Tutorial 2

RF & Microwave Theory (EC31005)

Q1. Two identical 90o couplers with C = 6 dB are connected as shown below. Find the resulting phase and
amplitudes at ports 2′ and 3′ relative to port 1.
Solution: C = 6 dB = - 20 log β => β = 0.501
α²+ β² = 1 => α = 0.865

If 𝑉1+ = 1∠0,
0 𝛼 𝑗𝛽 0
𝛼 0 0 𝑗𝛽
[S] =
𝑗𝛽 0 0 𝛼
0 𝑗𝛽 𝛼 0

𝑉3− = 𝑗𝛽 𝑉1+ = 0.501∠90

𝑉2− = 0.865∠0
The output from the second coupler:

𝑉3′− = 𝑗𝛽 𝑉1′+ + 𝛼𝑉4′+ = 𝑗𝛽 𝑉2− + 𝛼𝑉3− = 0.501 ∗ 0.865∠90 + 0.865 ∗ 0.501∠90 = 0.867∠90
𝑉2′− = 𝛼𝑉1′+ + 𝑗𝛽𝑉4′+ = 𝛼 𝑉2− + 𝑗𝛽𝑉3− = 0.865 ∗ 0.865 − 0.501 ∗ 0.501 = 0.497∠0
Q2. A directional coupler has the scattering matrix given below. Find the return loss, coupling factor, directivity,
and insertion loss. Assume that the ports are terminated in matched loads.
Solution:

Return loss, I = −20 log |S11| dB = -20 log 0.1 = 20 dB

𝑃
Coupling , C = 10 log 𝑃1 = −20 log β dB =- 20 log 0.178 = 14.99 dB
3

𝑃 𝛽 0.178
Directivity , D = 10 log 𝑃3 = 20 log |𝑆 |dB = 20 log0.0056 = 30.04 dB
4 14

𝑃
Insertion loss , L = 10 log 𝑃1 = −20 log |S12| dB = -20 log 0.944 = 5 dB
2
Q3. Design a lossless T-junction divider with a 30 Ω source impedance to give a 2:1 power split. Design
quarter-wave matching transformers to convert the impedances of the output lines to 30 Ω. Determine
the magnitude of the scattering parameters for this circuit, using a 30 Ω characteristic impedance
Solution:
1 𝑉02
𝑃1 =
2 𝑍0

2 1 𝑉02
𝑃2 = 𝑃1 = => 𝑍2 = 45 𝛺
3 2 𝑍2
1 1 𝑉02
𝑃2 = 𝑃1 = => 𝑍3 = 90 𝛺
3 2 𝑍3

Characteristic impedance of quarter wave length section:

𝑍𝑡2 = 30 ∗ 45 = 36.74 𝛺
𝑍𝑡3 = 30 ∗ 90 = 51.96 𝛺

30 − 30
𝑆11 = =0
30 + 30
 30||90 − 30
𝑆22 = = −0.33
30||90 + 30

30||45 − 30
𝑆33 = = −0.67
30||45 + 30

𝑃2 −𝑗𝜃
𝑆12 = 𝑆21 = 𝑒 = 0.816∠ − 90
𝑃1

𝑃3 −𝑗𝜃
𝑆13 = 𝑆31 = 𝑒 = 0.577∠ − 90
𝑃1

Since lossless,
|𝑆21 |2 + |𝑆22 |2 + |𝑆23 |2 = 1

𝑆23 = 𝑆32 = 1 − 0.332 − 0.672 𝑒 −𝑗2𝜃 = 0.474∠ − 180

Q4. Consider the T and π resistive attenuator circuits shown below. If the input and output are matched to Z0
= 50 Ω, and the ratio of output voltage to input voltage is α, compute R1 and R2 for a 10 dB attenuator.

(a) T Network:

(b) π Network:
Solution: For T network,

𝑅 𝑅1 2 1 𝑅
A=1+𝑅1 B=2 𝑅1 + C= 𝑅 D=1+𝑅1
2 𝑅2 2 2

𝐴+𝐵ൗ𝑍0 −𝐶𝑍0 −𝐷 𝑅 2𝑅1 𝑅1 2 𝑍 𝑅

𝑆11 =𝐴+𝐵 = 1+𝑅1 + + - 𝑅0 -1-𝑅1
ൗ𝑍0 +𝐶𝑍0 +𝐷 2 𝑍0 𝑍0 𝑅2 2 2

𝑆11 =0, So, 𝑅1 2 + 2 𝑅1 𝑅2 - 𝑍0 2 = 0

𝑍0 2 −𝑅1 2
𝑅2 = 2𝑅
1

2
𝑆12 = =α
𝐴+𝐵ൗ𝑍0 +𝐶𝑍0 +𝐷

2𝑅 2𝑅1 𝑅1 2 𝑍 2
2+ 𝑅 1 + + + 𝑅0 = α
2 𝑍0 𝑍0 𝑅2 2

2
2𝑍0 𝑅2 + 2𝑍0 𝑅1 + 2𝑅1 𝑅2 + R12 +𝑍0 2 = 𝑍 𝑅
α 0 2

𝑅2
𝑅2 + 𝑅1 + 𝑍0 = α
1
(α -1)(𝑍0 − 𝑅1 ) = 2𝑅1

1 1
𝑍0 (α-1) = 𝑅1` (α +1)

1−α 2α
𝑅1 = 𝑍0 1+α , 𝑅2 = 𝑍0 1−α2

1−𝛼
𝑅1 = 𝑍0 1+𝛼 = 25.98 𝛺 (𝛼 = 0.316)

2𝛼
𝑅2 = 𝑍0 1−𝛼2 = 35.1 𝛺
For pi network,

𝑅 2 𝑅 𝑅
A=1+𝑅2 B= 𝑅2 C= 𝑅 + 𝑅 22 D=1+𝑅2
1 1 1 1

𝐴+𝐵ൗ𝑍0 −𝐶𝑍0 −𝐷
𝑆11 =𝐴+𝐵
ൗ𝑍0 +𝐶𝑍0 +𝐷

𝑆11 =0,

𝑅2 2𝑍0 𝑅2 𝑍0
- - =0
𝑍0 𝑅1 𝑅1 2

𝑅2 𝑅1 2 - 2𝑍0 2 𝑅1- 𝑍0 2 𝑅2 = 0

2𝑍0 2 𝑅1
𝑅2 =𝑅 2−𝑍 2
1 0

2
𝑆12 = 𝐴+𝐵 =α
ൗ𝑍0 +𝐶𝑍0 +𝐷

2𝑅 𝑅2 2𝑍0 𝑍0 𝑅2 2
2+ 𝑅 2 + + + =α
1 𝑍0 𝑅2 𝑅1 2

𝑅2 𝑅2 1
1+ + =
𝑅1 𝑍0 α
 1
𝑍0 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 (𝑍0 + 𝑅1 ) = 𝑍 𝑅
α 0 1

1
2𝑍0 2 𝑅1 = 𝑅1 𝑍0 (α-1)(𝑅1 −𝑍0 )

2𝑍0 α
1−α
= 𝑅1 −𝑍0

2α 1+α
𝑅1 = 𝑍0 (1 + 1−α) = 𝑍0 1−α

1−α2
𝑅2 = 𝑍0
2α

1+𝛼
𝑅1 = 𝑍0 1−𝛼 = 96.19 𝛺
1−𝛼2
𝑅2 = 𝑍0 2𝛼 = 71.21 𝛺
Q5. For the symmetric couplers shown below, calculate the output voltages at port 2 and 3, assuming that
the outputs are matched.

(a) Branch line coupler: port 1 is fed with an incident wave of 1∠0 V

(b) Rat race coupler: port 1 and 4 are fed with an incident wave of 1∠0 V
Solution:
(a) Branch line coupler: port 1 is fed with an incident wave of 1∠0 V

0 𝑗 1 0
−1 𝑗 0 0 1
[S] = 2 1 0 0 𝑗
0 1 𝑗 0

𝑉2− = 0.707∠ − 90
𝑉3− = 0.707∠ − 180
(b) Rat race coupler: port 1 and 4 are fed with an incident wave of 1∠0 V

0 1 1 0
−𝑗 1 0 0 −1
[S] = 2 1 0 0 1
0 −1 1 0

𝑉2− = 0∠0
𝑉3− = 1.414∠ − 90
Q6. Find the values of even and odd mode characteristic impedances Z0e and Z0o of a directional coupler with
coupling, C = 10dB. (𝑍0 = 50 𝛺)

Solution:
Coupling factor, 10−10Τ20 = 0.316

1+𝐶
𝑍0𝑒 = 𝑍0 = 69.35 𝛺
1−𝐶

1−𝐶
𝑍0𝑜 = 𝑍0 = 36.05 𝛺
1+𝐶
Q7. Consider the resonator shown below, consisting of a λ/2 length of lossless transmission line shorted at
both ends. For a frequency of 1GHz and at an arbitrary point, z = 7.5cm, on the line, compute the impedances
ZL and ZR seen looking to the left and to the right, respectively.

Solution:
For shorted stub input impedance can be written as Zin= jZ0tanβl. So
ZL= infinity
ZR = infinity
Q8. A resonator is constructed from a 3.0 cm length of 100 air-filled coaxial line, shorted at one end and
terminated with a capacitor at the other end, as shown below. Determine the capacitor value C to
achieve the lowest order resonance at 6.0 GHz.
Solution:
2𝜋𝑓
β= = 125.7 m-1
𝑐
βl = 125.7* 0.03 = 2160
Input Impedance looking from the capacitor (C),
Zin= jZ0tanβl = j*100*tan(2160) = j72.6 = j𝜔L = j Xin
𝑗
To achieve resonance, Zin = (jXc)* = 𝜔𝐶
1
C = 𝜔𝑋𝑖𝑛 = 0.365 pF
Q9. A transmission line resonator is made from a length l of lossless transmission line of characteristic
impedance Z0 = 100 Ω. If the line is terminated at both ends as shown below, find l/λ for the first resonance.
Solution:

Since the resonator is symmetrical, at midpoint of line we must have , ZL = ZR* = ZR

Let t = tan βl/2 and ZL = RL+jXL,(RL=0.1, XL=-50)

Z L + jZ Ot R + j(Z L t + X L )
Z R = ZO = ZO L
Z O + jZ Lt ( Z O − X L t) + jRL t

Equating, Im(ZR) = 0

Im Z R  = 0  ( X L + Z Ot )( Z o + X Lt ) − RL 2t = 0
t = −0.75  1.25
 l = 53.1
So,
53.1
l= 
 = 0.1475
360
 l /  = 0.1475
Q10. A series RLC resonant circuit is connected to a length of transmission line that is λ/4 long at its
resonant frequency, as shown below. In the vicinity of resonance, the input impedance behaves like that of
a parallel RLC circuit. What are the equivalent R′, L′ and C′ of input impedance? Assume R = 50 Ω, L = 5nH
and C = 5pF.
Solution:
For quarter wave transformer,
Zin = Z02/ZL = Z02/(R+j(𝜔L-1/(𝜔C)))
Zin = 1/(R/Z02 + j𝜔(L/Z02-1/𝜔2CZ02))
The input impedance of a parallel RLC circuit
1
Zin = 1 1
+𝑗𝜔(𝐶 ′ − 2 ′)
𝑅′ 𝜔 𝐿

Thus the original circuit acts as a parallel R’L’C’ circuit with R’ = Z02/R, C’= L/Z02 and L’ = CZ02
R’ = 50 Ω, L’ = 12.5 nH and C’ = 2 pF
Q11. A rectangular cavity resonator is constructed from a 2.0 cm length of aluminium X-band waveguide.
The cavity is (a) air filled (b) a material (εr = 3.55). Find the resonant frequency of the TE101 and TE102
resonant modes. (Give answer up to 2 places of decimal)

Solution:
Given X band waveguide so a = 2.286cm ,b = 1.016cm and d = 2cm
(a) For air εr=1
𝑐 𝜋 2 𝜋 2
f101 = + = 9.965 GHz
2𝜋 𝑎 𝑑

𝑐 2𝜋 2 2𝜋 2
f202 = + = 19.93 GHz
2𝜋 𝑎 𝑑

(b) For εr=3.55

𝑐 𝜋 2 𝜋 2
f101 = 2𝜋 𝜀 𝑟 𝑎
+ 𝑑
= 5.288 GHz

𝑐 2𝜋 2 2𝜋 2
f202 = + = 10.577 GHz
2𝜋 𝜀 𝑟 𝑎 𝑑
Q12. A PTTF-filled (εr = 2.2) rectangular cavity resonator has its first three resonant modes at the
frequencies 5.2, 6.5, and 7.2 GHz. Find the dimensions of the cavity. (Give answer up to 1 place of decimal)

Solution:
Choose the coordinate system such that b<a<d
Then the dominant mode is the TE101 mode

𝑐 𝜋 2 𝜋 2
f101 = +
2𝜋 𝜀 𝑟 𝑎 𝑑

1 1 2 𝜀𝑟 𝑓101 2
+ 𝑑2 =( ) = (51.42)2
𝑎2 𝑐
The next higher mode must be either TM110 , TE102 or TE011
2 𝜀𝑟 𝑓110 2 1 1 1 1
( ) = + 𝑏2 =51.422 + 𝑏2 - 𝑑2
𝑐 𝑎2
2 𝜀𝑟 𝑓011 2 1 1
( ) = + 𝑏2
𝑐 𝑑2
2 𝜀𝑟 𝑓102 2 1 4 3
( ) = + 𝑑2 = 51.422 + 𝑑2
𝑐 𝑎2
From the above three equations its clear that f110 > f011 because d> a
1 1
- 𝑑2 = 71.192-51.422 = 2424.78
𝑏2
1 1
+ 𝑑2 = 4131.11
𝑏2
Solving above we get b = 17.466mm, d = 34.236mm and a= 23.63mm
Q13. Consider the microstrip ring resonator shown below. If the effective dielectric constant of the
microstrip line is εe=2.2, find the frequency of the first resonance. Assume value of a, d, W as 10mm,
5mm and 3mm respectively. (Give answer up to 2 places of decimal)
Solution:
For periodicity
2𝜋𝑎 2𝜋𝑎 𝜖𝑒 𝑓
βa = = =n
𝜆𝑔 𝑐
𝑛𝑐
so, f= 2𝜋𝑎 for n=1,2,3… (the ring circumference 2𝜋a = n𝜆𝑔 )
𝜖𝑒

for first resonance n =1

𝑐
f = 2𝜋𝑎 = 3.22 GHz
𝜖𝑒