TLE 4 – Family and

Consumer Life
Skills
Mar 21, 2022
Ms. Kaye

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Objectives

1 2 3
Distinguish between Identify the Explain the roles of
various materials, characteristics of elements and
processes, and different art forms and principles of design in
methods in the distinguish on from creating forms and
production of art another; and compositions.
objects;

2
The primary distinction in the visual arts is
dimension
Two-dimensional art – consists of drawing,
painting, and printmaking;
Three-dimensional art - consists of sculpture,
including installation, and kinetic art; and
Four-dimensional art or time-based art – video
and performance.
Two-
dimensional art
Divided into three main categories:
drawing, painting, and printmaking.
All art that occurs on a flat surface is one or
a combination of these three activities.
DRAWING – Describes both a visual object and an activity.
Drawing is usually—but not always—done with monochromatic media, that is, with dry
materials of a single color such as charcoal (made from wood or other organic material
that has been burned in the absence of oxygen.), conté crayon(a hand-held drawing
material like compressed charcoal.), metalpoint (use of malleable metals like silver,
pewter, and gold to make drawing marks on prepared surfaces), or graphite(a crystalline
form of carbon).
Color can be introduced using pastels(are like compressed charcoal but, instead of finely
powdered carbon, finely ground colored pigment and a binder are used to create
handheld-colored blocks). In addition to these dry materials, free-flowing ink can also
be used to make drawings. These materials have been highly refined over centuries to
serve specific artistic purposes.
Ink is the combination of a colored pigment, usually black carbon or graphite, and a
binder suspended in a liquid and applied with a pen or brush.
PAINTING– specialized form of drawing that refers to using brushes to apply colored
liquids to a support, usually canvas or paper, but sometimes wooden panels, metal
plates, and walls. Paint is composed of three main ingredients: pigments, binders, and
solvents.
Solvents dissolve the binder in order to remove it but can also be used in smaller
quantities to make paint more fluid.
As with drawing, different kinds of painting have mostly to do with the material that is
being used. Oil(discovered in the fifteenth century and uses vegetable oils, primarily
linseed oil and walnut oil, as the binding agent), acrylic(is relatively modern and uses
water-soluble acrylic polymer as the binding agent), watercolor(suspends colored
pigments in water-soluble gum Arabic distilled from the Acacia tree as the binder),
encaustic(uses melted beeswax as the binder and must be applied to rigid supports like
wood with heated brushes), fresco(is the process of painting onto plaster), and tempera
(most popular version was egg tempera, in which dry colored pigments were mixed with
egg yolk and applied quickly to a stable surface in layers of short brushstrokes) are some
of the different kinds of painting.
PRINTMAKING – A print is an image made by transferring pigment from a matrix to a
final surface, often but not always paper. Printing allows multiple copies of an artwork
to be made. Multiple copies of an individual artwork are called an edition.
There are four main types of printmaking: relief(are made by removing material from
the matrix, the surface the image has been carved into, which is often wood, linoleum,
or metal), intaglio(are made when a designis scratched into a matrix, usually a metal
plate), planographic(are made by chemically altering a matrix to selectively accept or
reject water. Originally, limestone was used for this process since it naturally repels
water but can be chemically changed to absorb it), and stencil(are made by passing inks
through a porous fine mesh matrix).
 goes beyond the flat
surface to
encompass height,
width, and depth.
All three-
dimensional art uses
Three-
one or a
combination of these
four methods:
dimensional art
carving, modeling,
casting, or assembly.
Sculpture – can be either freestanding—“in the round”—or it can be relief—sculpture that projects from a
background surface. There are two categories of relief sculpture: low relief (the amount of projection
from the background surface is limited) and high relief(sculpture is when more than
half of the sculpted form projects from the background surface).
Carving is the removal of material to form an art object. Carving is a subtractive
process that usually begins with a block of material, most commonly stone.
Tools—usually metal or metal tipped— are used to chip away the stone until the
final form emerges.
Casting is a process that replaces, or substitutes, an initial sculptural material
such as wax or clay with another, usually more permanent, material such as
bronze, an alloy, or mixture of copper and tin. Casting is also a process that
makes it possible to create multiple versions of the same object.
Assembly, or assemblage, is a recent type of sculpture. Before the modern
period, carving, casting, and modeling were the only accepted methods of
making fine art sculpture. Recently, sculptors have enlarged their approach and
turned to the process of assembly, manually attaching objects and materials
together.
Kinetic art is art that moves or appears to move.
or time-based art is a relatively new mode of art practice that includes
video, projection mapping, performance, and new media art.
Video art uses the relatively new technology of projected moving images. These images
can be displayed on electronic monitors or projected onto walls or even buildings; they
use light as a medium.
Projection mapping is another use of video projection. One or more two or three-
dimensional objects (often buildings) are spatially mapped into a virtual program that
then allows the image to conform to the surface of the object upon which it is
projected.
Performance art is art in which the artist’s medium is an action. Performance artworks
are generally documented by photography, but the artwork is in the act itself.
New media art usually refers to interactive works such as digital art, computer
animation, video games, robotics, and 3D printing, where artists explore the expressive
potential of these new creative technologies.
 Form and Composition
When looking at art, many people today take a holistic or gestalt approach to
understanding it. In this approach, the work of art is experienced as a single unified
whole and an intuitive conclusion is drawn.
This approach to art is a good place to start, but it can also be useful to examine the
individual parts of an artwork and the relationships those parts have to the whole.
When we examine an artwork by taking it apart, we are looking at its design. Design is
divided into two broad categories: the elements of design and the principles of design.
The elements of design are the physical parts of the artwork, or the form. The principles
of design are the ways in which those parts are arranged or used, or the composition.
Elements of Design
• A design is a governing plan or approach by which various parts of an artwork are
created and assembled.
• There are six basic elements of design: line, shape, mass/volume, perspective, texture,
and color.

LINE
• A line is an infinite series of points that are arranged in a direction. The direction of a
line may be straight (unchanging) or curved (changing). All kinds of objects are linear, or
predominantly formed by using lines. Calligraphy, or “beautiful writing,” is one popular
use of line.
• One quality of line is gesture. Gesture is the line produced by the movement of the
artist’s hand, arm, or body, of a kind of dance with the material.
• Contour is the line where differing areas meet and form edges. Human visual
perception includes an enhanced ability to detect edges in nature. Contour lines follow
the shapes of objects where they stand out from backgrounds.
• Crosshatching is the use of uniformly spaced intersecting lines that create the
perception of value or light and dark.
• Some lines are not drawn at all. Instead, they are implied or suggested by an intentional
alignment of shapes. The image of the square inside the circle is an example of implied
line.
• A third example of a line that is not actually there is psychic line. Two people looking at
one another in an artwork create a psychic line between them.

SHAPE
• has two dimensions, length and width. Shapes can be regular or irregular, simple or
complex. Shapes can have hard(have clearly defined boundaries) or soft edges (slowly
fade into their backgrounds).
• There are two broad categories of shape: geometric and organic.
• Geometric shapes are regular and ordered shapes using straight lines and curves.
Organic shapes are generally irregular and often chaotic.
Mass/Volume
• Volume has three dimensions: length, width, and height. Volumes may have interior or
exterior contours, and they may be closed or open in form. Mass is the quantity of
matter, often meaning its weight.

Perspective
• in art is the illusion of space on a flat surface.
• the illusion of space was created by using three main visual cues to the recession of
space.
• These three cues are height, scale, and overlap.

Texture
• describes the surface quality of an artwork.
• Texture is an important element of design because it engages the sense of touch as well
as vision.
• The two main approaches to texture are actual texture and implied or simulated
texture.
Color
• the most prominent element of design and is one of the most powerful and yet
subjective elements in art.
• Color as perceived by humans can be broken into three discrete parts: hue(is the
wavelength of a given color), saturation(the purity of a color and ranges from a neutral
gray to the pure color while holding brightness as a constant), and brightness(the
lightness or darkness of a color and ranges from fully illuminated (the pure hue) to fully
darkened (black).
Principles of Design
• The elements of design are the visual components that artists use to make artworks.
• The principles of design are the various ways in which those elements or components
are arranged to produce a desired effect.
• There are 5 principles of design: 1 Unity/Variety, 2 Scale/Proportion, 3 Balance, 4
Emphasis/Movement, and 5 Rhythm/Repetition

Unity/Variety
• Unity is found in similarity, while variety is found in difference.

Scale/Proportion
• The design principle of scale and proportion is the issue of size of elements both
individually and in relation to other elements.

Balance
• The design principle of balance is the issue of visual “weight.”
Emphasis/Movement
• The design principle of emphasis or movement is the intentional use of directional
forces to move the viewer’s attention through a work of art.
• When we see a color shift within a shape, this implies movement.

Rhythm/Repetition
• The design principle of rhythm is the repetition of visual elements to establish a pattern.
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