CORRECTION ADMINISTRATION

MODULE 1
Historical Background of Corrections
COURSE OBJECTIVES
This module was created for criminology course, specifically prepared to aid the
criminology students to be abreast with the police system as a future law
enforcer and peace officer.
This module is intended to give idea to the students on the policing process or
how the police agencies are organized and managed in order to achieve the
goals of law enforcement most effectively, efficiently and productivity.
LESSON 1.1 Historical Perspective on Corrections
Important Dates and Events in the History of Corrections:

 13th Century – Securing Sanctuary

In the 13th C, a criminal could avoid punishment by claiming refugee in a church for a
period of 40 days at the end of which time he has compelled to leave the realm by a
road or path assigned to him.

 1468 (England)
Torture as a form of punishment became prevalent.

 16th Century
Transportation of criminals in England, was authorized. At the end of the 16th C, Russia
and other European Countries followed this system. It partially relieved
overcrowding of prisons. Transportation was abandoned in 1835.

 17th C to late 18th C

Death Penalty became prevalent as a form of punishment.
Reasons why Death Penalty became the usual Punishment during this period and thereafter:
1. Death of outlaws became a “protection for the English people”. It is because the people
during this period did not totally believe yet in the ability to a strong police force to combat
criminals.
2. People lack confidence in the transportation of criminals. Gaols and Galleys became center of
corruption and ineffective instruments of punishment.
3. Doctrine of Crude Intimidation appeared or seemed to be a logical form of threat in order to
deter or prevent the people from violating the law.
4. The assumption was that, the Ruling Class is tasked to protect property rights and maintain
public peace and order. The system of maintaining public order had little consideration or it
did not recognize the social and economic condition of the lower working class. The lawmakers
and enforcers used death penalty to cover property loss or damage with out further
contemplating the value of life of other people.

 GAOLS - (Jails) – pretrial detention facilities operated by English Sheriff.

 Galleys – long, low, narrow, single decked ships propelled by sails, usually rowed by
criminals. A type of ship used for transportation of criminals in the 16th century.

 Hulks – decrepit transport, former warships used to house prisoners in the 18th and
19th century. These were abandoned warships converted into prisons as means of
relieving congestion of prisoners. They were also called “floating hells”.

The Primary Schools of Penology

1. The Classical School – it maintains the “doctrine of psychological hedonism” or “free will”.
That the individual calculates pleasures and pains in advance of action and regulates his
conduct by the result of his calculations.
2. The Neo-classical School – it maintained that while the classical doctrine is correct in
general, it should be modified in certain details. Since children and lunatics cannot calculate the
differences of pleasures from pain, they should not be regarded as criminals, hence they should
be free from punishment.
3. The Positivist/Italian School – the school that denied individual responsibility and reflected
non-punitive reactions to crime and criminality. It adheres that crimes, as any other act, is a
natural phenomenon. Criminals are considered as sick individuals who need to be treated by
treatment programs rather than punitive actions against them.
The Primitive Society
In the beginning of civilization, acts are characterized by behavioral controls categorized
as: forbidden acts, accepted acts, and those acts that are encouraged. Crimes, violence,
rebellious acts and other acts, which are expressly prohibited by the society, fall as forbidden
acts. Accepted acts are those that can be beneficial to the welfare of the society such as early
traditions and practices, folkways, norms, those that are controlled by social rules, and laws.
Encourage acts are anything approved by the majority which is believed to be beneficial to the
common good. These things include marrying, having children, crop production, growing food,
etc.
 Punishment is required when those who intend to violate the rules do not comply with
these practices.
The complex society gradually evolved changing the social rules into a more structured
sanctions to prevent the violations of those rules essential to group survival. These sanctions
have been codified into written rules or laws. And the reward for obeying those laws is simply
the ability to function as a respected and productive member of society.

Redress (Compensation) of a wrong act

 Retaliation (Personal Vengeance) – the earliest remedy for a wrong act to any one (in the
primitive society). The concept of personal revenge by the victim’s family or tribe against the
family or tribe of the offender, hence “blood feuds” was accepted in the early primitive
societies.

 Fines and Punishment – Customs has exerted effort and great force among primitive
societies. The acceptance of vengeance in the form of payment (cattle, food, personal services,
etc) became accepted as dictated by tribal traditions. As tribal leaders, elders and later kings
came into power, they begun to exert their authority on the negotiations. Wrongdoers could
choose to stay away from the proceedings (Trial by ordeal) but if they refuse to abide by the
law imposed, they will be declared to be an outlaw.

Early Codes:
History has shown that there are three main legal systems in the world, which have been
extended to and adopted by all countries aside from those that produced them. In their
chronological order, they are the Roman, the Mohammedan or Arabic and the Anglo-American
Laws. Among the three, it was Roman law that has the most lasting and most pervading
influence. The Roman private law (Which include Criminal Law), especially has offered the most
adequate basic concepts which sharply define, in concise and inconsistent terminology, mature
rules and a complete system, logical and firm, tempered with a high sense of equity. (Coquia,
Principles of Roman Law, 1996)
1. Babylonian and Sumerian Codes
a. Code of King Hammurabi (Hammurabic Code) – Babylon, about 1990 BC, credited as the
oldest code prescribing savage punishment, but in fact, Sumerian codes were nearly one
hundred years older.
2. Roman and Greek Codes
a. Justinian Code– 6th C A.D. , Emperor Justinian of Rome wrote his code of law. An effort to
match a desirable amount of punishment to all possible crimes. However, the law did not
survive due to the fall of the Roman Empire but left a foundation of Western legal codes. The
Twelve Tables (XII Tabulae), (451-450 BC) – represented the earliest codification of
Roman law incorporated into the Justinian Code. It is the foundation of all public and private
law of the Romans until the time of Justinian. It is also a collection of legal principles engraved
on metal tablets and set up on the forum.
b. Greek Code of Draco – In Greece, the Code of Draco, a harsh code that provides the same
punishment for both citizens and the slaves as it incorporates primitive concepts (Vengeance,
Blood Feuds). The Greeks were the first society to allow any citizen to prosecute the offender in
the name of the injured party.
3. The Burgundian Code (500 A.D) – specified punishment according to the social class of
offenders, dividing them into: nobles, middle class and lower class and specifying the value of
the life of each person according to social status.
Early Codes (Philippine Setting)
The Philippines is one of the many countries that cane under the influence of the Roman Law.
History has shown that the Roman Empire reached its greatest extent to most of continental
Europe such as Spain, Portugal, French and all of Central Europe. Eventually, the Spanish
Civil Code became effective in the Philippines on December 7, 1889, the
“Conquistadores” and the “Kodigo Penal”(The Revised Penal Code today, 1930) was introduced
by the Spaniards promulgated by the King of Spain. Basically, these laws adopted the Roman
Law principles (Coquia, Principles of Roman Law, 1996). Mostly tribal traditions, customs and
practices influenced laws during the Pre-Spanish Philippines.
There were also laws that were written which includes:
a. The Code of Kalantiao (promulgated in 1433) – the most extensive and severe law
that prescribes harsh punishment.
b. The Maragtas Code (by Datu Sumakwel)
c. Sikatuna Law
Early Prisons:
1. Mamertine Prison – the only early Roman place of confinement which is built under the
main sewer of Rome in 64 B.C Other places of confinement in the history of
confinement include FORTRESSES, CASTLES, and TOWN GATES that were strongly built
purposely against roving bands of raiders. The most popular workhouse was the
BRIDEWELL WORKHOUSE (1557) in London which was built for the employment and
housing of English prisoners.
 Wulnut Street Jail – originally constructed as a detention jail in Philadelphia. It was
converted into a state prison and became the first American Penitentiary.
Early prisons in the Philippines:
During the Pre-Spanish period, prison system in the Philippines was tribal in nature.
Village chieftains administered it. It was historically traced from the early written laws.
In 1847, the first Bilibid Prison was constructed and became the central place of confinement
for Filipino Prisoners by virtue of the Royal decree of the Spanish crown.
In 1936, the City of Manila exchanges its Muntinlupa property with the Bureau of Prisons
originally intended as a site for boys’ training school. Today, the old Bilibid Prison is now being
used as the Manila City Jail, famous as the “May Haligue Estate”.
THE EMERGENCE OF SECULAR LAW

 4th A.D. - Secular Laws were advocated by Christian philosophers who recognizes the need for
justice. Some of the proponents these laws were St. Augustine and St. Thomas Aquinas.
Three Laws were distinguished:
1. External Law (Lex Externa)
2. Natural Law (Lex Naturalis)
3. Human Law (Lex Humana)
All these laws are intended for the common good, but the Human law only become valid if it
does not conflict with the other two law.

PUNISHMENT
Punishment:
It is the redress that the state takes against an offending member of society that usually
involves pain and suffering.
It is also the penalty imposed on an offender for a crime or wrongdoing.
Ancient Forms of Punishment:
1.Death Penalty – affected by burning, beheading, hanging, breaking at the wheels,
pillory and other forms of medieval executions.
2.Physical Torture – affected by maiming, mutilation, whipping and other inhumane or
barbaric forms of inflicting pain.
 3.Social Degradation – putting the offender into shame or humiliation.
4.Banishment or Exile – the sending or putting away of an offender which was carried
out either by prohibition against coming into a specified territory such as an island to
where the offender has been removed.
5.Other similar forms of punishment like transportation and slavery

Early Forms of Prison Discipline:

1.Hard Labor - productive works.

2.Deprivation – deprivation of everything except the bare essentials of existence
3.Monotony – giving the same food that is “off” diet, or requiring the prisoners to perform drab
or boring daily routine.
4.Uniformity – “ we treat the prisoners alike”. “ the fault of one is the fault of all”.
5.Mass Movement – mass living in cell blocks, mass eating, mass recreation, mass bathing.
6.Degradation – uttering insulting words or languages on the part of prison staff to the
prisoners to degrade or break the confidence of prisoners.
7.Corporal Punishment – imposing brutal punishment or employing physical force to intimidate
a delinquent inmate.
8.Isolation or Solitary Confinement – non-communication, limited news, “ the lone wolf”

Contemporary Forms of Punishment:

1. Imprisonment – putting the offender in prison for the purpose of protecting the public
against criminal activities and at the same time rehabilitating the prisoners by requiring them to
undergo institutional treatment programs.
2. Parole - a conditional release of a prisoners after serving part of his/her sentence in prison
for the purpose of gradually re-introducing him/her to free life under the guidance and
supervision of a parole officer.
3. Probation – a disposition whereby a defendant after conviction of an offense, the penalty of
which does not exceed six years imprisonment, is released subject to the conditions imposed by
the releasing court and under the supervision of a probation officer.
4. Fine – an amount given as a compensation for a criminal act.
5. Destierro – the penalty of banishing a person from the place where he committed a crime,
prohibiting him to get near or enter the 25-kilometer perimeter.

PURPOSES/JUSTIFICATIONS OF PUNISHMENT
1. Retribution – the punishment should be provided by the state whose sanction is violated, to
afford the society or the individual the opportunity of imposing upon the offender suitable
punishment as might be enforced. Offenders should be punished because they deserve it.
2. Expiation or Atonement – it is punishment in the form of group vengeance where the
purpose is to appease the offended public or group.
3. Deterrence – punishment gives lesson to the offender by showing to others what would
happen to them if they violate the law. Punishment is imposed to warn potential offenders that
they can not afford to do what the offender has done.
4. Incapacitation and Protection – the public will be protected if the offender has being held in
conditions where he can not harm others especially the public. Punishment is effected by
placing offenders in prison so that society will be ensured from further criminal depredations of
criminals.
5. Reformation or Rehabilitation – it is the establishment of the usefulness and responsibility
of the offender. Society’s interest can be better served by helping the prisoner to become law
abiding citizen and productive upon his return to the community by requiring him to undergo
intensive program of rehabilitation in prison.
Maximum Periods for Rendition of Courts Decision
1.Supreme Court – within 24 months
2.The Court of Appeals and other Collegiate Appellate courts within 12 months unless
reduced by the Supreme Court; and
3.Lower Courts – within 3 months unless reduced by the Supreme Court.
Goals of Sentencing:
1.Retribution – is the act of taking revenge upon a criminal perpetrator.
2.Incapacitation – is the use of imprisonment or other means to reduce the likelihood
that an offender will be capable of committing future offenses.
 3.Deterrence – is a means, which seeks to prevent others from committing crimes or
repeating criminality.
4.Rehabilitation – is the attempt to reform a criminal offender, the state in which a
reform offender is said to be rehabilitated.
5.Restoration – a goal of which attempts to make the victim whole again.

Social Justification of Penalty

1. Prevention – the state must punish the criminal to prevent or suppress the danger to the
state arising from the criminal acts of the offender.
2. Self- Defense – the state has a right to punish the criminal as a measure of self-defense so as
to protect society from the threat and wrong inflicted by the criminal.
3. Reformation – the object of punishment in criminal cases is to correct and reform the
offender.
4. Exemplarity – the criminal is punished by state as an act to deter others from committing
crimes.
5. Justice – that crime must be punished by the state as an act of retributive justice, a
vindication of absolute right and moral violated by the criminal.
Purpose of Penalty
1. Retribution or Expiation – the penalty is commensurate with the gravity of the offense
as a matter of payment for the damage done.
2. Correction or Reformation – as shown by the rules which regulates the execution of
the penalties consisting in deprivation of liberty, thereby giving chance for his
reformation.
3. Social Defense – as shown by its inflexible severity to recidivist and habitual
delinquents. Society must provide the welfare of the people against any disorder in the
community.
Constitutional Restriction on Penalties
The Philippine Constitution directs that excessive fines shall not be imposed, nor cruel and
unusual penalties when it is so disproportionate to the offense committed as to shock the
moral sense of all reasonable men as to what is right and proper under the circumstances.

Classification of Penalties
1. Capital or Corporal Penalties – Death through lethal injection.
2. Afflictive Penalties – Deprivation of freedom
a. Reclusion Perpetua – 20 years and 1 day to 40 years imprisonment.
b. Reclusion Temporal – 12 years and 1 day to 20 years of imprisonment.
c. Prison Mayor and Temporary Disqualification – 6 years and 1 day to 12 years. Except
when disqualification is accessory penalty, in which case its duration is that of the
principal penalty.
3. Correctional Penalties – deprivation of freedom or restriction of freedom.
a. Prison Correctional – 6 months and 1 day to 6 years, except
b. Arresto Mayor – When suspension is that of the principal
c. Destierro
4. Light Penalties
a. Arresto Menor – 1 day to 30 days of imprisonment
b. Public Censure

THE AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT

18th Century is a century of change. It is the period of recognizing human dignity. It is
the movement of reformation, the period of introduction of certain reforms in the correctional
field by certain person, gradually changing the old positive philosophy of punishment to a more
humane treatment of prisoners with innovational programs

The Pioneers:
1. William Penn (1614-1718)

 He fought for religious freedom and individual rights.

 He is the first leader to prescribe imprisonment as correctional treatment for major
offenders.
 He is also responsible for the abolition of death penalty and torture as a form of
punishment.
2. Charles Montesiquieu (Charles Louis Secondat, Baron de la Brede et de Montesiquieu)
(1689- 1755)

 A French historian and philosopher who analyzed law as an expression of justice. He

believe that harsh punishment would undermine morality and that appealing to moral
sentiments as a better means of preventing crime.
3. VOLTAIRE (Francois Marie Arouet) (1694- 1778)
  He was the most versatile of all philosophers during this period. He believes that fear of
shame was a deterrent to crime. He fought the legality-sanctioned practice of torture.
4. Cesare Bonesa, Marchese de Beccaria (1738-1794)

 He wrote an essay entitled “An Essay on Crimes and Punishment”, the most exiting
essay on law during this century. It presented the humanistic goal of law.
5. Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) – the greatest leader in the reform of English Criminal law.
He believes that whatever punishment designed to negate whatever pleasure or gain the
criminal derives from crime, the crime rate would go down.

 Bentham was the one who devise the ultimate PANOPTICAN PRISON – a prison that
consists of a large circular building containing multi cells around the periphery. It was
never built.
6. John Howard (1726 – 1790)

 The sheriff of Bedsfordshire in 1773 who devoted his life and fortune to prison reform.
After his findings on English Prisons, he recommended the following: single cells for
sleeping – segregation of women - segregation of youth - provision of sanitation
facilities - abolition of fee system by which jailers obtained money from prisoners.

The Reformatory Movement:

1. Alexander Mocanochie

 He is the Superintendent of the penal colony at Norfolk Island in Australia (1840) who
introduced the “Mark System”. A system in which a prisoner is required to earn a
number of marks based on proper department, labor and study in order to entitle him
for a ticket for leave or conditional release which is similar to parole.
2. Manuel Montesimos

 The Director of Prisons in Valencia Spain (1835) who devided the number of prisoners
into companies and appointed certain prisoners as petty officers in charge, which
allowed good behavior to prepare the convict for gradual release.
3. Domets of France

 established an agricultural colony for delinquent boys in 1839 providing housefathers as

in charge of these boys.
4. Sir Evelyn Ruggles Brise

 The Director of the English Prison who opened the Borstal Institution for youn offenders.
The Borstal Institution is considered as the best reform institution for young offenders
today.
5. Walter Crofton

 He is the Director of the Irish Prison in 1854 who introduced the Irish system that was
modified from the Mocanochie’s mark system. Ticket of leave or Irish System.

6. Zebulon Brockway

 The Director of the Elmira Reformatory in New York (1876) who introduced
certain innovational programs like the following: training school type - compulsory
education of prisoners – casework methods - extensive use of parole - indeterminate
sentence
The Elmira Reformatory is considered forerunner of modern penology because it had all
the elements of a modern system.

The Two Rival Prison System in the History of Correction

A. The Auburn Prison System – the prison system called the “Congregate System”.
The prisoners are confined in their own cells during the night and congregate work in
shops during the day. Complete silence was enforced.
B. The Pennsylvania Prison System – the prisons system called “Solitary System”.
Prisoners are confined in single cells day and night where they lived, they slept, they ate
and receive religious instructions. Complete Silence was also enforced. They are
required to read the Bible.

Lesson 1.2 PRE-SPANISH FILIPINO CIVILIZATIONS

The Legends of Maragtas

The stories known as the Maragtas are legends that may or may not be based on actual events
in the remote past. They are about the ten datus or chiefs who escaped the tyranny of Datu
Makatunaw of Borneo and immigrated to the island of Panay. Once there, they supposedly
bought the lowland plains of the island from Marikudo, the leader of the indigenous Aytas, for
the price of a solid gold salakot (hat). According to the legend, these ten chiefs and their
families are the very ancestors of the entire Visayan population. This is the legend that has
been celebrated yearly in the Ati-atihan festival since the late 1950s when it became a part of
the annual feast of the Santo Niño in Kalibo, Aklan.
MARAGTAS CODE
The Maragtas Code is also known as Code Of Sumakwel
The oldest known written body of the laws in the Philippines.
The Visayans set up a form of government for mutual protection and prosperity. As chief of the
datus and head of the districts, Datu Sumakwel was empowered to improve penalties and
execute orders in the whole island.
I. Deliberate refusal to work in the fields or to plant anything for daily subsistence is a most
serious crime which deserves severe penalty.
a) The lazy person shall be arrested, and sold to a rich family to serve as a slave and, as value of
work in the house and in the fields.
b) Later, when he has been trained to work and has come to love it, he shall be restored to his
family. The price paid for him shall be returned and he shall no longer be considered a slave,
but a ‘freeman‘ who has been regenerated and desires to live by the fruit of his labor.

c) If much later it is found out that he has not reformed in any way and that he wastes his time
in idleness, he shall be arrested again by the authorities and sent to the forest. He shall not be
allowed to associate with the rest of the community because he is a bad example.

II. ROBBERY of any sort shall be punished severely.

The fingers of the thief shall be cut off.

III. Only those who can support a family or several families can get married more than one
and have as many children as they can.
a) The poor family cannot have more than two children because it cannot support and properly
bring up in the community a greater
number of children.

b) The children who cannot be supported by their parents shall be killed and thrown into the
river.

IV. If a man has a child by a woman and he runs away to evade marriage, his child by this
woman shall be killed because it is difficult for a woman without a husband to support a
child.
a) The parents of the woman shall disinherit her.

b) The village authorities shall look for the man, and when they catch him and he still
refuses to marry, he shall be buried in the same grave.

The Kalantiaw Code

The second oldest known written code of the Filipino people is the Penal Code of Rajah
Kalantiaw, the third chief of Panay. It was written by Kalantiaw in 1433 A.D., after which he
submitted it to his overlord Rajah Besar. Consisting of eighteen orders (sugo), it runs as follows.

ARTICLE I
You shall not kill, neither shall you steal, neither shall you do harm to the aged, lest you incur
the danger of death. All those who infringe this order shall be condemned to death by being
drowned in the river, or in boiling water.
ARTICLE II
You shall obey. Let all your debts with the headman be met punctually. He who does not obey
shall receive for the first time one hundred lashes. If the debt is large, he shall be condemned to
thrust his hand in boiling water thrice. For the second time, he shall be beaten to death.
ARTICLE III
Obey you: let no one have women that are very young nor more than he can support; nor be
given to excessive lust. He who does not comply with, obey, and observe this order shall be
condemned to swim for three hours for the first time and for the second time, to be beaten to
death with sharp thorns.
ARTICLE IV
Observe and obey; let no one disturb the quiet of the graves. When passing by the caves and
trees where they are, give respect to them. He who does not observe this shall be killed by ants,
or beaten to death with thorns.
ARTICLE V
You shall obey; he who exchanges for food, let it be always done in accordance with his word.
He who does not comply, shall be beaten for one hour, he who repeats the offense shall be
exposed for one day among ants.
ARTICLE VI
You shall be obliged to revere sights that are held in respect, such as those of trees of
recognized worth and other sights. He who fails to comply shall pay with one month's work in
gold or in honey.
ARTICLE VII
These shall be put to death; he who kills trees of venerable appearance; who shoot arrows at
night at old men and women; he who enters the houses of the headmen without permission;
he who kills a shark or a streaked cayman.
ARTICLE VIII
Slavery for a doam (a certain period of time) shall be suffered by those who steal away the
women of the headmen; by him who keep ill-tempered dogs that bite the headmen; by him
who burns the fields of another.
ARTICLE IX
All these shall be beaten for two days: who sing while traveling by night; kill the Manaul; tear
the documents belonging to the headmen; are malicious liars; or who mock the dead.
ARTICLE X
It is decreed an obligation; that every mother teach secretly to her daughters matters
pertaining to lust and prepare them for womanhood; let not men be cruel nor punish their
women when they catch them in the act of adultery. Whoever shall disobey shall be killed by
being cut to pieces and thrown to the caymans.
ARTICLE XI
These shall be burned: who by their strength or cunning have mocked at and escaped
punishment or who have killed young boys; or try to steal away the women of the elders.
ARTICLE XII
These shall be drowned: all who interfere with their superiors, or their owners or masters; all
those who abuse themselves through their lust; those who destroy their anitos (idols) by
breaking them or throwing them down.
ARTICLE XIII
All these shall be exposed to ants for half a day: who kill black cats during a new moon; or steal
anything from the chiefs or agorangs, however small the object may be.
ARTICLE XIV
These shall be made slave for life: who have beautiful daughters and deny them to the sons of
chiefs, and with bad faith hide them away.
ARTICLE XV
Concerning beliefs and superstitions; these shall be beaten: who eat the diseased flesh of
beasts which they hold in respect, or the herb which they consider good, who wound or kill the
young of the Manaul, or the white monkey.
ARTICLE XVI
The fingers shall be cut-off: of all those who break idols of wood and clay in their alangans and
temples; of those who destroy the daggers of the tagalons, or break the drinking jars of the
latter.
ARTICLE XVII
These shall be killed: who profane sites where idols are kept, and sites where are buried the
sacred things of their diwatas and headmen. He who performs his necessities in those places
shall be burned.
ARTICLE XVIII
Those who do not cause these rules to be obeyed: if they are headmen, they shall be put to
death by being stoned and crushed; and if they are agorangs they shall be placed in rivers to be
eaten by sharks and caymans.

The Making of the laws. The laws of the barangay were made by the datu with the help of the
elders. In the case of the confederation, the laws were promulgated by the superior datu with
the aid of the subordinated or lesser datus.

When a law was to be made for the whole confideration, the supreme datu would summon the
subordinate datus to his own house and explain to them the need for such a law. The other
datus usually assented and the law was thus written down. Once the law was finished , a village
crier called umalahokan, with the bell in hand, would travel throughout the confederation and
announce the contents of the new law in public gatherings. From that time on the law went
into effect, and any person who violated it incurred its penalties.

Judicial Procedure XI

The Judicial System of the Pre-Spanish Filipinos

When the Spanish colonizers first arrived in the Philippine archipelago, they found the
indigenous Filipinos without any written laws. Mainly, the laws enforced were derived from
customs, usages and tradition. These laws were believed to be God-given and were orally
transmitted from generation to generation.

A remarkable feature of these customs and traditions was that they were found to be very
similar to one another notwithstanding that they were observed in widely dispersed islands of
the archipelago. There were no judges and lawyers who were trained formally in the law,
although there were elders who devoted time to the study of the customs, usages and
traditions of their tribes to qualify them as consultants or advisers on these matters.
The unit of government of the indigenous Filipinos was the barangay, which was a family-based
community of 30 to 100 families, occupying a pook (“locality” or “area”) Headed by a chieftain
called a datu who exercised all functions of government—executive, legislative, and judicial—a
barangay was not only a political but also a social and economic organization. In the exercise of
his judicial authority, the datu acted as a judge (hukom) in settling disputes and deciding cases
in his barangay.

The Judicial System Under the Spanish Regime

During the early Spanish occupation, King Philip II established the Real Audiencia de Manila
which was given not only judicial but legislative, executive, advisory, and administrative
functions as well. Composed of the incumbent governor general as the presidente (presiding
officer), four oidores (equivalent to associate justices), an asesor (legal adviser), an alguacil
mayor (chief constable), among other officials, the Real Audiencia de Manila was both a trial
and appellate court. It had exclusive original, concurrent original and exclusive appellate
jurisdictions.
Initially, the Audiencia was given a non-judicial role in the colonial administration, to deal with
unforeseen problems within the territory that arose from time to time—it was given the power
to supervise certain phases of ecclesiastical affairs as well as regulatory functions, such as fixing
of prices at which merchants could sell their commodities. Likewise, the Audiencia had
executive functions, like the allotment of lands to the settlers of newly established pueblos.
However, by 1861, the Audiencia had ceased to perform these executive and administrative
functions and had been restricted to the administration of justice.

When the Audiencia Territorial de Cebu was established in 1886, the name of the Real
Audiencia de Manila was changed to Audiencia Territorial de Manila.

Trials by Ordeals

Whenever the court was in doubt as to whom of the accused person was really guilty, it
resorted to trial by ordeal. This was especially true in criminal cases. It was believed that the
gods protected the innocent and punished the guilty, and that through the ordeals they
revealed divine truth to the people. Thus an accused person who was innocent was believed to
be always successful in the ordeals because god made it so.

The Ordeals of the court to find out the guilty person:

1. Boiling water ordeal, suspects pick a stone in a pot of boiling water. The suspect who refused
to obey the command was regarded as the culprit. If the suspects made the attempt as
ordered, the man whose hand was scalded the most was considered the guilty one.
2. Candle ordeal, suspects are given lighted candles of the same sizes and the owner of the
candle that died out first is the guilty.
3. River ordeal, suspects plunge into the river or lake with lances. He who came to the surface
first was considered guilty.
4. Ordeal by rice chewing, suspects chew uncooked rice. Each of them spat his saliva and the
one whose saliva came out the thickest was adjudged the culprit.
5. Wrestling / combat ordeal, also called as bultong; the vanquished in the wrestling contest
was considered the guilty party.
6. Another ordeal by combat called alaw, involved a duel. In this kind of combat, the loser
usually lost his life, in itself considered a just punishment.

LESSON 1.3 THE HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE PHILIPPINE PENAL

INSTITUTIONS
History of the Bureau of Corrections (Philippines)
Corrections in the Philippines started during pre colonial times. It was however organized on
individual community basis. It was only during the Spanish regime when an organized corrective
service was made operational.
Pre-Colonial and Spanish Regimes
During the pre-colonial times, the informal prison system was community-based, as
there were no national penitentiaries to speak of. Natives who defied or violated the local laws
were meted appropriate penalties by the local chieftains. Incarceration in the community was
only meant to prevent the culprit from further harming the local residents.

The formal prison system in the Philippines started only during the Spanish regime,
where an organized corrective service was made operational. Established in 1847 pursuant to
Section 1708 of the Revised Administrative Code and formally opened by Royal Decree in 1865,
the Old Bilibid Prison was constructed as the main penitentiary on Oroquieta Street, Manila and
designed to house the prison population of the country. This prison became known as the
“Carcel y Presidio Correccional” and could accommodate 1,127 prisoners.

The Carcel was designed to house 600 prisoners who were segregated according to
class, sex and crime while the Presidio could accommodate 527 prisoners. Plans for the
construction of the prison were first published on September 12, 1859 but it was not until April
10, 1866 that the entire facility was completed.

The prison occupied a quadrangular piece of land 180 meters long on each side, which
was formerly a part of the Mayhalique Estate in the heart of Manila. It housed a building for the
offices and quarters of the prison warden, and 15 buildings or departments for prisoners that
were arranged in a radial way to form spokes. The central tower formed the hub. Under this
tower was the chapel. There were four cell-houses for the isolated prisoners and four isolated
buildings located on the four corners of the walls, which served as kitchen, hospital and stores.
The prison was divided in the middle by a thick wall. One-half of the enclosed space was
assigned to Presidio prisoners and the other half to Carcel prisoners.

In 1908, concrete modern 200-bed capacity hospitals as well as new dormitories for the
prisoners were added. A carpentry shop was organized within the confines of the facility. For
sometime the shop became a trademark for fine workmanship of furniture made by prisoners.
At this time, sales of handicrafts were done through the institutions and inmates were
compensated depending on the availability of funds. As a consequence, inmates often had to
sell through the retail or barter their products.
 On August 21, 1869, the San Ramon Prison and Penal Farm in Zamboanga City was
established to confine Muslim rebels and recalcitrant political prisoners opposed to the Spanish
rule. The facility, which faced the Jolo sea had Spanish-inspired dormitories and was originally
set on a 1,414-hectare sprawling estate.
The American and Commonwealt Government
When the Americans took over in the 1900s, the Bureau of Prisons was created under
the Reorganization Act of 1905 (Act No. 1407 dated November 1, 1905) as an agency under the
Department of Commerce and Police.

It also paved the way for the re-establishment of San Ramon Prison in 1907 which was
destroyed during the Spanish-American War. On January 1, 1915, the San Ramon Prison was
placed under the auspices of the Bureau of Prisons and started receiving prisoners from
Mindanao.

Before the reconstruction of San Ramon Prison, the Americans established in 1904 the
Iuhit penal settlement (now Iwahig Prison and Penal Farm) on a vast reservation of 28,072
hectares. It would reach a total land area of 40,000 hectares in the late 1950s. Located on the
westernmost part of the archipelago far from the main town to confine incorrigibles with little
hope of rehabilitation, the area was expanded to 41,007 hectares by virtue of Executive Order
No. 67 issued by Governor Newton Gilbert on October 15, 1912.

Other penal colonies were established during the American regime. On November 27,
1929, the Correctional Institution for Women (CIW) was created under Act No. 3579 to provide
separate facilities for women offenders while the Davao Penal Colony in Southern Mindanao
was opened in 1932 under Act No. 3732.

Transfer of Bilibid Prison to Muntinlupa

The increasing number of committals to the Old Bilibid Prison, the growing urbanization
of Manila and the constant lobbying by conservative groups prompted the government to plan
and develop a new site for the national penitentiary, which was to be on the outskirts of the
urban center. Accordingly, Commonwealth Act No. 67 was enacted, appropriating one million
(P1,000.000.00) pesos for the construction of a new national prison in the southern suburb of
Muntinlupa, Rizal in 1935. The old prison was transformed into a receiving center and a storage
facility for farm produce from the colonies. It was later abandoned and is now under the
jurisdiction of the Public Estates Authority.
On November 15, 1940, all inmates of the Old Bilibid Prison in Manila were transferred
to the new site. The new institution had a capacity of 3,000 prisoners and it was officially
named the New Bilibid Prison on January 22, 1941. The prison reservation has an area of 587
hectares, part of which was arable. The prison compound proper had an area of 300 x 300
meters or a total of nine hectares. It was surrounded by three layers of barbed wire.

Developments after World War II

After World War II, there was a surplus of steel matting in the inventory and it was used
to improve the security fences of the prison. A death chamber was constructed in 1941 at the
rear area of the camp when the mode of execution was through electrocution. In the late ‘60s,
fences were further reinforced with concrete slabs. The original institution became the
maximum security compound in the 70s and continues to be so up to present, housing not only
death convicts and inmates sentenced to life terms, but also those with numerous pending
cases, multiple convictions and sentences of more than 20 years.
In the 1980s, the height of the concrete wall was increased and another facility was
constructed, 2.5 kilometers from the main building. This became known as Camp Sampaguita or
the Medium Security Camp, which was used as a military stockade during the martial law years
and the Minimum Security Camp, whose first site was christened “Bukang Liwayway”. Later on,
this was transferred to another site within the reservation where the former depot was
situated.
Under Proclamation No. 72 issued on September 26, 1954, the Sablayan Prison and
Penal Farm in Occidental Mindoro was established. In The Leyte Regional Prison followed suit
under Proclamation No. 1101 issued on January 16, 1973.

Non-Operational National Prisons

FORT BONIFACIO PRISON: A committee report submitted to then President Carlos P.
Garcia described Fort Bonifacio, formerly known as Fort William McKinley, as a military
reservation located in Makati, which was established after the Americans came to the
Philippines. The prison was originally used as a detention center for offenders of US military
laws and ordinances.
After the liberation of the Philippines, the reservation was transferred to the Philippine
government, which instructed the Bureau of Prisons to use the facility for the confinement of
maximum security prisoners. For several years, incorrigibles were mixed with political prisoners
(those convicted of rebellion) at the Fort Bonifacio facility until June 30, 1968, when it was
converted into a prison exclusively for political offenders. After a bloody April 1969 riot at the
Muntinlupa facility, however, incorrigible prisoners from Muntinlupa were transferred to Fort
Bonifacio.
During the administration of President Diosdado Macapagal, the Fort was renamed Fort
Andres Bonifacio. The correctional facility was also renamed Fort Bonifacio Prison. The one-
story building now stands on a one-hectare area.
The Fort Bonifacio Prison continued to be a satellite prison of the national penitentiary
even after martial law was lifted. It was only in the late 1980’s that the facility was vacated by
the Bureau of Prisons.
CORREGIDOR PRISON STOCKADE: In 1908 during the American regime, some 100
prisoners were transferred from the OldBilibid Prison to Corregidor Island to work under
military authorities. This move was in accordance with an order from the Department of
Instructions, which approved the transfer of inmates so they could assist in maintenance and
other operations in the stockade.

The inmates were transported not to serve time but for prison labor. Until the outbreak
of the Second World War, inmates from Old Bilibid Prison were regularly sent to Corregidor for
labor purposes.
When the War broke out, prisoners on Corregidor were returned to Bilibid Prison. The
island prison was never reopened.

BONTOC PRISON:  The Philippine Legislature during the American regime passed Act No. 1876
providing for the establishment of a prison in Bontoc in Mountain Province. The prison was
built  for  the  prisoners of the province and insular prisoners who were members of the non-
Christian tribes of Mountain Province and Nueva Viscaya.

MODULE 2
CONCEPTS OF CORRECTIONAL ADMINISTRATION AND OPERATIONS
OBJECTIVES
The learners will be able to:
 Explain and appreciate the concepts of correctional administration
 Familiarize the different terms related to the study of Corrections
  Identify the different prisons system in the Philippines
LESSON 2.1 INSTITUTIONAL and NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTION
Definition of Terms:
Abreaction – intense emotional feelings.
Accessory Penalties – those that are deemed included in the imposition of the principal
penalties.
Admission Summary – it is a written compilation made by the staff regarding their findings on
the prisoner.
Adversarial Process – a system of determining guilt in which the state must prove its case
against a defendant who is defended by an advocate.
Affliction – distress of mind or body; that which causes continuing anguish or suffering.
Anal Stage –b sensual gratification shifts to the excretory function and the control of the
sphincter muscles. According to Freud the sexual gratification, is focused on the elimination of
body wastes it occurs on the second and third year of life of an individual.
Asocial Aggressive – this is the commanding individual who responds with open hostility or
physical or verbal aggression when frustrated.
Asocial Passive – this individual pouts and sulks and reacts with passivity
complaining or withdrawing when frustrated.
Atavism – it is the reversion of man to his ape like ancestors and states that an individual could
be born with criminal predispositions.
Aversive Therapy – the coupling of a previously desirable stimulus with an
extremely painful or undesirable conditioned response, as coupling alcohol with chemically
induced vomiting.
Bail – monetary amount for or condition of pre-trial release from custody of law. Or a money
payment in return for which a defendant is given freedom pending trial or appeal.
Bail Bond – it is a multi party contract involving the state, the accused will appear in
subsequent proceedings.
Baroning – a process by which a prison inmate obtains wealth, influence and power by means
of selling tobacco. Benefit of Clergy – from the 13th to 19th centuries, clemency shown to
clergy guilty of crimes and extended eventually to any offender who could read.
Bifurcated Process – the separation of the guilt determination process from the sentence-
determination process in the criminal court system.
Big School – slang for penitentiary.
Black Maria – a van used to transport prisoners, Paddly-wagon.
Casework – in correctional work includes the professional services rendered by professionally
trained personnel in the description and social treatment of offenders.
Change Agent – a person or group responsible for helping a client to undertake planned
changes in behavior situation. Often a professional, outside consultants to be ineffectual the
use of bartolina or solitary confinement is justified when foreseen danger to the convict or
others apparent.
Compurgation – an early practice whereby the accused swears an oath of innocence backed-up
by a group of oath helpers who would attest to his character and claim of innocence.
Contagion – a condition in which prison inmates kept together without any attempt to divide
them the involvement with crime, would transmit to each other means and techniques to
commit further crimes once outside of prison.
Courtesy Investigation – investigation conducted by another probation officer in behalf of the
probation officer on case of the petitioner.
Cultural Conformist – this is juvenile who identifies strongly with his delinquent peers and who
considers himself tough.
Cultural Identifier – responds to identification with a deviant value system by living out his
delinquent beliefs.
Cultural Shock – a psychological and social disruption experienced by a person suddenly placed
in an unfamiliar culture.
Cumulative Case Summary – starts from the admission report of individual inmates to his
behavior and response to treatment programs and serves as the basis in granting parole.
Curfew – imposition on people the obligation to remove themselves from the streets on or
before a certain time of night.
Dark Figure – the number of crimes committed that are unreported to police.
Definite Sentence – a sentence to prison for which the date of release is known on the day that
the sentence is endered.
Desensitization – the process of removing the anxiety inducing qualities of a feared object or
situation.
Diversification – penal system’s implementation of segregation.
Domain Conflict – conflicts over resources, mission, responsibilities, or markets among several
organizations.
Ex Gratia – state is acting and out of its benevolence.
Existentialism – is a philosophy that emphasizes that importance of mans existence and self-
determinative faculty and the meaning that life has for him.
Flat Term – prison term which there is no discretionary release date. Similar to definite
sentence.
Furlough – temporary release from jail or prison. Typically for a day, weekend, or holiday or for
special visits such as a job test or interview or family crises, often part of a prerelease program.
Gate Fever – the feeling of an immediate release from the penitentiary and the feeling of
uncertainty in the part of the suppose parolee at the ebb of his release to the community.
Gemeinschaft Pattern – is characterized by persons of homogeneous attributes similar
to those providing for mechanical solidarity.
Gesellshaft Configuration – is characterized by persons having heterogeneous attributes,
interact with each othe in an impersonal manner and do not associate the welfare of the group
with their own.
Golden Age of Penology – the period covering 1870 to 1880 was regarded as Golden Age of
Penology. The highlights of the said period were as follows: the organization of the National
Prison Association last 1870, now referred to as American Correctional Association; the
International Prison Congress was held in 1872. It serves as a forum attended by
representatives from different countries wherein improvement to prison systems were tackled
in the assemble every 5 years; In 1876 the Elmira Reformatory was established which was
considered the forerunner in modern penology; and in Indiana, Massachusetts USA the first
separate was established.
Greyhound Operations – a method in searching the prisoner for possession of contrabands
inside the prisoner cells and compound.
Idleness – the most persistent problem in almost all prison facilities which contribute to failure
of the reformation programs.
I- Level Theory – hypothesis which associates types of deviance and types of control with stages
in the life cycle.
Indefinite Sentence – is a sentence to prison in which release date is under the discretionary
control of a release board.
Indeterminate Sentence – a sentence of imprisonment for the maximum period define
by law subject to the termination by the parole board at anytime after service of the
minimum period. It is one with minimum and maximum periods of imprisonment.
Indictment – formal charging of a defendant by a grand jury.
Judean Christian Theory – emphasized that punishment has a redemptive purpose.
Kangaroo Courts – existence of other discredited methods of discipline.
Labeling Theory – a theory originating with Howard Becker that emphasized the self-fulfilling
prophecy in deviance processing that deviants behave in accordance with the labels they are
given in the judgmental process.
M’naghten Case – basis for exempting law violators from their criminal liability by reason of
insanity.
Mandatory Release – a release from prison required by statute where an inmate has been
confined for a time period equal to his or her full sentence.
Manipulative Technique – are ways of helping the parolee by altering his environmental
conditions go as to being out satisfactory social adjustment in the individual.
Medium Supervision – given to probationer’s needing moderate attention and requiring twice
a month office reporting. Use yellow plan card tab.
Minimum Supervision – probationer’s needing minimal attention and requiring not more than
once a month office reporting. Use green plan card.
Negative Reinforcement – the employment of a negative stimulus (such as punishment or
removal of reward) for undesirable behavior rather than rewarding desired behavior.
Ordeal – bases on the principle of divine intervention it is a method of determining guilt with
the belief that innocent would be protected from harm.
Pacta Sunt Servanda – a pact must be observed a treaty must be honored.
Parum Est Coerce Improbos Poena Nici Probos Efficias Discipline – it is insufficient to restrain
the wicked by punishing unless you render them virtuous by corrective discipline.
Passive Agent – a term used by Glaser to represent parole officers who have a low emphasis on
both assistance andcontrol of parolees.
Pecuniary Liabilities – it consists of the reparation of the damage caused, indemnification of
the consequential damages, fine and cost of proceedings; imposed upon persons who are
criminally liable.
Penal Management - Refers to the manner or practice of managing or controlling places of
confinement as in jails or prisons.
PENOLOGY - the study of punishment for crime or of criminal offenders. It includes the study of
control and prevention of crime through punishment of criminal offenders.

 The term is derived from the Latin word “POENA” which means pain or suffering.

 Penology is otherwise known as Penal Science. It is actually a division of criminology

that deals with prison management and the treatment of offenders, and concerned itself with
the philosophy and practice of society in its effort to repress criminal activities.

 Penology has stood in the past and, for the most part, still stands for the policy of
inflicting punishment on the offender as a consequence of his wrongdoing.
Positive Discipline – includes the work “discipline” in you, it is not basically punitive.
Proselytizing – to convert or induce another to change his religious belief, sect or the like to
another.
RA 10575 – the New BUCOR Act of 2013
RA 6981 – Witness Protection Program Act
RA 7438 – Defines the rights of the accused under custodial investigation.
RA 7659 – Act re-imposing the death penalty.
Recognizance – is a legal device deeply embedded in English Law originated as measures of
preventive justice and as such it consist obliging persons. It is a mechanism whereby a person
accused of crime may be released on his own strength pending trial of his case or on the
assurance of a reputable person in the community that he will appear if called during the trial
to testify.
Regression – refers to the process that entails a simplification of behavior which may
contribute harm inflicted upon oneself or render one vulnerable to others.
Restorative Justice – refers to humanistic and non-punitive means to restore social harmony
and correct wrongful acts.
Retaliatory Retribution – refers to the intentional infliction of an appropriate amount of
suffering on a competent individual who has breached some code.
Retreatism – describes many violent crimes in which offenders have replaced
normal ideas of success with demonstration of individual toughness or powers.
Se Defendendo – established the legal status of the crime with which the offender will be
charged although there is no explicit reference to the individual.
Split Sentence Law – mandated that offenders as punishment would have serve a portion of
their sentence in institutions and thereby released to undergo probation.
Status Passage – transition from one social status to another, as from defendant to convict or
inmate to parolee.
Stigma – refers to labeling, mark or brand.
Sublime – to make the punishment fit the crime.
DECISION – is the judgment rendered by a court of justice or competent tribunal after
presentation of the respective positions of the parties in an ordinary or criminal case or upon
which the disposition of the case is based.
CONVICTION – is the judgment of a court based on the verdict of a judicial officer or judge, that
the accused is guilty of the offense in which he/she was charge.
SENTENCE – is the penalty imposed by the court upon a person convicted of a crime.
ACQUITTAL – is a judgment of the court based on the verdict or decision of the judge, that the
defendant is not guilty of the charge against him.
PUNISHMENT – it is the redress that the state takes against an offender where it signifies pain
suffering, or curtailment of its freedom.
PENALTY – is the suffering that is inflicted by the state for the transgression of law.
CORRECTION defined:

 A branch of the Criminal Justice System concerned with the custody, supervision and
rehabilitation of criminal offenders.

 It is that field of criminal justice administration which utilizes the body of

knowledge and practices of the government and the society in general involving the
processes of handling individuals who have been convicted of offenses for purposes of crime
prevention and control.

 It is the study of jail/prison management and administration as well as the rehabilitation

and reformation of criminals.

 It is a generic term that includes all government agencies, facilities, programs,

procedures, personnel, and techniques concerned with the investigation, intake, custody,
confinement, supervision, or treatment of alleged offenders.
Correction as a Process:
 Refers to the reorientation of the criminal offender to prevent him or her from repeating his
deviant or delinquent actions with out the necessity of taking punitive actions but rather the
introduction of individual measures of reformation.
Correctional Administration:

 The study and practice of a systematic management of jails or prisons and other institutions
concerned with the custody, treatment, and rehabilitation of criminal offenders.
Correction and the Criminal Justice System
The Criminal Justice System is the machinery of any government in the control and prevention
of crimes and criminality. It is composed of the pillars of justice such as: the Law Enforcement
Pillar (Police), the Prosecution Pillar, the Court Pillar, the Correction Pillar, and the Community
Pillar.
Correction as one of the pillars of Criminal Justice System is considered as the weakest
pillar. This is because of its failure to deter individuals in committing crimes as well as the
reformation of inmates. This is evident in the increasing number of inmates in jails or prisons.
Hence, the need of prison management is necessary to rehabilitate inmates and
transform them to become law-abiding citizens after their release.
Correction is the fourth pillar of the criminal justice system. This pillar takes over once
the accused, after having been found guilty, is meted out the penalty for the crime he
committed. He can apply for probation or he could be turned over to a non-institutional or
institutional agency or facility for custodial treatment and rehabilitation. The offender could
avail of the benefits of parole or executive clemency once he has served the minimum period of
his sentence.
When the penalty is imprisonment, the sentence is carried out either in the municipal,
provincial or national penitentiary depending on the length of the sentence meted out.

PENALTY and THE MODERN PERIOD OF CORRECTION

PENALTY is defined as the suffering inflicted by the state against an offending member
for the transgression of law.

Juridical Conditions of Penalty

Punishment must be:
1. Productive of suffering – without however affecting the integrity of the human personality.
2. Commensurate with the offense – different crimes must be punished with different penalties
(Art. 25, RPC).
3. Personal – the guilty one must be the one to be punished, no proxy.
4. Legal – the consequence must be in accordance with the law.
5. Equal – equal for all persons.
6. Certain – no one must escape its effects.
7. Correctional – changes the attitude of offenders and become law-abiding citizens

Duration of Penalties
1. Death Penalty – Capital punishment
2. Reclusion Perpetua – life imprisonment, a term of 20-40 yrs imprisonment
3. Reclusion Temporal – 12 yrs and 1 day to 20 years imprisonment
4. Prision Mayor – 6 yrs and 1 day to 12 years
5. Prision Correctional – 6 months and 1 day to 6 years
6. Arresto Mayor – 1 month and 1 day to 6 months
7. Arresto Menor – 1 day to 30 days
8. Bond to Keep the Peace – discretionary on the part of the court.

LESSON 2.3 THE PHILIPPINE PRISON SYSTEM

I. Bureau of Corrections
Bureau of Prisons was renamed Bureau of Corrections under Executive Order 292
passed during the Aquino Administration. It states that the head of the Bureau of Corrections is
the Director of Prisons who is appointed by the President of the Philippines with the
confirmation of the Commission of Appointments.
The Bureau of Corrections has general supervision and control of all national prisons or
penitentiaries. It is charged with the safekeeping of all Insular Prisoners confined therein or
committed to the custody of the Bureau.

Coverage of the Bureau of Corrections

a. National Bilibid Prisons (Muntinlupa, Rizal)
New Bilibid Prisons (Main Building)
 Camp Sampaguita (medium)
Camp Bukang Liwayway (minimum)

b. Reception and Diagnostic Center (RDC)

c. Correctional Institution for Women (Mandaluyong)

d. The Penal Colonies:

 Sablayan Penal Colony and Farm (Occ. Mindoro)
 Iwahig Penal Colony and Farm (Palawan)
 Davao Penal Colony and Farm (Central Davao)
 San Ramon Penal Colony and Farm (Zamboanga)
 Ilo-Ilo Penal Colony and Farm (Ilo-Ilo Province)
 Leyte Regional Prison (Abuyog Leyte)

PRISON Defined:
A penitentiary, an institution for the imprisonment (incarceration) of persons convicted
of major/ serious crimes.
A building, usually with cells, or other places established for the purpose of
taking safe custody or confinement of criminals.
A place of confinement for those for those charged with or convicted of offenses against
the laws of the land.

WHO IS A PRISONER?
 A prisoner is a person who is under the custody of lawful authority. A person, who by
reason of his criminal act sentenced or by a decision issued by a court, may be deprived
of his liberty or freedom.
 A prisoner is any person detained/confined in jail or prison for the commission of a
criminal offense or convicted and serving in a penal institution.
 A person committed to jail or prison by a competent authority for any of the following
reasons: To serve a sentence after conviction – Trial – Investigation.

General Classification of Prisoners

1. Detention Prisoners – those detained for investigation, preliminary hearing, or awaiting
trial. A detainee in a lock up jail. They are prisoners under the jurisdiction of Courts.
2. Sentenced Prisoners – offenders who are committed to the jail or prison in order to serve
their sentence after final conviction by a competent court. They are prisoners under the
jurisdiction of penal institutions.
3. Prisoners who are on Safekeeping – includes non-criminal offenders who are detained in
order to protect the community against their harmful behavior. Ex. Mentally deranged
individuals, insane person.

Classification of Sentenced Prisoners:

1. Insular or National Prisoners
Those sentenced to suffer a term of sentence of 3 years and 1 day to life imprisonment.
Those sentenced to suffer a term of imprisonment cited above but appealed the
judgment and unable to file a bond for their temporary liberty.
2. Provincial Prisoners -
Those persons sentenced to suffer a term of imprisonment from 6 months and 1 day to
years or a fine not more than 1,000 pesos, or both; or
Those detained therein waiting for preliminary investigation of their cases cognizable by
the RTC.
3. City Prisoners -
Those sentenced to suffer a term of imprisonment from 1 day to 3 years or a fine of not
more than 1,000 pesos or both.
Those detained therein whose cases are filed with the MTC.
Those detained therein whose cases are cognizable by the RTC and under Preliminary
Investigation.
4. Municipal Prisoners -
Those confined in Municipal jails to serve an imprisonment from 1 day to 6 months.
Those detained therein whose trials of their cases are pending with the MTC.

Classification of Prisoners According to Degree of Security:

1. Super Maximum Security Prisoners
- A special group of prisoners composed of incorrigible, intractable, and highly
dangerous persons who are the source of constant disturbances even in a maximum security
prison.
 - They wear orange color of uniform.

2. Maximum Security Prisoners

- The group of prisoners whose escape could be dangerous to the public or to the
security of the state.
- It consist of constant troublemakers but not as dangerous as the super maximum-
security prisoners. Their movements are restricted and they are not allowed to work outside
the institution but rather assigned to industrial shops with in the prison compound.
- They are confined at the Maximum Security Prison (NBP Main Building), they wear
orange color of uniform.
- Prisoners includes those sentenced to serve sentence 20 years or more, or those
whose sentenced are under the review of the Supreme Court, and offenders who are criminally
insane having severe personality or emotional disorders that make them dangerous to fellow
offenders or staff members.

3. Medium Security Prisoners

- Those who can not be trusted in open conditions and pose lesser danger than
maximum-security prisoners in case they escape.
- It consist of groups of prisoners who maybe allowed to work outside the fence or walls
of the penal institution under guards or with escorts.
- They occupy the Medium Security Prison (Camp Sampaguita) and they wear blue
color of uniforms. Generally, they are employed as agricultural workers.
- It includes prisoners whose minimum sentence is less than 20 years and life-sentenced
prisoners who served at least 10 years inside a maximum security prison.

4. Minimum Security Prisoners

- A group of prisoners who can be reasonably trusted to serve sentence under “open
conditions”.
- This group includes prisoners who can be trusted to report to their work assignments
without the presence of
guards.
- They occupy the Minimum Security Prison (Camp Bukang Liwayway) and wear brown
color uniforms.

MODULE 3
TYPES OF JAILS, OPERATIONS AND CORRECTIONAL ORGANIZATIONAL
STRUCTURE
 OBJECTIVES
The learners will be able to:
 Identify the different types of jails and prisons
 Demonstrate the correctional organizational structures
 Appreciates the correctional operations

WHAT IS A JAIL?
JAIL – is a place for locking-up of persons who are convicted of minor offenses or
felonies who are to serve a short sentences imposed upon them by a competent court, or for
confinement of persons who are awaiting trial or investigation of their cases.

Types of Jails:
1. Lock-up Jails – is a security facility, common to police stations, used for temporary
confinement of an individual held for investigation.
2. Ordinary Jails – is the type of jail commonly used to detain a convicted criminal offender to
serve sentence less than three years.
3. Workhouses, Jail Farms or Camp – a facility that houses minimum custody offenders who
are serving short sentences or those who are undergoing constructive work programs. It
provides full employment of prisoners, remedial services and constructive leisure time
activities.

II. Provincial Jails

Provincial Jails in the Philippines are not under the jurisdiction of the Bureau
of Corrections. They are managed and controlled by the provincial government.

III. Bureau of Jail Management and Penology (BJMP)

The BJMP exercises supervision and control over all cities and municipal jails throughout
the country. The enactment of Republic Act no. 6975 created the BJMP. It operates as a line
bureau under the Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG).

 When conducting routinary custodial guarding, the ratio of 1:7 or one guard for
every 7 offenders shall be observed.
  When the offender is in transit, the ratio of 1:1+1 for every offender shall be observed.
In case of high-risk offender that demands extra precaution additional guards shall be
employed. This manning level shall be national in scope for effective jail administration.

Duties and Responsibilities:

A. WARDEN
- Direction, Coordination, and Control of the Jail
- Responsible for the:
* Security, safety, discipline and well being of inmates

The office of the warden may organize the following units:

1. Intelligence and Investigation Team – It gathers, collates and submits intelligence information
to the office of the warden on matter regarding the jail condition.
2. Jail Inspectorate Section – Inspect jail facilities, personnel, prisoners and submit reports to
the warden.
3. Public Relation Office – Maintain public relation to obtain the necessary and adequate public
support.

B. ASSISTANCE WARDEN
- The office of the Assistant Warden undertakes the development of a systematic process of
treatment.
- Chairman of the Classification Board and Disciplinary Board.

C. ADMINISTRATIVE GROUPS
The administrative groups take charge of all administrative functions of the jail bureau.
1. Personnel Management Branch
- Assignment of personnel
- Procedures of selection
- Preparation of personnel reports
- Individual record file

2. Records and Statistics Branch

- Keep and maintain booking sheets and arrest reports
- Keep an orderly record of fingerprints and photographs
- Present/ Prepare statistical data of inmates

3. Property and Supply Branch

- Take charge of the safekeeping of equipments and supplies and materials needed for the
operation of the jail.
4. Budget and Finance Branch
- Take charge of all financial matters such as budgeting, financing, accounting, and auditing.

5. Mess Service Branch

- Take charge of the preparation of the daily menu, prepares and cook the food and serve it to
inmates.
6. General Service Branch
- Responsible for the maintenance and repair of jail facilities and equipments. It is also task with
the cleanliness and beautification of the jail compound.
7. Mittimus Computing Branch
- Tasked to receive court decisions and compute the date of the Full completion of the service
of sentence of inmates.
 Mittimus – is a warrant issued by a court directing the jail or prison authorities to
receive the convicted offender for the service of sentence imposed therein or for
detention.

D. SECURITY GROUPS:
The security groups provides a system of sound custody, security and control of inmates and
their movements and also responsible to enforce prison or jail discipline.
1. Escort Platoon
a. Escort Section – to escort inmate upon order of any judicial body; upon summon of a
court; or transfer to other penal institutions.
b. Subpoena Section – receives and distribute court summons, notices, subpoenas, etc.
2. Security Platoon – a three (3) working platoon shifts responsible for overall security of the jail
compound including gates, guard posts and towers. They are also responsible for the admitting
and releasing unit.

E. REHABILITATION PURPOSES GROUPS:

This group provides services and assistance to prisoners and their families to enable them to
solve their individual needs and problems arising from the prisoners’ confinement.
1. Medical and Health Services Branch - Provides medical and physical
examinations of inmates upon confinement, treatment of sick inmates and conduct medical
and physical examinations and provide medicines or recommends for the hospitalization of
seriously ill prisoners or inmates. It also conducts psychiatric and psychological examinations.
2. Work and Education Therapy Services - It take charge of the job and educational
programs needed for rehabilitation of inmates by providing them job incentives so they can
earn and provide support for their families while in jail.
3. Socio- Cultural Services - It takes care of the social case work study of the individual
prisoners by making interviews, home visits, referral to community resources, free legal
services, and liaison works for the inmates.
4. Chaplaincy Services - It takes charge of the religious and moral upliftment of the
inmates through religious services. This branch caters to all religious sects.
5. Guidance and Counseling Services - Responsible for the individual and group
counseling activities to help inmates solve their individual problems and to help them lead a
wholesome and constructive life.

THE RECEPTION AND DIAGNOSTIC CENTER (RDC)

This is a special unit of prison (Camp Sampaguita) where new prisoners undergo
diagnostic examination, study and observation for the purpose of determining the programs of
treatment and training best suited to their needs and the institution to which they should be
transferred.

It is composed of the following staff members:

1. The Psychiatrist – responsible in the examination of the prisoner’s mental and emotional
make-up.
2. The Psychologist – responsible to conduct study on the character and behavior of the
prisoners.
3. The Sociologist – study the social case situation of the individual prisoner.
4. The Educational Counselor – conducts orientation classes in order to change inmates’
attitude towards education and recommends educational program for the prisoner.
5. The Vocational Counselor – to test the prisoner’s special abilities, interest and skills and
recommends for the vocational course best suited to the prisoner.
6. The Chaplain – encourage the prisoner to participate in religious activities.
7. The Medical Officer – conducts physical examination and recommends medical treatment of
prisoners.
8. Custodial-Correctional Officer – recommends the transfer and type of custody of inmates.

THE QUARANTINE CELL OR UNIT

This may be a unit of the prison or a section of the RDC where the prisoner is given thorough
physical examination including blood test, x-rays, vaccinations and immunity. This is for the
purpose of insuring that the prisoner is not suffering from any contagious disease, which might
be transferred to the prison population.

ADMISSION PROCEDURES IN PRISON

1. RECEIVING – the new prisoner is received at the RDC. The new prisoner usually comes from a
provincial or city jail where he was immediately committed upon conviction by the court, and
escorted by the escort platoon during his transfer to the National Prison.
2. CHECKING OF COMMITMENT PAPERS – the receiving officer checks the commitment papers
if they are in order. That is, if they contain the signature of the judge or the signature of the
clerk of court, and the seal of the court.
3. IDENTIFICATION – the prisoner’s identity is established through the picture and fingerprint
appearing in the commitment order. This is to insure that the person being committed is the
same as the person being named in the commitment order.
4. SEARCHING – this step involves the frisking of the prisoner and searching his personal things.
Weapons and other items classified as contraband are confiscated and deposited to the
property custodian. Other properties are deposited with the trust fund officer under recording
and receipts.
5. BRIEFING AND ORIENTATION – the prisoner will be brief and oriented on the rules and
regulations of the prison before he will be assigned to the RDC or the quarantine unit.

INSTITUTIONAL CUSTODY, SECURITY AND CONTROL

I. Diversification: Concept and Importance
Diversification is an administrative device of correctional institutions of providing varied and
flexible types of physical plants for the more effective custody, security and control of the
treatment programs of its diversified population.

II. The Classification Process

Classification is a method by which diagnosis, treatment planning and execution of the
treatment programs are coordinated in the individual case study. It is a process of determining
the needs and requirement of prisoners for assigning them to programs according to their
needs and existing resources.

III. PRISON Security, Custody and Control

 Security – It involves safety measures to maintain the orderliness and discipline with in
the jail or prison.
 Prison Discipline – is the state of good order and behavior. It includes maintenance of
good standards of works, sanitation, safety, education, health and recreation. It aims at
self-reliance, self-control, self-respect and self-discipline.
 Preventive Discipline – is the prompt correction of minor deviations committed by
prisoners before they become serious violations.
 Control – It involves supervision of prisoners to ensure punctual and orderly movement
from one place work program or assignment to another.
 Custody – is the guarding or penal safekeeping, it involves security measures to insure
security and control within the prison. The Prison Custodial Division carries it out.

THE TREATMENT PROGRAMS

A. The Institutionalized Treatment Programs

1. Prison Education – the cornerstone of rehabilitation. It is the process or result of formal
training in school or classrooms intended to shape the mind and attitude of prisoners towards
good living upon their release.
2. Work Programs – these are programs conducive to change behavior in morale by training
prisoners for a useful occupation. It is purposely to eliminate idleness on the part of prisoners,
which may contribute to “Prison stupor”, and it affects the incidence of Prison riot.
3. Religious Services in Prison - The purpose of this program is to change the attitudes of
inmates by inculcating religious values or belief.
4. Recreational Programs - The only program that is conducted during free time schedule.
5. Medical and Health Services - Medical and health services includes: Mental and
physical examination -Diagnosis and treatment – Immunization – Sanitary - inspections -
Participation in training
6. Counseling and Casework

B. Community-Based Treatment Programs

Forms of Community-Based Programs

1. PROBATION – It is a disposition whereby a defendant, after conviction of an

offense, the penalty of which does not exceed 6 years of imprisonment, is released subject to
the conditions imposed by the releasing court and under the supervision of a probation officer.
Probation is a substitute for imprisonment, the probationer is compared to an out-patient, a
sick person who does not need to be hospitalized because his illness is considered less serious.
Presidential Decree 968 otherwise known as the “Philippine Probation Law” approved and took
effect on July 24, 1976. Section 18, PD 968 as amended states the creation of Probation
Administration under the DOJ, which shall exercises general supervision over all probationers.

2. PAROLE – Parole is the process of suspending the sentence of a convict after having
served the minimum of his sentence without granting him pardon, and prescribing the
terms upon which the sentence shall be suspended. (Cirilo Tradio).
It is a decision by an authority constituted accordingly by statute to determine the portion of
the sentence, which the inmate can complete outside of the institution. It is the status of
serving the remainder of the sentence of a convict in the community in accordance with the
rules and regulations set-up by the Board of Parole. (Correctional and Parole Administration).

 Parole is not a reward per se for good behavior but rather, it is a follow-up of his
institutional program.
  Parole is not claimed as a right but it is granted by the Board as a privilege to a qualified
prisoner.

The Board of Pardons and Parole (BPP)

A quasi-judicial body which was created under Act no. 4103 otherwise known as the
Indeterminate Sentence Law or the Parole Law, the agency that grants parole to any prisoner
who is qualified to enjoy its benefit.
It employs the service of Parole Officers in providing supervision and guidance to parolees.

Who are disqualified for Parole?

 Those prisoners who are sentenced with capital punishment or life imprisonment,
 Those who are convicted of treason, conspiracy or proposal to commit treason, misprision of
treason, rebellion, sedition or piracy,
 Habitual Offenders,
 Those who escaped from confinement or evaded sentence,
 Those who have been granted with conditional pardon but violated the terms and conditions
thereof, and
 Those prisoners who are serving a minimum term of imprisonment not exceeding one year.

Distinction of Parole from Probation

PAROLE PROBATION
An administrative  It is a judicial
function exercised by function
the executive branch
of government
Granted to a prisoner  Granted to an
only after he has offender
served minimum of immediately after
his sentenced. conviction in prison

It is an extension of  It is a substitute for

institutional treatment program
imprisonment.
It is granted by the  It is granted by the
BPP court
 Parolee is supervised  Probationer is
by a Parole Officer supervised by a
Probation Officer.

3. Pardon – an act of grace extended to prisoners as a matter of right, vested to the Chief
Executive (The President) as a matter of power.
Two Kinds of Pardon
a. Conditional Pardon – a pardon given with requirements attached.
b. Absolute Pardon – a pardon given without any condition attached.

4. CONDITIONAL PARDON - Conditional pardon serves the purpose of releasing, through

executive clemency, a prisoner who is already reformed or rehabilitated but who can not be
paroled because the parole law does not apply to him.

Can the Offended Party grant Pardon?

 Yes, the offended party can grants pardon.
Distinction of the pardon by the Offended Party And Pardon Granted by the President
1. Pardon granted by the Chief Executive extinguishes the criminal liability of the
offender, but not in the pardon granted by the offended party.
2. Pardon granted by the Chief Executive does not include civil liability, which the
offender must pay, while pardon granted by the offended party can waive the civil
liability, which the offender must pay.
3. Pardon granted by the offended party should be given before the prosecution of the
criminal action, whereas pardon by the Chief Executive may be extended to any of the
offenders after conviction.
5. Forms of Executive Clemencies
 Commutation – an act of the president changing/ reducing a heavier sentence to a
lighter one or a longer term into a shorter term. It may alter death sentence to life
sentence or life sentence to a term of years. It does not forgive the offender but merely
to reduce the penalty pronounced by the court.

 Reprieve – a temporary stay of the execution of sentence especially the execution of

the Death Sentence. Generally, reprieve is extended to prisoners sentenced to death.
The date of execution of sentenced is set back several days to enable the Chief to study
the petition of the condemned man for commutation of sentenced or pardon.
Distinction between Amnesty and Pardon

 Pardon – includes any crime and is exercised individually by the President. It is

exercised when the person is already convicted. It looks forward and forgives the
offender from the consequences of an offense of which he has been convicted, that is it
abolishes or forgives the punishment.

 Amnesty – a general pardon extended to a class of persons or community who may be

guilty of political offenses. It may be exercised even before trial or investigation. It looks
backward and puts into oblivion the crime that has been committed. It is proclamated
by the President with the concurrence of congress.

PENAL PROVISIONS ON CORRECTION

I. Philippine Correctional Philosophies and their Legal Basis
A. The Philippine Constitution of 1987
1. The state values the dignity of every human person and guarantees full respect for
human rights. (Sec 11, Art. II)
2. No person shall be detained solely by reason of his political beliefs and aspirations.
(Sec 18 (1), Art. III)
3. No involuntary servitude in any form shall exist except as a punishment for a crime
whereof the party shall have been fully convicted. (Sec. 18 (2), Ibid.)
4. Excessive fines shall not be imposed, nor cruel, degrading or inhuman punishment
inflicted. x x x (Sec. 19 (2).Ibid.)
5. The employment of physical, psychological, or degrading punishment against
any prisoner or the use of substandard or inadequate penal facilities under
subhuman conditions shall be dealt by law. (Sec.19 (2), Ibid.)
B. The Revised Penal Code

 “No felony shall be punishable by any penalty not prescribed by law prior to its
commission”. (Art. 21, RPC)
C. The Philippine Probation Law (P.D. No. 968)

 One of the major goals of the government is to established a more enlightened and
humane correctional system that will promote the reformation of offenders and thereby
reduce the incidence of recidivism.

 The confinement of all offenders in prisons and other institutions with rehabilitation
programs constitutes an onerous drain on the financial resources of the country.

 There is a need to provide a less costly alternative to the imprisonment of the

offenders who are likely to respond to individualized, community-based treatment
programs.
D. Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners (DOJ, Jan 7, 1959)
1. The purpose of committing a prisoner to prison is two-fold:

 To segregate from society a person who by his acts has proven himself a danger to the
free community;

 To strive at the correction or rehabilitation of the prisoner with the hope that upon his
return to society he shall be able to lead a normal well adjusted and self supporting life
as a good and law abiding citizen.
3. There is no man who is all bad and there is something good in all men. (Art. I)

II. Penal Provisions

a. Delay in the Delivery of Detained Persons to the Proper Judicial Authorities.
(Art 125, RPC), A felony committed by a public officer or employee who shall detain any
person for some legal ground and shall fail to deliver such person to the proper judicial
authorities with in the period of:
 12 hours – for crimes or offenses punishable by light penalties,
 18 hours – for crimes or offenses punishable by correctional penalties,
 36 hours – for crimes or offenses punishable by afflictive or capital penalties.

b. The crime of Arbitrary Detention is committed when the detention of a person is without
legal ground.

c. The legal ground of detention are :

a) commission of a crime; and
b) violent insanity or other ailment requiring compulsory requirement.

d. Delaying Release
This is committed by a public officer or employee who delays for the period of time
specified in Art 125, the performance of any judicial or executive order for the release of a
prisoner or unduly delays the services of the notice of such order to said prisoner.

e. Delivery of Prisoners from Jail (Art. 156, RPC)

Elements:

 The offender is a private individual,

 He removes a person confined in jail or a penal institution or helps in the escape of

such person,
  The means employed are violence, intimidation, bribery or any other means.
 The prisoner maybe a detention or sentenced prisoner and the offender is an outsider
to the jail. If the offender is a public officer or a private person who has the custody of
the prisoner and who helps a prisoner under his custody to escape, the felony is
Conniving with or Consenting to Evasion (Art. 223) and Escape of a Prisoner under the
custody of a person not a public officer (Art. 225) respectively.
 This offense like other offenses of similar nature may be committed through
imprudence or negligence.

f. Evasion of Service of Sentence (Art 157-159, RPC)

1. Evasion of Service under Art 157, RPC
Elements:

 Offender is a prisoner serving sentence involving deprivation of liberty by reason of

final judgment.
 He evades the service of his sentence during the term of his imprisonment.
 This felony is qualified when the evasion takes place by breaking doors, windows, gates,
roofs or floors; using picklocks, false keys, disguise, deceit, violence, intimidation or;
connivance with other convicts or employees of the penal institution. (Jail breaking is
synonymous with evasion of sentence).
2. Evasion of Service of Sentence on the Occasion of Disorders due to Conflagrations,
Earthquakes, or Other Calamities (Art. 158, RPC)
Elements:

 Offender is a prisoner serving sentence and is confined in a penal institution.

 He evades his sentence by leaving the institution.
 He escapes on the occasion of a disorder due to conflagration, earthquake, explosion,
or similar catastrophe or mutiny in which he has not participated, and
 He fails to give himself up to the authorities within 48 hours following the issuance of
a proclamation by the Chief Executive regarding the passing away of the calamity.
 A special time allowance for loyalty shall be granted. A deduction of one-fifth of the
period of the sentence of any prisoner who evaded the service of sentence under the
circumstances mentioned above. The purpose of the law in granting a deduction of one-
fifth (1/5) of the period of sentence is to reward the convict’s manifest intent of paying
his debts to society by returning to prison after the passing away of the calamity.
  Whenever lawfully justified, the Director of Prisons (Bureau of Corrections) shall grant
allowance for good conduct and such allowances once granted shall not be revoked.
3. Other cases of Evasion of Service of Sentence (Art. 159, RPC)
The violation of any conditions imposed to a Conditional Pardon is a case of evasion of
service of sentence. The effect of this is, the convict may suffer the unexpired portion of
his original sentence.

III. Good Conduct Time Allowance (GCTA)

Good conduct time allowance is a privilege granted to a prisoner that shall entitle him to a
deduction of his term of imprisonment.
Under Art.97, RPC, as Amended by RA 10575, the good conduct of any prisoner in any penal
institution shall entitle him to the following deduction from the period of his sentence:

1. During the first two years of his imprisonment, he shall be allowed a deduction of 20
days for each month of good behavior.

2. During the third to the fifth years of his imprisonment, he shall be allowed a
deduction of 23 days each month of good behavior.

3. During the following years until the tenth years of his imprisonment, he shall be
allowed a deduction of 25 days each month of good behavior.

4. During the eleventh and the successive years of his imprisonment, he shall be allowed
a deduction of 30 days each month of good behavior.

5. At any time during the period of imprisonment, he shall be allowed another

deduction of fifteen days, in addition to numbers one to four hereof, for each month of
study, teaching or monitoring service time rendered.

“An appeal by the accused shall not deprive him of entitlement to the above
allowances for good conduct.”

Who grants good conduct time allowance?

Whenever lawfully justified, the Director of the Bureau of Corrections,
the Chief of the BJMP and/or Warden of provincial, district, municipal
or city jail shall grant allowances for good conduct. Such allowances
once granted shall not be revoked.

References

Bureau of Corrections (2012). Pre-Colonial and Spanish Regimes

Retrieved from: https://www.bucor.gov.ph/history/history%201.html

Ven, T. (2010). History of the Bureau of Correction

Retrieved from: https://philippineprisons.wordpress.com/2010/08/08/history-of-the-
bureau-of-corrections-philippines/

Paul, M. (2020). The Maragtas Legend

Retrieved from https://kahimyang.com/kauswagan/articles/722/the-maragtas-legend

Joseph, P. (2020). Maragtas Code

Retrieved from: https://malatabon.wordpress.com/2020/01/30/maragtas-code-also-
known-as-the-code-of-sumakwel/

Chan, R. (2020). The Kalantiaw Code

Retrieved from: https://kahimyang.com/kauswagan/articles/6/the-kalantiaw-code

Supreme Court of the Philippines (2020). A Constitutional History of The Supreme Court of The
Philippines
Retrieved from: http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/387/

Jennelyn, S. (2016). Philippine History Early Customs and Practices

 Retrieved from: https://www.slideshare.net/JennelynSabularse/philippine-history-
judicial-process

Lei, D. (2019). Review Notes on Institutional and Non-Institutional Correction

Retrieved from: https://www.studocu.com/ph/document/new-era-university/general-
psychology/lecture-notes/correctional-administration/5268224/view