sonorous ie they produce They are not sonorous.

sound when hit.

5. They are lustrous ie they are shinny They are not lustrous.
and can be polished.

6. They have high melting and boiling They have low melting and boiling point except
point except sodium and carbon and sulphur.
potassium.
 7. They have high tensile strength and They have low tensile strength and are brittle ie
can withstand stress and strain they can break easily.
except mercury.

8. They are generally hard. They are generally soft.

Note : carbon and silicon are known as metalloids because they posses some metallic properties.

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

METALS NON-METALS

1. Some metals can displace hydrogen Non-metals cannot displace hydrogen.

from dilute acids to form salts. E.g
Zn + 2HCl ZnCl + H2

2. Metals react with oxygen to form Non-metals react with oxygen to form acidic
basic oxides. 4Na + O2 2Na2O oxides which dissolves in water to form acids.

Na2O + H2O NaOH S + O2 SO2

SO2 + H2O H2SO4

3. Metals donot combine easily with Non-metals combine easily with hydrogen to
hydrogen. form many stable compounds.

ASSIGNMENT

In a tabular form, divide the first 20elements into metals and non-metals.

EXTRACTION OF METALS

Metals are usually extracted from their ores.

ORES: an ore is the naturally occurring compound of a metal. It is usually deposited in the earth
crust along with other impurities.

SOME COMMON ORES OF METALS

1. Tin Ore: cassiterite (tin stone) and tin (iv) oxide (SnO2). It is found in jos and Kano.
 2. Iron Ore:Haematite (oxide of iron) Fe2O3.
3. Aluminium Ore: bauxite (Al2O3).
4. Columbite Ore : contains Tin and manganese.

EXTRACTION OF TIN (Sn)

OCCURRENCE: Tin occur as cassiterite (or Tinstone) and Tin(iv) oxide (SnO2) in gravels and alluvial
deposits.

PROCESS OF EXTRACTION

1. Concentration of the ore: Tin Ore is crushed and washed with water mechanically to remove
impurities such as sand.
2. Smelting of the Ore: the concentrated tin ore is heated with coke on anthracite (contains 94%
of carbon) in a reverbatory furnace and a temperature of between 1200 oC and 13000C to
reduce the oxide. SnO2 + 2C Sn + 2CO
The molten tin collected at the bottom of the furnace is tapped off.
3. Purification of metals : the crude tin contains some impurities such as Arsenic and Lead. It is
then remelted on a slopping surface where the impurities are exposed to air and become
converted to oxide. The tin is then run off into moulds.

USES OF TIN

1. It is used in alloys together with lead and copper.

2. It is used in making glass sheet due to its low melting point and resistance to atmospheric
corrosion.
3. It is used in electroplating (tin plating) of metals.

ALLOYS OF TIN

1. Solder : contains 50% of tin and 50% of lead. It is used for soldering.
2. Type metal: contains 75% of Tin and 25% Lead. Used in printing machines.
3. Bronze: contains Tin and Copper.
4. Fused wire: contains Lead and Tin.
5. Ball Bearing metals are used in machines and contains 82% Tin and 14% Lead and 4% copper.
EXTRACTION OF IRON (Fe)

Occurrence:

The main ores of Iron are: Haematite (Fe2O3) and Magnetite (Fe3O4)

Large deposits of iron ore can be found in Itakpe hills near Okene in Kogi state.

STEPS IN EXTRACTION PROCESS

The extraction of Iron is carried out in a BLAST FURNACE.

1. The Iron ore is first heated in air to obtain iron(iii) oxide.

2. Iron (iii) oxide is then mixed with coke and lime stone (CaCO3) and fed into the blast furnace
from the top while hot air at about 8000C is blown into the furnace from the bottom through
tuyers.

Chemistry of the Reaction

1. At the bottom of the furnace: Red hot coke reacts with hot air to form carbon (ii) oxide.

2C + O2(g) 2CO(g)

2. At the upper and middle: Carbon (ii) oxide produced reacts with iron ore and reduces it to
molten iron.
Fe3O4 + 4CO(g) 3Fe(s) + 4CO2(g).
3. Limestone decomposes to form calcium oxide. CaCO3(s) CaO + CO2(g)
4. The impurities in molten iron react with calcium oxide to form slag which is mainly calcium
trioxosilicate (iv) CaSiO3. CaO + SiO2(s) CaSiO3.
Slag is lighter than molten iron and floats on top of the iron and can easily run off.
5. The molten iron is then tapped off from the bottom of the blast furnace. Molten iron from the
blast furnace contains a high proportion of carbon and is called PIG IRON. It is impure.

TYPES OF IRON

1. Pig Iron: this is the iron obtained directly from the blast furnace. It is impure and contains
about 5% carbon.
2. Cast Iron: this is the iron obtained by remelting ig iron and mixing it with some scrap iron to
remove carbon impurities and then run into moulds.
3. Wrought Iron: this is the purest form of iron obtained by heating cast iron and haematite
together in a reverberatory furnace.
USES OF IRON
It is used for iron gates, nails,chains, windows, protectors etc.