CLASS 9

CHEMISTRY
CHAPTER ONE

Matter in Our Surroundings

#Easiest Chapter Ever

MATTER IN OUR SURROUNDINGS

Matter : Anything that occupies space and has volume is called mater.
Panch Tatva: Air, water,earth, fire and sky is called panch Tatva.

ACTIVITY TO SHOW THAT MATTER CONSISTS OF PARTICLES.

Aim: ​To show that matter consists of particles.
Procedure:
1. Take a beaker and fill half of it with water.
2. Dissolve some salt or sugar in it.
3. Stir the solution with a spatula.
Observation :
The particles of salt get dissolved in the beaker.
Conclusion​:
Matter is made up of particles.
When we dissolve salt in water, the particles of salt get into the spaces between particles of
water.

ACTIVITY TO SHOW THAT PARTICLES OF MATTER ARE VERY SMALL BEYOND

IMAGINATION
AIM:​ To show that particles of matter are very small even beyond our imagination
PROCEDURE:
1. Take 2 to 3 crystals of pottasium permanganate and dissolve it in 100 ml of water in a
beaker.
2. Keep Taking out 10 ml of the solution and repeatedly dilute it by adding water
continuously.
OBSERVATION:
This experiment shows that just a few crystals of potassium permanganate can colour a large
volume of water (about 1000 L).
CONCLUSION:
There must be millions of tiny particles in just one crystal of potassium permanganate, which
keep on dividing themselves into smaller and smaller particles.

Q. Give 2 examples to show that particles of matter are very small even beyond our
imagination.
● On repeated dilution of pottasium permanganate solution,the colour fades but still
remains visible.
● On repeated dilution of dettol in water, the smell of dettol can still be detected.

Q. Mention the characteristics of particles of matter.

● Particles of matter have spaces between them.
● Particles of matter are continuously moving.
● Particles of matter have force of attraction.

Q. Show that particles of matter are continuously moving.

Activity 1 :
The smell of an unlit incense stick does not reach us but the smell of a lit incense stick reaches
us from far and beyond.

Activity 2:
Blue ink or red ink diffuses faster in a beaker than honey in a beaker because honey is a thick
liquid and diffuses slower than ink which are thinner liquids.

Activity 3:
When a crystal of copper sulphate is diffused in hot water, it takes less time than cold water
because as the temperature increases, the rate of diffusion also increases. Particles begin to
move faster.

Q. Define diffusion.
The intermixing of particles on their own is called diffusion.

Q> When are particles said to possess kinetic energy?

Particles are said to possess kinetic energy when they are moving.

Q. Under what conditions does the kinetic energy increase?

Kinetic energy increases when the :
a) Liquid is more diluted.
b) Rate of temperature increases.

Q. SHow that particles of matter attract each other.

Activity 1: Amongst iron nail, chalk and water :Iron nail has the most force of attraction because
it does not break even when hit with a hammer. Chalk breaks on being hit with a hammer and
water can be more easily cut through than any other thing.

COMPARISON TABLE BETWEEN SOLID LIQUIDS AND GASES

Basis SOLID LIQUID GASES

Shape Fixed shape Fluid shape No fixed shape

Volume Fixed Volume Fluid Volume Fluid volume

Density High density Moderate density Low density

Force of Maximal force of Moderate force of Least force of

Attraction attraction attraction attraction

Inter Particulate No inter particulate Some High inter-particulate

Space space inter-particulate space
space

Compressibility Solids are not Liquids are not Gases are

compressible compressible compressible to the
highest extent

Give reason
a) A rubber band is a solid even though it may break on stretching.
A rubber band changes shape when some force is applied but it regains the shape on
release. Hence, it is a solid.

b) Sugar takes the shape of the container it is put into yet it is a solid.
Sugar takes the shape of the container it is put into yet it is a solid because the individual sugar
crystal has a fixed shape.

c) We are able to compress a sponge even though it is a solid.

We are able to compress a sponge even though it is a solid because a sponge has minute holes
in it and when it is pressed the air is released outwards.

d) Gases are essential for the survival of aquatic animals and plants.
Gases are essential for the survival of aquatic animals and plants because they diffuse into the
water.

e) Rate of diffusion in liquids is more.

Rate of diffusion in liquids is more than solids because particles of liquids move more freely than
solids.

f) Gases travel faster.

Gases travel faster as particles move even more freely than solids and liquids.

ACTIVITY TO SHOW COMPRESSIBILITY IN PISTON

Aim: ​To show that gases are most compressible.
Procedure:
Take three 100 mL syringes and close their nozzles by rubber corks.
• Remove the pistons from all the syringes.
• Leaving one syringe untouched, fill water in the second and pieces of chalk in the third. •
Insert the pistons back into the syringes. You may apply some vaseline on the pistons before
inserting them into the syringes for their smooth movement
. • Now, try to compress the content by pushing the piston in each syringe.

Observation:​ The piston will be easily compressed in the case of a gas but not at all in the case
of a solid.

Conclusion: ​Gases are very compressible.

Q. Name 2 forms of compressed gases.

CNG (Compressed Natural Gas)
LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas)

Q. Show the magnified schematic pictures of the inter particulate force of attraction.
OR
Show how particles are arranged in solid vis a vis liquid vis a vis gas.
Q. Depict latent heat of fusion.

Aim ​To depict latent heat of fusion

Procedure
Take about 150 g of ice in a beaker and suspend a laboratory thermometer so that its bulb is in
contact with the ice
Start heating the beaker on a low flame.
• Note the temperature when the ice starts melting.
• Note the temperature when all the ice has converted into water.
• Record your observations for this conversion of solid to liquid state.

Observation
On increasing the temperature of solids, the kinetic energy of the particles increases. Due to the
increase in kinetic energy, the particles start vibrating with greater speed. The energy supplied
by heat overcomes the forces of attraction between the particles. The particles leave their fixed
positions and start moving more freely. A stage is reached when the solid melts and is
converted to a liquid. The temperature at which a solid melts to become a liquid at the
atmospheric pressure is called its melting point.

The melting point of ice is 273.16 K*. The process of melting, that is, change of solid state into
liquid state is also known as fusion.

During the experiment of melting, that the temperature of the system does not change after the
melting point is reached, till all the ice melts. This happens even though we continue to heat the
beaker, that is, we continue to supply heat. This heat gets used up in changing the state by
overcoming the forces of attraction between the particles. As this heat energy is absorbed by ice
without showing any rise in temperature, it is considered that it gets hidden into the contents of
the beaker and is known as the latent heat. The word latent means hidden.
CONCEPT: The amount of heat energy that is required to change 1 kg of a solid into liquid at
atmospheric pressure at its melting point is known as the latent heat of fusion.

Q. Depict latent heat of vaporisation.

Aim ​To depict latent heat of vaporisation

Procedure:
Now, put a glass rod in the beaker and heat while stirring till the water starts boiling.
• Keep a careful eye on the thermometer reading till most of the water has vaporised.
• Record your observations for the conversion of water in the liquid state to the gaseous state.

Observation:
When we supply heat energy to water, particles start moving even faster. At a certain
temperature, a point is reached when the particles have enough energy to break free from the
forces of attraction of each other. At this temperature the liquid starts changing into gas. The
temperature at which a liquid starts boiling at the atmospheric pressure is known as its boiling
point. Boiling is a bulk phenomenon. Particles from the bulk of the liquid gain enough energy to
change into the vapour state

Conclusion:​ Particles in steam, that is, water vapour at 373 K (1000 C) have more energy than
water at the same temperature. This is because particles in steam have absorbed extra energy
in the form of latent heat of vaporisation.

CONCEPT:​ Latent heat of vaporisation is the heat energy required to change 1 kg of a liquid to
gas at atmospheric pressure at its boiling point.

SUBLIMATION
Conversion of a solid directly into gaseous state without changing into liquid state. Those
substances which undergo the above process are called sublimable substances.
Example: Camphor, Ammonium Chloride

Aim: To show sublimation

Procedure:
Take some camphor or ammonium chloride. Crush it and put it in a china dish.
• Put an inverted funnel over the china dish
. • Put a cotton plug on the stem of the funnel
Observation:
Ammonium Chloride vaporises and as it moves up, it condenses and solidifies on the sides of
the container.

Conclusion​: Ammonium Chloride sublimes.

EFFECT OF CHANGE OF PRESSURE

When pressure is applied the particles of matter are brought closer to each other and there is
conversion of state of matter.
By applying pressure, particles of matter can be brought close together. Applying pressure and
reducing temperature can liquefy gases.

Solid Carbon dioxide is also known as dry ice because​ it is stored under high pressure.
Solid CO2 gets converted directly to gaseous state on decrease of pressure to 1 atmosphere*
without coming into liquid state.

Q. Name the two determinants of state of substance.

● Pressure
 ● Temperature

Q.Show schematic inter conversion of state of matter.

Difference between boiling and evaporation

BOILING EVAPORATION

A process in which a substance changes its state from the liqu A process in which a substance changes its

state to the gaseous state state from the liquid state to the gaseous stat

without boiling

Fast Slow

Bubbles are formed No bubbles formed

Occurs throughout the liquid Takes place only from the exposed surface o

the liquid

Occurs at a definite temperature – Boiling point Occurs at all temperatures

 Source of energy needed Energy supplied by surroundings

Factors affecting evaporation

The factors which affect evaporation are:
● Surface area
evaporation is a surface phenomenon. If the surface area is increased, the rate of
evaporation increases. For example, while putting clothes for drying up we spread them
out.

● Temperature
With the increase of temperature, more number of particles get enough kinetic
energy to go into the vapour state.

● Humidity
Humidity is the amount of water vapour present in air. The air
around us cannot hold more than a definite amount of water
vapour at a given temperature. If the amount of water in air is
already high, the rate of evaporation decreases.

● Wind Speed
clothes dry faster on a windy day. With the increase in
wind speed, the particles of water vapour move away with
the wind, decreasing the amount of water vapour in the
surrounding.

How does evaporation cause cooling?

In an open vessel, the liquid keeps on evaporating. The particles of liquid absorb
energy from the surrounding to regain the energy lost during evaporation. This
absorption of energy from the surroundings make the surroundings cold.

What happens when you pour some acetone (nail polish remover) on your palm?
The particles gain energy from your palm or surroundings and evaporate causing the palm to
feel cool.

Why do people sprinkle water on the roof after a hot sunny day?
After a hot sunny day, people sprinkle water on the roof or open ground because the large latent
heat of vaporisation of water helps to cool the hot surface.
Why should we wear cotton clothes in summer?
During summer, we perspire more because of the mechanism of our body which keeps us cool.
We know that during evaporation, the particles at the surface of the liquid gain energy from the
surroundings or body surface and change into vapour. The heat energy equal to the latent heat
of vaporisation is absorbed from the body leaving the body cool. Cotton, being a good absorber
of water helps in absorbing the sweat and exposing it to the atmosphere for easy evaporation.

Why do we see water droplets on the outer surface of a glass containing ice-cold water?
take some ice-cold water in a tumbler. Soon we will see water droplets on the outer surface of
the tumbler. The water vapour present in air, on coming in contact with the cold glass of water,
loses energy and gets converted to liquid state, which we see as water droplets.

What are the five recently developed states of matter?

scientists are talking of five states of matter: Solid, Liquid, Gas, Plasma and BoseEinstein
Condensate.

What is plasma in context of matter?

The state consists of super energetic and super excited particles. These particles are in the
form of ionised gases. The fluorescent tube and neon sign bulbs consist of plasma

____________________________________________________________________________
NCERT SOLUTIONS: Intext and Back
Intext
Question 1. Which of the following are matter? 

Chair, air, love, smell, hate, almonds, thought, cold, cold-drink, smell of perfume.  

Answer:​ Chair, air, almonds, and cold-drink. 

Question 2. Give reasons for the following observation: 

The smell of hot sizzling food reaches you several meters away, but to get the smell 
from cold food you have to go close. 

Answer:​ The smell of hot sizzling food reaches severed meters away, as the particles of 
hot food have more kinetic energy and hence the rate of diffusion is more than the 
particles of cold food. 

Question 3. A diver is able to cut through water in a swimming pool. Which property of 
matter does this observation show? 

Answer:​ A diver is able to cut through water in a swimming pool. This shows that the 
particles of water have intermolecular space and has less force of attraction. 

Question 4. What are the characteristics of the particles of matter? 

Answer.​ The characteristics of the particles of matter are: 

(1) Particles have intermolecular space. 

(2) Particles have intermolecular force. 

(3) Particles of matter are moving continuously. 

Class 9 Science NCERT Textbook – Page 6 

Question 1. The mass per unit volume of a substance is called density. 

(density = mass/volume). 

Arrange the following in order of increasing density: air, exhaust from chimneys, 
honey, water, chalk, cotton and iron. 

Answer:​ Increasing density: 

air < exhaust from chimneys < cotton < water < honey < chalk < iron. 

Question 2. (a) Tabulate the differences in the characteristics of states of matter. 

(b) Comment upon the following: rigidity, compressibility, fluidity, filling a gas 
container, shape, kinetic energy and density. 

Answer:​ (a) Difference in the characteristics of 3 states of matter. 

(b) Comment on: 

(i) Rigidity:​ The tendency of a substance to retain/maintain their shape when subjected 
to outside force. 
(ii) Compressibility:​ The matter has intermolecular space. The external force applied on 
the matter can bring these particles closer. This property is called compressibility. 
Gases and liquids are compressible. 

(iii) Fluidity:​ The tendency of particles to flow is called fluidity. Liquids and gases flow. 

(iv) Filling of a gas container:​ Gases have particles which vibrate randomly in all the 
directions. The gas can fill the container. 

(v) Shape:​ Solids have maximum intermolecular force and definite shape. 

Whereas liquids and gases takes the shape of container. 

(vi) Kinetic energy:​ The energy possessed by particles due to their motion is called 
kinetic energy. Molecules of gases vibrate randomly as they have maximum kinetic 
energy. 

(vii) Density:​ It is defined as mass per unit volume, the solids have highest density. 

Question 3. Give reasons 

(a) A gas fills completely the vessel in which it is kept. 

(b) A gas exerts pressure on the walls of the container. 

(c) A wooden table should be called a solid. 

(d) We can easily move our hand in air but to do the same through a solid block of 
wood we need a karate expert. 

Answer: ​(a) The molecules of gas have high kinetic energy due to which they keep 
moving in all directions and hence fill the vessel completely in which they are kept. 

(b) A gas exerts pressure on the walls of the container because the molecules of the 
gas are in constant random motion due to high kinetic energy. These molecules 
constantly vibrate, move and hit the walls of the container thereby exerting pressure on 
it. 

(c) The molecules/particles of wooden table are tightly packed with each 

other, there is no intermolecular space, it cannot be compressed, it cannot flow, all 

these characteristics are of solid. So wooden table should be called a solid. ‘ 

(d) We can easily move our hand in air but to do the same through a solid block of wood 
we need a karate expert. It is because the molecules of air has less force of attraction 
between them and a very small external force can separate them and pass through it. 
But in case of solids, the molecules have maximum force of attraction, the particles are 
tightly bound due to this force. Hence large amount of external force is required to pass 
through solid. 

Question 4. Liquids generally have lower density as compared to solids. But you must 
have observed that ice floats on water. Find out why. 

Answer:​ Ice is a solid but its density is lower than water due to its structure. The 
molecules in ice make a cage like structure with lot of vacant spaces, this makes ice 
float on water. 

Class 9 Science NCERT Textbook – Page 9 

Question 1. Convert the following temperature to Celsius scale: 

(a) 300 K (b) 573 K 

Answer.​ (a) 300 – 273 = 27°C (b) 573 – 273 = 300°C 

Question.2. What is the physical state of water at: 

(a) 250°C (b) 100°C 

Answer:​ (a) 250°C = gas (b) 100°C liquid as well as gas 

Question 3. For any substance, why does the temperature remain constant during the 
change of state? 

Answer:​ During the change of state of any matter heat is supplied to the substance. The 
molecules of this matter use heat to overcome the force of attraction between the 
particles, at this period of time, temperature remains constant. This extra heat is 
acquired by the molecules in the form of hidden heat called latent heat to change from 
one state of matter to the other state. 

Question 4. Suggest a method to liquefy atmospheric gases? 

Answer:​ The atmospheric gases are taken in a cylinder with piston fitted on it. By 
cooling and applying pressure on them, the gases can be liquefied. 

NCERT Textbook Questions – Page 10 

Question 1. Why does a desert cooler cool better on a hot dry day? 
 Answer:​ The outer walls of the cooler get sprinkled by water constantly. This water 
evaporates due to hot dry weather. Evaporation causes cooling of inside air of cooler. 
This cool air is sent in the room by the fan. 

Question 2. How does the water kept in an earthen pot (matka) become cool during 
summer? 

Answer:​ The earthen pot is porous with lot of pores on it, the water oozes out through 
these pores and the water gets evaporated at the surface of the pot thereby causing 
cooling effect. This makes the pot cold and the water inside the pot cools by this 
process. 

Question 3. Why does our palm feel cold when we put some acetone or petrol or 
perfume on it? 

Answer: ​Acetone, petrol or perfume evaporate when they come into contact with air. 
The evaporation causes cooling sensation in our hands. 

Question 4. Why are we able to sip hot tea or milk faster from a saucer rather than a 
cup? 

Answer:​ Tea in a saucer has larger surface area than in a cup. The rate of evaporation is 
faster with increased surface area. The cooling of tea in saucer takes place sooner than 
in a cup. Hence we are able to sip hot tea or milk faster from a saucer rather than a cup. 

Question 5. What type of clothes should we wear in summer? 

Answe:​ We should wear light coloured cotton clothes in summer. Light colour because 
it reflects heat. Cotton clothes because it has pores in it, which absorbs sweat and 
allows the sweat to evaporate faster thereby giving cooling effect.

Back
Q1.​ Convert the following temperatures to the Celsius scale.
(a) 293 K
(b) 470 K.
Ans.​ (a) 293 K into °C
293 273 = 20°C
(b) 470 K into °C
 470 273 = 197°C
Q2.​ Convert the following temperatures to the Kelvin scale.
(a) 25°C
(b) 373°C.
Ans.​ (a) 25°C into K
25 + 273 = 298 K
(b) 373°C into K
373 + 273 = 646 K
Q3.​ Give reason for the following observations.
(a) Naphthalene balls disappear with time without leaving any solid.
(b) We can get the smell of perfume sitting several metres away.
Ans.​ (a) Naphthalene balls disappear with time without leaving any solid, because naphthalene balls
sublime and directly changes into vapour state without leaving any solid.
(c) We can get the smell of perfume sitting several metres away because perfume contain
volatile solvent and diffuse faster and can reach people sitting several metres away.
Q4.​ Arrange the following substances in increasing order of forces of attraction between the particles
water, sugar, oxygen.
Ans.​ Oxygen water sugar.
Q5.​ What is the physical state of water at
(a) 25°C
(b) 0°C
(c) 100°C
Ans.​ (a) 25°C is liquid
(b) 0°C is solid or liquid
(d) 100°C is liquid and gas
Q6.​ Give two reasons to justify
(a) water at room temperature is a liquid.
(b) an iron almirah is a solid at room temperature.
Ans.​ (a) Water at room temperature is a liquid because its freezing point is 0 °C and boiling point is
100 °C.
(c) An iron almirah is a solid at room temperature because melting point of iron is higher than
room temperature.
Q7.​ Why is ice at 273 K more effective in cooling than water at the same temperature?
Ans.​ Ice at 273 K will absorb heat energy or latent heat from the medium to overcome the fusion to
become water. Hence the cooling effect of ice is more than the water at same temperature because water
does not absorb this extra heat from the medium.
Q8.​ What produces more severe burns, boiling water or steam?
Ans.​ Steam at 100 °C will produce more severe burns as extra heat is hidden in it called latent heat
whereas the boiling water does not have this hidden heat.
Q9.​ Name A, B, C, D, E and F in the following diagram showing change in its state
Ans.​ A → Liquefication/melting/fusion
B → Vapourisation/evaporation
C → Condensation
D → Solidification
E → Sublimation
F → Sublimation
 Assignment
1. Define matter.
2. What do you mean by the term panch tatva?
3. What are the various characteristics of particles of matter?
4. Why is sugar dissolvable in a glass of lemon juice but not in a lemon?
5. Give an activity to show that matter is made up of particles?
6. Matter is made up of very small particles. Suggest an activity for the same.
7. Particles of matter are continuously moving. Give some applications of the given
characteristic.
8. Why can we smell the fragrance of a lit incense stick?
9. Does temperature have anything to do with kinetic energy?
10. We can smell the hot and sizzling food but cold food has no effect. Why?
11. Particles of matter expend forces of attraction. Give an example.
12. Why do we see water droplets collected on the outer surface of a glass container, containing
ice?
13. Explain why solids have fixed shape but liquids and gases do not have fixed shape.
14. . Why is it advisable to use pressure cooker at higher altitudes?
15. . What are fluids?
16. . Why is water liquid at room temperature?
17. Cotton is solid but it floats on water. Why?
18. Why are solids generally denser than liquids and gases?
19. Name the factors that affect evaporation.
20. How is the high compressibility property of gas useful to us?
21. With the help of an example, explain how diffusion of gases in water is essential?
22. On a hot sunny day, why do people sprinkle water on the roof or open ground?
23. Why do people perspire a lot on a hot humid day?
24. A balloon when kept in sun, bursts after some time. Why?
25. Pressure and temperature determine the state of a substance. Explain this in detail.
26. Explain giving examples the various factors on which rate of evaporation depends.
27. Camphor disappears without leaving any residue. Explain?
28. Why do we feel cool when we touch a piece of ice?
29. . What is Latent Heat of Fusion?
30. Define latent heat of Vaporization?
31. How can you show that evaporation causes cooling?
32. . How can you justify that table is a solid?
33. Arrange the following in decreasing order of force of attraction: Water, Salt, Oxygen, and
give reasons.
34. What are the characteristics of matter?
35. The smell of hot sizzling food reaches you several meters away, but to smell the cold food you
have to go close. Why?
36. After rains, the rain drops dry away easily- on a sunny day or on a cloudy day? Give reasons.
37. How can matter change its state?
 MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1. CO2 can be easily liquified and even solidified because
(a) It has weak forces of attraction
(b) It has comparatively more force of attraction than other gases
(c) It has more intermolecular space
(d) It is present in atmosphere.
2. Which of the following has highest kinetic energy?
(a) Particles of ice at 0 °C
(b) Particles of water at 0 °C
(c) Particles of water at 100 °C
(d) Particles of steam at 100 °C
3. Bose-Einstein Condensate have
(a) Very low kinetic energy
(b) Low kinetic energy
(c) High kinetic energy
(d) Highest kinetic energy.
4. Which of the following is most suitable for summer?
(a) Cotton
(b) Nylon
(c) Polyester
(d) Silk.
5. Which of the following is incorrect about plasma?
(a) Fluorescent tube and neon sign bulbs consist of plasma.
(b) The gas gets ionised when electrical energy flows through it.
(c) It consists of super-energetic and super-excited particles.
(d) The plasma glows with colour which does not depend upon nature of gas.
6. The colour of vapours formed on sublimation of iodine solid is
(a) Purple (violet)
(b) Colourless
(c) Yellow
(d) Orange
7. Under which of the following conditions we can boil water at room temperature?
(a) At low pressure
(b) At high pressure
(c) At very high pressure
(d) At atmospheric pressure
8. Which of the following is not endothermic process?
(a) Fusion
(b) Vapourisation
(c) Temperature
(d) Insoluble heavy impurities
9. Which of the following does not affect rate of evaporation?
(a) Wind speed
(b) Surface area
(c) Temperature
(d) Insoluble heavy impurities
10. Kinetic energy of molecules is directly proportional to
 (a) Temperature
(b) Pressure
(c) Both (a) and (b)
(d) Atmospheric pressure
Answers:
1. (b) 2. (d) 3. (a) 4. (a)

5. (d) 6. (a) 7. (a) 8. (c)

9. (d) 10. (a)