FILAMER CHRISTIAN UNIVERSITY

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EdD 711
Advance Cell and Molecular Biology

DNA Replication

Submitted by:

Riza Joy D. Palomar

EdD SciEd

What I Need to Know

 DNA must be copied within the nucleus in order for each new cell to
receive the correct amount of chromosomes. Replication follows several
steps that involve multiple proteins called replication enzymes and RNA.
In eukaryotic cells, such as animal cells and plant cells, DNA replication
occurs in the S phase of interphase during the cell cycle. The process of
DNA replication is vital for cell growth, repair, and reproduction in
organisms.

What I Know
Directions: Determine the structure of the DNA by identifying its
components.
Write your answer in the space provided and answer the
questions that follow.

1. What is the correct pairing of the nitrogenous bases?

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2. What is the direction of the arrangement of DNA structure?
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3. What do you call the shape of the DNA wherein it looks like a
twisted chain?
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 LESSON: DNA REPLICATION

What’s In
DNA replication is the process through which cells make copies of the
genome's DNA. A cell must first copy (or duplicate) its entire genome before
it can divide, ensuring that each daughter cell has a complete genome upon
division.

What’s New
One of DNA's most amazing tricks is likely DNA replication. If you stop
to think about it, every cell has all the DNA required to create every other
cell. And from a single cell at the beginning, we eventually have trillions of
cells. Additionally, every piece of information present in a cell must be
precisely copied during the process of cell division. Therefore, DNA is a
molecule that can be copied to create almost exact duplicates of itself.
Considering that there are over three billion base pairs in DNA that need to
be copied, this is even more astounding. DNA polymerases, which are
molecules dedicated solely to copying DNA, are also used in replication.

What is It
DNA replication follows steps to complete the process. The following
are the steps on how DNA replication happens.
1. DNA Fork Formation
Before DNA can be replicated,
the double stranded molecule must
be “unzipped” into two single
strands. In order to unwind DNA,
these interactions between base
pairs must be broken. The
replication fork is formed when a
DNA helicase breaks the hydrogen
bonds between base pairs,
separating the strands into a Y shape. This will be the starting point
for replication.
 DNA is directional in both
strands, signified by a 5' and 3'
end. This directionality is
important for replication as it
only progresses in the 5' to 3'
direction.

*oriented in the 3' to 5' direction

(leading strand)
*oriented 5' to 3' (lagging strand).

The two sides are therefore replicated with two different processes to
accommodate the directional difference.

2. Primer Binding
The leading strand is the
simplest to replicate. Once the DNA
strands have been separated, a short
piece of RNA called a primer binds to
the 3' end of the strand. The primer
always binds as the starting point for
replication. Primers are generated by
the enzyme DNA primase. To keep
the divided DNA from sticking back
together, single-strand binding proteins are added to each strand.
Ang the topoisomerase keeps the DNA from coiling.

3. Elongation
Enzymes known as DNA
polymerases are responsible for
creating the new strand by a process
called elongation. DNA polymerase
binds to the strand at the site of the
primer and begins adding new base
pairs complementary to the strand
during replication.
Because replication proceeds in the 5' to 3' direction on the
leading strand, the newly formed strand is continuous.
The lagging strand begins replication by binding with multiple
primers. Each primer is only several bases apart. DNA polymerase
then adds pieces of DNA, called Okazaki fragments, to the strand
between primers. This process of replication is discontinuous as the
newly created fragments are disjointed.
4. Termination
Once both the continuous and
discontinuous strands are formed, an enzyme
called exonuclease (DNA polymerase I)
removes all RNA primers from the original
strands.

Another exonuclease “proofreads” the newly formed DNA to

check, remove and replace any errors.
Another enzyme called DNA ligase joins Okazaki fragments
together forming a single unified strand.

Once completed, the parent strand

and its complementary DNA strand coils
into the familiar double helix shape. In
the end, replication produces two DNA
molecules, each with one strand from the
parent molecule and one new strand.

What’s More
Activity 1
Directions: Read each item carefully. Complete the sentence by
choosing the answer from the box below.

leading strand Primase 5’ to 3” Ligase

Polymerase proofreads S phase Helicase
Fork formation Okazaki fragments

1. __________ is an enzyme responsible for unzipping the DNA.

2. DNA replication happens in the ___________ of cell cycle.
3. ___________ adds the primer in the starting point of the replication.
4. ____________ are the pieces of DNA attach in the lagging strands.
5. The enzyme that is responsible for building the new strand of DNA
is the _________.
6. the _______________ is the continuous strand of DNA where
replication is much easier to happen.
 7. Lagging strand is oriented in ____________ direction.
8. To prevent errors, exonuclease __________ the newly formed DNA.
9. The first step in DNA replication is the ________________.
10. __________ joins all the DNA fragments together.

What I Have Learned

Directions: Answer the following questions.
1. Why does DNA replicate?
2. What are the steps in DNA replication?
3. What are the enzymes responsible for DNA replication?
4. How many daughter DNA is formed during the replication?
5. How does DNA replication prevent errors in the replication
process?

What I Can Do
Directions: Illustrate the process of DNA Replication using modeling
clay. Use the rubrics below as a guide.

Assessment
Directions: Read the items carefully. Select the correct answer from
the
choices. Write your answer in your paper.

1. What enzyme, breaks apart the hydrogen bonds between two

strands of DNA?
A. Histone
B. Helicase
 C. Exonuclease
D. Endonuclease
2. What is first formed in the DNA replication process?
A. Replication bubble
B. Leading strand
C. Lagging strand
D. Replication fork

3. Which strand grows continuously towards the replication

fork?
A. Lagging strand
B. RNA strand
C. Replicating strand
D. Leading strand

4. What enzyme replaces RNA primer on the leading strand

with DNA?
A. Polymerase
B. Ligase
C. Primase
D. Helicase

5. What is the name of the fragments of the lagging strand?

A. Binding proteins
B. Fragmenting lagging strand
C. Okazaki fragments
D. Coding strands

6. What enzyme will bind the Okazaki fragments together?

A. Ligase
B. Binding proteins
C. Helicase
D. Polymerase

7. What was the key element that kept the strands from
binding back together once separated?
A. Binding proteins
B. Ligase
C. Helicase
D. DNA wall
 8. The method of DNA replication is known as:
A. Semi-conservative
B. Conservative
C. Dispersive
D. Complementary

9. The enzyme used to separate the double helix into 2 single

strands is:
A. Helicase
B. DNA polymerase III
C. Gyrase
D. Lipase

10. Where does DNA replication take place?

A. Nucleus
B. Ribosome
C. Cytoplasm
D. Golgi Body

Additional Activities
Directions: Watch additional video clips on Youtube about DNA
Replication. Here are some links:
https://youtu.be/Qqe4thU-os8
https://youtu.be/8kK2zwjRV0
https://youtu.be/9kp9wiYMQUU
 Answer Keys
What I Know
What I Have Learned
1. Answers may vary
Nitrogenous Base
Phosphate 2. The steps in DNA replication
are fork formation, primer
5-Carbon deoxyribose sugar
binding, elongation and
termination.
3. The enzymes responsible for
DNA Replication are helicase,
primase, polymerase, ligase,
binding protein and
exonuclease.
4. The replication will produce 2
daughter DNA.
5. In order to prevent errors, the
DNA replication will be
proofread by exonuclease.

1. Adenine-Thymine and
Cytocine-Guanine
2. 5’ to 3’ and 3’ to 5”
3. Double Helix

What’s More
1. Helicase
2. S Phase Assessment
3. Primase
4. Okazaki Fragments 1. B
5. Polymerase 2. D
6. Leading strand 3. D
7. 5’ to 3’ 4. A
8. Proofreads 5. C
9. Fork formation 6. A
10. ligase 7. A
8. A
9. A
10. A