EVERWIN VIDHYASHRAM HIGHER

SECONADRY SCHOOL

CHEMISTRY INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

“A STUDY ON RATE OF
EVAPORATION OF DIFFERENT
LIQUIDS”

H.KEERTHI LAKSHMI
XII WONDERFUL
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that H.KEERTHI LAKSHMI of XII

WONDERFUL has successfully completed the
chemistry investigatory project titled “A STUDY
ON RATE OF EVAORATION OF DIFFERENT
LIQUIDS” under the guidance

RAJARAJESWARI.M and submitted for the

practical examination conducted by the
CBSE board during the year 2022-2023

NTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I gratefully acknowledge my sincere
thanks to our chemistry teacher
MRS.RAJARAJESWARI.M and our
principal MRS.VIDHYA MARI for giving
me an opportunity and to complete
the project successfully.

H.KEERTHI LAKSHMI
XII WONDERFUL
 INDEX
1) Aim
2) Objective
3) Experiment
4) Procedure
5) Comparing the rates of evaporation of
water, acetone, and diethyl ether.
6) The effect of surface area on the rate
of evaporation of diethyl ether
7) Study of effect of air current on the rate
of evaporation
8) Effect of temperature on rate of
evaporation of acetone
9) Bibiliography
10) Conclusion
.
 EXPERIMENT 1
AIM:
To compare the rates of evaporation of water, acetone and diethyl ether

MATERIALS REQUIRED:
China dish, pipette, beaker, weighing balance measuring flask,

acetone, distilled water, diethyl ether, watch.

PROCEDURE:
1. Take three china dishes.

2. Pipette out 10 ml of each sample.

3. Dish A-Acetone Dish B-Water Dish C-Diethyl ether

4. Record the weights before beginning the experiment.

5. Leave the three dishes undisturbed for ½ an hr and wait patiently.

OBSERVATION:
Water Acetone Diethyl Ether (in gm)

Weight of dish 50 50 50

Weight of (dish + substance) before evaporation 60 57.85 57

Weight of (dish + substance) after evaporation 59.8 55.55 54.33

Weight of substance evaporated 0.2 2.30 2.67

Inference and conclusion: -

The rate of evaporation of the given three liquids is in order :- Diethyl
Ether>Acetone>Water

Reason:
Water has extensive hydrogen bonding in between oxygen atom of one
molecule and hydrogen atom of another molecule. But this is absent in the
case of acetone
 EXPERIMENT 2

AIM:
To study the effect of surface area on the rate of evaporation of Diethyl ether

MATERIALS REQUIRED:
Three Petridishes of diameter 2.5 cm,5 cm, and 10 cm with covers ,10
ml pipette and stopwatch.

PROCEDURE:
1. Clean and dry the petridishes and mark them as A,B,C.

2. Pipette out 10 ml of Diethyl ether in each of the petridishes a,band C cover

them immediately.

3. Uncover all the three petridishes simultaneously and start the stopwatch

4. Note the time when diethyl ether evaporates completely from each
petridish.

OBSERVATION:
Petridish Mark Diameter of petridish Time taken for
evaporation

A 2.5 cm 11min 45sec

B 5.0 cm 8min 45sec

C 7.5 cm 6min 30sec

RESULT:

It will be observed that maximum evaporation occurs in petridish with largest

diameter followed by smaller and the smallest petridish. It is therefore ,
concluded that rate of evaporation increases with increase in surface area.

HOW DOES AREA AFFECT THE RATE OF EVAPORATION:

Because molecules or atoms evaporate from a liquid’S surface, a larger surface area allows

more molecules or atoms to leave the liquid, and evaporation occurs more quickly. For

example, the same amount of water will evaporate faster if spilled on a table than if it is left

in a cup. Higher temperatures also increase the rate of evaporation. At higher temperatures,

molecules or atoms have a higher average speed, and more particles are able to break free

of the liquid’S surface. For example, a wet street will dry faster in the hot sun than in the

shade.
 EXPERIMENT 3

AIM
To study the effect of air current on the rate of evaporation of acetone.
Requirement: Two Petri dishes acetone.

PROCEDURE
1. Clean and dry the Petri dishes and mark them as A and B.
2. Keep one dish where no air current and other under a fast air current
3. Note the reading

OBSERVATION

Initial volume 10ml of acetone

Petri dishes conditions time volume evaporated
A with fan 40 10
B without fan 50 10

RESULT
The order of evaporation of acetone in two petri dishes as

given with fan > without fan .

 EXPERIMENT 4
AIM:
To study the effect of temperature on the rate of evaporation of acetone.

REQUIREMENT:

Two Petri dishes of 5 cm. diameter each stop watch, 10 ml. pipette,
thermometer and thermostat.

PROCEDURE:

1. Wash and Clean, dry the Petri dishes and mark them as A, B.

2. Pipette out of 10 ml. of acetone to each of Petri dishes A and B and cover
them.

3. Put one Petri dish at room temperature and to the other heat for same time.

4. Note the reading.

OBSERVATION:
Time: 10 min. = 600 Sec
Petri dishes time temperature volume taken evaporated volume

A 10 10 30 10
B 20 40 10 10

RESULT:

The order of evaporation of acetone in two petri dishes as given room

temperature
 INTRODUCTION
When liquid is placed in an open vessel. It slowly escapes into gaseous phase
eventually leaving the vessel empty. This phenomenon is known as vaporization
or evaporation. Evaporation of liquids can be explained in the terms of kinetic
molecular model although there are strong molecular attractive forces which
hold molecules together. The molecules having sufficient kinetic energy can
escape into gaseous phase. If such molecules happen to come near the
surface in a sample of liquid all the molecules do not have same kinetic
energy. There is a small fraction of molecules which have enough kinetic
energy to overcome the attractive forces and escapes into gaseous phase.
Evaporation causes cooling. This is due to the reason that the molecules which
undergo evaporation have high kinetic energy therefore the kinetic energy of
the molecules which are left behind is less. Since the remaining molecules
which are left have lower average kinetic energy. Therefore temperature is
kept constant the remaining liquid will have same distribution of the molecular
kinetic energy and high molecular energy will kept one escaping from liquid
into gaseous phase of the liquid is taken in an open vessel evaporation will

of the water cycle. Solar energy drives evaporation of water from oceans,
lakes, moisture in the soil, and other sources of water. In hydrology, evaporation
and transpiration (which involves evaporation within plant stomata) are
collectively termed evapotranspiration. Evaporation is caused when water is
exposed to air and the liquid molecules turn into water vapor which rises up
and forms clouds.
FACTORS INFLUENCING RATE OF EVAPORATION:

1.Concentration of the substance evaporating in the air.

If the air already has a high concentration of the substance

evaporating, then the given substance will evaporate more slowly.

2.Concentration of other substances in the air.

If the air is already saturated with other substances, it can have a lower
capacity forth substance evaporating.

3. Temperature of the substance.

If the substance is hotter, then evaporation will be faster.

4. Flow rate of air.

This is in part related to the concentration points above. If fresh air is moving
over the substance all the time, then the concentration of the substance in the
air is less likely to go up with time, thus encouraging faster evaporation. In
addition, molecules in motion have more energy than those at rest, and so the
stronger the flow of air, the greater the evaporating power of the air molecules.

5. Inter-molecular forces.
The stronger the forces keeping the molecules together in the liquid or solid
state the more energy that must be input in order to evaporate them.

6. Surface area and temperature.

The rate of evaporation of liquids varies directly with temperature. With the
increase in the temperature, fraction of molecules having sufficient kinetic
energy to escape out from the surface also increases. Thus with the increase in
temperature rate of evaporation also increases. Escape to surface of the liquids
constitute the evaporation. Therefore larger surface area contributes
accelerating evaporation .

7. Nature of Liquids:

The magnitude of inter-molecular forces of attraction in liquid determines the

speed of evaporation. Weaker the inter-molecular forces of attraction larger
are the extent of evaporation. In diethyl ether rate of evaporation is greater
than that of ethyl alcohol.

8. Composition of Environment:

The rate of evaporation of liquids depends upon the flow of air currents above
the surface of the liquid. Air current flowing over the surface of the liquid took
away the molecules of the substance in vapour state thereby preventing
condensation.

9. Density:

The higher the density, the slower a liquid evaporates. In the US, the National
Weather Service measures the actual rate of evaporation from a standardized
"pan" open water surface outdoors, at various locations nationwide. Others do
likewise around the world. The US data is collected and compiled into an
annual evaporation map. The measurements range from under 30 to over
the120 inches (3,000 mm) per year.

10. Pressure:

In an area of less pressure, evaporation happens faster because there is less

exertion on the surface keeping the molecules from launching themselves

INTERMOLECULAR FORCES:

Most liquids are made up of molecules, and the levels of mutual attraction
among different molecules help explain why some liquids evaporate faster
than others. Attractions between molecules arise because molecules typically
have regions that carry a slight negative charge, and other regions that carry a
slight positive charge. These regions of electric charge are created because
some atoms in the molecule are often more electronegative (electron-
attracting) than others. The oxygen atom in a water (H2O) molecule is more
electronegative than the hydrogen atoms, for example, enabling the oxygen
atom to pull electrons away from both hydrogen atoms. As a result, the oxygen
atom in the water molecule carries a partial negative charge, while the
hydrogen atoms carry a partial positive charge. Water molecules share a
mutual attraction—positively charged hydrogen atoms in one water molecule
attract negatively charged oxygen atoms in nearby water molecules.
Intermolecular attractions affect the rate of evaporation of a liquid because
strong intermolecular attractions hold the molecules in a liquid together more
tightly. As a result, liquids with strong intermolecular attractions evaporate more
slowly than liquids with weak intermolecular attractions. For example, because
water molecules have stronger mutual attractions than gasoline molecules (the
electric charges are more evenly distributed in gasoline molecules), gasoline
evaporates more quickly than water.

INTERMOLECULAR VS INTRAMOLECULAR :
Intermolecular and intramolecular forces are the twotypes of
forces that hold individual molecules and atoms together.
These forces control the movement of molecules and atoms.
Both types of forces determine the chemical and physical
characteristics of substances. The main difference between
intermolecular and intramolecular forces is that
intermolecular forces exist between the molecules
themselves, whereas intramolecular forces exist between
atoms within a molecule. In addition, there are many more
differences between these forces.
ACETONE:

Acetone is a colorless liquid used in the production of plastics and other

industrial products. Acetone formula (or Propanone) is given here both in
organic form and in structural form, Acetone is the smallest and the simplest
Ketone which is a flammable, colorless, and volatile liquid.

Acetone Formula

The chemical formula of Acetone is C3H6O which is also known as propanone.

Acetone is found in the exhaust from vehicles, plants, trees, and forest fires. It is
also found in the urine and blood of the human body. Acetone is miscible in
water, ether, ethanol and has a pungent, floral, or irritating smell. It is highly
used as an antiseptic and solvent. Alchemists were the first to produce acetone
and It is produced with the dry distillation of metal acetates. It is produced by
propylene either by the direct or indirect method or we can say almost 83% of
acetone is produced during the cumene process.

Structure of Acetone

he chemical formula of Acetone consists of three carbon atoms, six hydrogen

atoms, and one oxygen atom. It is considered as a ketone since there is a
carbonyl group present in it. It is mainly used in medicine and in cosmetics.
Acetone is mainly present in blood and urine. It is also an active ingredient in
nail polish removers.

Acetone Chemical Formula = C3H6O

DIETHYLETHER

Diethyl ether, also known as ether and ethoxyethane, is a clear, colorless, and
highly flammable liquid with a low boiling point and a characteristic smell. It is
the most common member of a class of chemical compounds known
generically as ethers. It is an isomer of butanol. Diethyl ether has the formula
CH3-CH2-O-CH2-CH3. It is used as a common solvent and was used in the past
as a general anesthetic. It is sparingly soluble in water (6.9 g/100 mL). Given its
high flammability and volatility, it should be kept away from open flames and
electrically heated devices.

Ether was sometimes used in place of chloroform because it had a higher

therapeutic index, a larger difference between the recommended dosage
and a toxic overdose. Ether is still the preferred anesthetic in some developing
nations due to its low price and high therapeutic index.

Applications

Diethyl ether is a common laboratory solvent. It has limited solubility in water,

thus it is commonly used for liquid-liquid extraction. Being less dense than water,
the ether layer is usually on top. Diethyl ether is a common solvent for the
Grignard reaction, and for many other reactions involving organometallic
reagents. It is particularly important as a solvent in the production of cellulose
plastics such as cellulose acetate.[1] Diethyl ether has a high cetane number of
85-96 and is used as a starting fluid for diesel and gasoline engines because of
its high volatility and low autoignition temperature.
BIBLIOGRAHY:

1. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/
2. www.seminarsonly.com
3. www.geeksforgeeks.org
4. www.icbse.com
5. www.slideshare.net/
6.