Group 1 - Chapter 9 Critical Discourse Analysis

Chapter 9
Critical Discourse
Analysis
GROUP 1
Adriel Horacio Amadeus I Birgita Angela I Dewa Gede Abisha
9.1 Principles of critical discourse
analysis
Fairclough and Wodak ( 1997 )
01 02 03 04
Social and political Power relations are Discourse both Ideologies are
issues are negotiated and reflects and produced and
constructed and performed through reproduces social reflected in the use
reflected in discourse; relations; of discourse.
discourse;
Social and Critical discourse
analysis addresses
political issues social and political
issues and examines
are constructed ways in which these
and reflected in are constructed and

reflected in the use of
discourse certain discourse
strategies and

choices.
Example 1: A letter from the local council and a
A proposal to pamphlet from a local protest

group
build 125 The letter from the council was

apartments on factual, while the pamphlet from
the protest group outlined the
top of a problems .
shopping mall. Both texts referred to the same

event but chose very different
ways of approaching it
Example 2:
slogans for Singapore’s ‘Speak
Mandarin’ campaign
The aim:
Connect Chinese Singaporeans with Chinese
cultural traditions
Help counter ‘negative effects of westernization’,
An economic policy that aimed at attracting
foreign investment
These arguments were captured in
slogans
"Window to Chinese
Culture"
"Speak Mandarin, It’s an
Asset"
"Speak Mandarin: Your
Children’s Future Depends
on Your Effort."
The discourse of the campaign:
Constructs the view of Mandarin as a language

that has both cultural, social, and economic
value for the people of Singapore
Power relations are negotiated and
performed through discourse
An analysis of who controls conversational interactions, who allows a person to speak and
how they do this.
Example:
the building of the apartments
The letter from the Council said that The area is very multicultural. They would
people would be free to speak, but that not have felt they had the power to
they would be required to register their change things, nor were able to influence
intention to speak at the start of the the outcomes of this discussion.
meeting
The person who speaks first in
an argument is often in a
weaker position than the
person who speaks next
Hutchby and
Wooffitt In a radio talk-back program it is
the host has the power to
(2008) challenge the caller’s claim or to
ask them to justify what they
have just said.
Example 1 Example 2
Caller: I: have got three appeals letters here Caller: When you look at e:r the childcare
this week. (0.4) All a:skin’ for donations. (0.2). facilities in this country, hh we’re very very
hh Two: from those that I: always contribute low, (.) i-on the league table in Europe of (.)
to anyway, you know of you try to get a child into a
Host: Yes? nursery it’s very diffi cult in this country . . .
Caller: hh But I expect to get a lot moiré. hh An’ in fa:ct it’s getting wor::se.
Host: So?
Caller: .h Now the point is there is a limi[t to . Host: What’s that got to do with it.
..
Host: [What’s that got to do – what’s that Caller: .phh Well I think whu- what ‘at’s gotta
got to do with telethons though. d-do with it is. . . .
Caller: hh Because telethons. . . .
Discourse both reflects and
reproduces social relations
Social relations are both established and

maintained using discourse.
The letter from the Council
Example 1 : written with authority and contained
A proposal to a lot of technical detail
signed ‘Director – Planning and
build 125 Development’ –
apartments The pamphlet from the protest group
on top of a was much more informal

gave an email address to write to for
shopping mall further information and advice
Example 2:
Page’s (2003 ) study of representations in the media of
Cherie Blair, wife of the former British Prime Minister
Tony Blair.
Cherie Blair in the media as a lawyer,
a wife, and, especially, a working
mother aims to establish a certain
relationship between her and the
public and other working mothers.
Working mothers are more typically

presented in negative terms in
everyday discourse
Terms such as mother and single
women can be used to make
Stokoe’s (2003) moral assessments about women
study of The use of language both reflects

and reproduces certain social
neighborhood views and relations
disputes Reinforces social and

gendered stereotypes and
inequalities.
The use of language in this way

both reflects and reproduces
certain social views and relations
Ideologies are
produced and
reflected in the
use of discourse
Mallison and Brewster Stokoe (2003):
(2005): Stereotypes in Complaining about
Job Interviews (in the US) Neigbours
Resende (2009): Meadows (2009):

Residents fo Middle-
English learning in the
Class Apartment
Buildings in Brazil Mexico/US border.
9.2 Doing Critical
Discourse Analysis
Discourse Analysis
Critical discourse analysis ‘includes not At the sentence level, the analyst might
only a description and interpretation of consider what has been topicalized in each of
discourse in context, but also offers an the sentences in the text; that is, what has
explanation of why and how discourses been put at the front of each sentence to
work’ (Rogers 2004 : 2). indicate what it is ‘about’.
The analysis may consider the framing of At the word and phrase level, connotations of
the text; that is, how the content of the particular words and phrases might be
text is presented, and the sort of angle or considered as well as the text’s degree of
perspective the writer or speaker is formality or informality, degree of technicality
taking. and what this means for other participants in
the text.
9.3 Critical Discourse Analysis and Genre
Flowerdew (2004) did in his study of the Hong Kong government’s promotion
campaign of Hong Kong as a ‘world-class city’. He discusses how various genres
played a role in the construction of this particular view of Hong Kong.
Three different genres:
A public consultation document
01
used a language of ‘telling’ rather than a language of ‘asking’
For example: “in every Hong Kong resident will”, “Hong Kong 2030 will
involve”, and “This will ensure”
Thus, the voice of authority is dominant in the use of the genre and
minimizes dissent from the views it promotes.
9.3 Critical Discourse Analysis and Genre
The Hong Kong annual yearbook

02 The yearbook that Flowerdew examined extolled the virtues of Hong Kong and was
overtly promotional
used expressions such as "perceptions of Hong Kong internationally" and "our
review of Hong Kong's international perspective" to give authority to this view.
Hong Kong promotional video as an 'Asia’s World City'

03 overwhelmingly promotional
From this analysis of three different genres, Flowerdew shows how sounds from three very
different genres come together to impose, rather than negotiate, a certain point of view on the
reader and viewer of the text, which is a part of the campaign.
examine the way in which the content of
9. 4 Critical a text is used: the way in which the
content of the text is presented to its
Discourse Analysis audience, and the sort of perspective,

angle and slant the writer or speaker is
and Framing
taking.
The demonstration described in this

report is framed as a confrontation
between the group of protesters and
law-officials.
The tactic used by the writer put a

particular slant on the text and
encourage the reading of the text in a
particular way. Thus, this kind of analysis
aims to bring hidden meanings to the
For example: A newspaper report on a demonstration surface by unpacking the assumptions,
at nuclear test site in the United States priorities, and values that underlie texts.
9.5 Critical
One way to expand the scale of the text used
for critical analysis is to use text available on
the world wide web.
Discourse The worldwide web has been used productively
Analysis and to carry out critical discourse studies which draw

on the strengths of the web’s capacity to collect
a lot of relevant data..
Larger Data For example:
Sets Mautner’s study of ‘the entrepreneurial

university’.
Mautner did a search of the web for the term
‘entrepreneurial university’ to see who was
using this term, what genres it typically occurs
in and how it is typically used
9.5 Critical Discourse Analysis and
Larger Data Sets
Mautner observes that the use of the term
entrepreneurial university brings together the
discourses of business and economics with the
discourse of the university.
However, the term ‘entrepreneurial university’
was not used positively in all the texts that
Mautner examined. Sometimes the author
deliberately distances himself from the term with
put scare quotes around these words.
Then, studies such as this show the enormous
potential of using the world wide web for the
critical study of the use of discourse.
9.6 01
Critical discourse analysis is very similar to
the earlier stylistic analysis that took place
Criticisms in the area of literary criticism
of Critical
Critics argue that critical discourse studies
02 could be enhanced through a more
detailed linguistic analysis of its texts than
Discourse
sometimes occurs:
The critics propose some ways, such as
systemic functional linguistics and corpus
Analysis approaches. Others also propose

expanding critical discourse studies by
drawing on work such as schema theory
and work in the area of language and
cognition.
Thank You!
Have a great day!

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Chapter 9

and reflected in are constructed and

A proposal to pamphlet from a local protest

build 125 The letter from the council was

shopping mall. Both texts referred to the same

Constructs the view of Mandarin as a language

Social relations are both established and

apartments The pamphlet from the protest group

on top of a was much more informal

Working mothers are more typically

Stokoe’s (2003) moral assessments about women

study of The use of language both reflects

neighborhood views and relations

disputes Reinforces social and

The use of language in this way

Resende (2009): Meadows (2009):

The Hong Kong annual yearbook

Hong Kong promotional video as an 'Asia’s World City'

Discourse Analysis audience, and the sort of perspective,

The demonstration described in this

The tactic used by the writer put a

Analysis and to carry out critical discourse studies which draw

Sets Mautner’s study of ‘the entrepreneurial

Criticisms in the area of literary criticism

Analysis approaches. Others also propose

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