PSD 323 Module 4 Compression Members

DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Cabambangan, Villa de Bacolor 2001, Pampanga, Philippines AND ARCHITECTURE

Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) 458 0021 Local 211 DHVSU Main Campus, Villa de Bacolor, Pampanga E-
URL: http://dhvsu.edu.ph
Mail Address: ceadhvtsu@gmail.com
PSD 323: Principles of Steel Design
Module 4: Analysis of Compression Members (ASD and LRFD)
I. Course Objectives:
The students will be able to familiarize the general consideration of code designs
and introduce the concept of designing structural steel members subjected to
compression.
II. Course Outline:
4.1 Introduction
4.2 General Provision
4.3 Slenderness Limitations and Effective Length
4.4 Compressive Strength for Flexural Buckling of members without Slender Elements
4.5 Compressive Strength of members with Slender Elements
4.6 Slender Stiffened Element
4.7 Slender Unstiffened Element
4.8 Sample Problems
III. Learning Content:
4.1 Introduction
A structural member loaded axially in
compression is generally called a “compression
member”. Compression members are commonly
used as columns in building structures, chords or
webs in trusses, bridge piers or braces in framed
structures. The maximum strength of a steel
compression member depends, to a large extent, on
the member length and end support conditions. Steel
compression members are commonly classified as
short, intermediate or long members and each range
has its own characteristic type of behaviour
4.1.1 Column General Buckling
Buckling occurs when a straight column subjected to axial compression suddenly
undergoes bending as shown in the Figure. Buckling is identified as a failure limit-state for
columns.
4.1. 2 Local Buckling Limit State

If the column section is made of thin (slender) plate elements, then failure can occur
due to local buckling of the flanges or the webs.
Local Buckling of Column

Local buckling depends on the slenderness (width-to-thickness ratio – Refer to Table
502.4.1- 502.4.2 NSCP 2015) of the plate element and the yield stress of the material. If local
buckling of the individual plate elements occurs, then the column may not be able to develop
its buckling strength. Therefore, the local buckling limit state must be prevented from
controlling the column strength. (NSCP 2015 Section 505.7)
4.2 General Provision (NSCP 2015 Sec. 505.1)

The design compressive strength, ∅𝒄 𝑷𝒏 , and the allowable compressive strength,
𝑷𝒏 /𝛀𝒄 are determined as follows: The nominal compressive strength Pn, shall be the lowest
value obtained according to the limit state of flexural buckling, torsional buckling and
flexural-torsional buckling.
1. For doubly symmetric and singly symmetric members the limit state of flexural
buckling is applicable.
2. For singly symmetric and unsymmetrical members, and certain doubly symmetric
members, such as cruciform or built-up columns, the limit state of torsional or
flexural-torsional buckling are also applicable.
∅𝒄 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟎 (𝑳𝑹𝑭𝑫) 𝛀𝒄 = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟕 (𝑨𝑺𝑫)
4.3 Slenderness Limitations and Effective Length (NSCP 2015 Sec. 505.2)
Slenderness Ratio:
𝐾𝐿
𝑟
Where:
L = laterally unbraced length of member, mm
r = governing radius of gyration, mm
K = effective length factor (Table-1)
User Note: for members designed on the basis of compression, the effective slenderness ratio
KL/r preferably should not exceed 200.
Table-1: Effective length factor, K
4.4 Compressive Strength for Flexural Buckling of members without Slender

Elements (NSCP 2015 Sec. 505.3)
This section applies to compression members with compact and non-compact sections,
as defined in Section 502.4, for uniformly compressed elements.
The nominal compressive strength Pn shall be determined based on the limit state of
flexural buckling.
𝑷𝒏 = 𝑭𝒄𝒓 𝑨𝒈
Where:
Pn = nominal compressive strength, kN or lb
Fcr = flexural buckling stress, MPa or psi
Ag = gross sectional are, mm2 or in2
The flexural buckling stress, Fcr, is determined as follows:
1. Short Column
𝐾𝐿 𝐸
When 𝑟
≤ 4.71√𝐹𝑦 (or 𝐹𝑒 ≥ 0.44𝐹𝑦 )
𝑭𝒚
𝑭𝒄𝒓 = [𝟎. 𝟔𝟓𝟖𝑭𝒆 ] 𝑭 𝒚
2. Long Column
𝐾𝐿 𝐸
When > 4.71√𝐹𝑦 (or 𝐹𝑒 < 0.44𝐹𝑦 )
𝑟
𝑭𝒄𝒓 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟕𝟕𝑭𝒆
Where:
Fe = elastic critical buckling stress (Euler’s Formula)
𝝅𝟐 𝑬
𝑭𝒆 =
𝑲𝑳 𝟐
(𝒓 )
4.5 Compressive Strength of members with Slender Elements (NSCP 2015 Sec. 505.7)
This section applies to compression members with slender element sections, as defined
in Section 502.4.
The nominal compressive strength Pn shall be determined based on the limit state of
flexural buckling.
Where:
Pn = nominal compressive strength, kN or lb
Fcr = flexural buckling stress, MPa or psi
Ag = gross sectional are, mm2 or in2
The flexural buckling stress, Fcr, is determined as follows:
1. Short Column
𝐾𝐿 𝐸
When 𝑟
≤ 4.71√𝑄𝐹𝑦 (or 𝐹𝑒 ≥ 0.44𝑄𝐹𝑦 )
𝑸𝑭𝒚
𝑭𝒄𝒓 = 𝑸 [𝟎. 𝟔𝟓𝟖 𝑭𝒆 ] 𝑭 𝒚
2. Long Column
𝐾𝐿 𝐸
When 𝑟
> 4.71√𝑄𝐹𝑦 (or 𝐹𝑒 < 0.44𝑄𝐹𝑦 )
𝑭𝒄𝒓 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟕𝟕𝑭𝒆
Where:
Fe = elastic buckling stress (Euler’s Formula)
𝝅𝟐 𝑬
𝑭𝒆 =
𝑲𝑳 𝟐
(𝒓 )
Q = 1.0 for members with compact and non-compact sections

= QsQa for members with slender element sections
1. For cross sections composed only unstiffened slender element
Qa = 1
Then, 𝑄 = 𝑄𝑠
2. For cross sections composed only stiffened slender element
Qs = 1
Then, 𝑄 = 𝑄𝑎
3. For cross sections composed of both stiffened and unstiffened
slender element 𝑄 = 𝑄𝑎 𝑄𝑠
4.6 Slender Unstiffened Elements, Qs

For flanges, angles, and plates projecting from rolled columns or other compression
members:
𝑏 𝐸
a. When 𝑡 ≤ 0.56√𝐹𝑦
𝑄𝑠 = 1.0
𝐸 𝑏 𝐸
b. When 0.56√𝐹𝑦 < < 1.03√𝐹𝑦
𝑡
𝑏 𝐹𝑦
𝑄𝑠 = 1.415 − 0.74 ( ) √
𝑡 𝐸
𝑏 𝐸
c. When 𝑡 > 1.03√𝐹𝑦
0.69𝐸
𝑄𝑠 =
𝑏 2
𝐹𝑦 ( 𝑡 )
4.7 Slender Stiffened Elements, Qa

The reduction factor, Qa for slender stiffened elements is defined as follows:
𝐴𝑒𝑓𝑓
𝑄𝑎 =
𝐴
Where:
𝐴 = total cross − sectional area of member, mm2
Aeff = summation of effective areas of the cross section based on the
reduced effective width be, mm2
The reduced effective width, be is determined as follows:
𝑏 𝐸
1. For uniformly compressed slender elements, with > 1.49√𝑓 , except flanges of
𝑡
square and rectangular sections of uniform thickness.
𝐸 0.34 𝐸
𝑏𝑒 = 1.92𝑡√ [1 − √ ]≤𝑏
𝑓 𝑏 𝑓
𝑡
Where:
𝑓 is taken as Fcr with Fcr calculated based on 𝑄 = 1
2. For flanges of square and rectangular sections of uniform thickness with
𝑏 𝐸
> 1.40√𝑓 :
𝑡
𝐸 0.38 𝐸
𝑏𝑒 = 1.92𝑡√ [1 − √ ]≤𝑏
𝑓 𝑏 𝑓
𝑡
Where:
𝑃
𝑓=𝐴𝑛
𝑒𝑓𝑓
𝑓 may be taken equal to 𝐹𝑦 . This will result in a slightly conservative
estimate of column capacity.
For axially loaded circular sections:

𝐸 𝐷 𝐸
When 0.11 𝐹 < < 0.45 𝐹
𝑦 𝑡 𝑦
0.038𝐸 2
𝑄 = 𝑄𝑎 = +
𝐷
𝐹𝑦 ( 𝑡 ) 3
Where:
D = outside diameter, mm
t = wall thickness, mm
4.8 Sample Problems

1. Determine the axial compressive strength for the following cases based on the limit
states of flexural buckling using NSCP 2015 provisions (ASD & LRFD). Use Fy = 50 ksi,
E = 29,000 ksi
a. L = 15 ft
b. L = 20 ft
W10x33 Properties
d = 9.73 in A = 9.71 in2
bf = 7.96 in ry = 1.94 in
tf = 0.435 in rx = 4.19 in
tw = 0.290 in kdes= 0.935 in
Solution:
a.) L = 15 ft
 Solve for Nominal Compressive Strength

o Solve for Fcr
 Check compaction
Flange:
Limiting width-thickness ratio:
From Table 502.4.1, use Unstiffened Element Case 3
𝑏𝑓 7.69
= = 8.839
2𝑡𝑓 2(0.435)
𝐸 29000
𝜆𝑟𝑓 = 0.56√ √ = 13.487
𝐹𝑦 = 0.56 50
𝑏𝑓
< 𝜆𝑟 ∴ 𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒕 𝒇𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 (Not Slender Element)
2𝑡𝑓
Web:
From Table 502.4.2, use Stiffened Element Case 10
ℎ = 𝑑 − 2𝑘 = 9.73 − 2(0.935) = 7.86 𝑖𝑛
ℎ 7.86
= = 27.103
𝑡𝑤 0.290
𝐸 29000
𝜆𝑟𝑤 = 1.49√ = 1.49√ = 35.884
𝐹𝑦 50
ℎ
< 𝜆𝑟 ∴ 𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒕 𝒘𝒆𝒃 (Not Slender Element)
𝑡𝑤
Since, the section is not a slender element use Section 505.3 (Flexural
Buckling of members without Slender Elements) formulas to solve for the
compressive strength.
 Solve for Slenderness Ratio

𝐾𝐿
𝑟
r = 1.94 in (weak axis, minimum value)
Effective length factor, K, (Refer to Table-1)
Since, both ends are supported by hinges, then,
𝐾 = 1.0 (𝑈𝑠𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑠)
𝐾𝐿 12
1.0 (15𝑥 1 )
= 92.784
𝑟 = 1.94
𝐸 29000
4.71√ = 4.71√ = 113.432
𝐹𝑦 50
𝐾𝐿 𝐸
< 4.71√
𝑟 𝐹𝑦
𝑭𝒚
∴ 𝑺𝒉𝒐𝒓𝒕 𝑪𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒏, use 𝑭𝒄𝒓 = [𝟎. 𝟔𝟓𝟖 ] 𝑭𝒚 𝑭𝒆
 Solve for Elastic Buckling Stress, Fe (Euler’s Formula)
𝜋2𝐸
𝐹𝑒 = 𝜋 2 (29,000)
𝐾𝐿 2 = = 33.347 ksi
(𝑟 ) (92.784 )2
0.44𝐹𝑦 = 0.44(50) = 22 ksi
Alternative solution if short or long column:

𝐹𝑒 > 0.44𝐹𝑦
∴ 𝑺𝒉𝒐𝒓𝒕 𝑪𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒏
 Solve for Flexural Buckling Stress, Fcr
𝐹𝑦 50
𝐹𝑐𝑟 = [0.658 𝐹𝑒 ] 𝐹𝑦 = [0.65833.347 ] 50 = 26.644 ksi
𝑷𝒏 = 𝑭𝒄𝒓 𝑨𝒈 = (𝟐𝟔. 𝟔𝟒𝟒)(9.71) = 258.713 kips
 Solve for Design Compressive Strength/ Allowable Compressive Strength

LRFD ASD
𝑷𝒏
𝑷𝒖 = ∅ 𝒄 𝑷𝒏 𝑷𝒂 =
𝛀𝒄
𝟐𝟓𝟖. 𝟕𝟏𝟑
𝑷𝒖 = (𝟎. 𝟗)(𝟐𝟓𝟖. 𝟕𝟏𝟑) 𝑷𝒂 =
𝟏. 𝟔𝟕
𝑷𝒖 = 𝟐𝟑𝟐. 𝟖𝟒𝟐 𝒌𝒊𝒑𝒔 𝑷𝒂 = 𝟏𝟓𝟒. 𝟗𝟏𝟖 𝒌𝒊𝒑𝒔
b.) L = 20 ft
o Solve for Fcr

 Check compaction (adopt letter “a” solution)
Buckling of members without Slender Elements) formulas to solve for
the compressive strength.
 Slenderness Ratio
𝐾𝐿
𝑟
r = 1.94 in (weak axis, minimum value)
Since, both ends are supported by hinges, then,
𝐾 = 1.0 (𝑈𝑠𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑠)
𝐾𝐿 12
1.0 (20𝑥 1 )
= 123.711
𝑟 = 1.94
𝐸 29000
4.71√ = 4.71√ = 113.432
𝐹𝑦 50
𝐾𝐿 𝐸
> 4.71√
𝑟 𝐹𝑦
∴ 𝑳𝒐𝒏𝒈 𝑪𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒏, use 𝑭𝒄𝒓 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟕𝟕𝑭𝒆

 Elastic Buckling Stress, Fe (Euler’s Formula)
𝜋2𝐸
𝐹𝑒 = 𝜋 2 (29,000)
𝐾𝐿 2 = = 18.702 ksi
(𝑟 ) (123.711 )2
0.44𝐹𝑦 = 0.44(50) = 22 ksi

𝐹𝑒 < 0.44𝐹𝑦
∴ 𝑳𝒐𝒏𝒈 𝑪𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒏
 Flexural Buckling Stress, Fcr
𝐹𝑐𝑟 = 0.877𝐹𝑒 = (0.877)(18.702) = 16.402 ksi
𝑷𝒏 = 𝑭𝒄𝒓 𝑨𝒈 = (𝟏𝟔. 𝟒𝟎𝟐 )(9.71) = 159.26 kips

LRFD ASD
𝑷𝒏
𝛀𝒄
𝟏𝟓𝟗. 𝟐𝟔
𝑷𝒖 = (𝟎. 𝟗)(𝟏𝟓𝟗. 𝟐𝟔 ) 𝑷𝒂 =
𝟏. 𝟔𝟕
𝑷𝒖 = 𝟏𝟒𝟑. 𝟑𝟑𝟒 𝒌𝒊𝒑𝒔 𝑷𝒂 = 𝟗𝟓. 𝟑𝟔𝟓 𝒌𝒊𝒑𝒔

2. A W14x90 steel column is used to carry an axial dead load of 600 kN, including self-
weight, and live load of 1900 kN. The column is 9m long and is pinned at the top and
bottom in both axes. Additional support has been added with lateral and torsional
bracing about the y-axis at midpoint. Determine the adequacy of the column section
given. Use NSCP 2015 provisions (ASD & LRFD)
Use Fy = 345 MPa
Properties of W14x90
d = 356 mm A = 17100 mm2
bf = 368 mm ry = 94.0 mm
tf = 18.0 mm rx = 156 mm
tw = 11.2 mm kdes= 33.3 mm
Solution:
 Solve for Nominal Compressive Strength Lateral bracing at y-axis
o Check compaction
Flange:
𝑏𝑓 368
= = 10.222
2𝑡𝑓 2(18)
𝐸 200000
𝜆𝑟𝑓 = 0.56√ = 0.56√ = 13.483
𝐹𝑦 345
𝑏𝑓
< 𝜆𝑟𝑓 ∴ 𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒕 𝒇𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 (𝑁𝑜𝑡 𝑠𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡)
2𝑡𝑓
Web:
ℎ = 𝑑 − 2𝑘 = 356 − 2(33.3) = 289.4 𝑚𝑚
ℎ 289.4
= = 25.839
𝑡𝑤 11.2
𝐸 200000
𝜆𝑟𝑤 = 1.49√ = 1.49√ = 35.875
𝐹𝑦 345
ℎ
< 𝜆𝑟𝑤 ∴ 𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒕 𝑾𝒆𝒃 (𝑁𝑜𝑡 𝑠𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡)
𝑡𝑤
Buckling of members without Slender Elements) formulas to solve for
the compressive strength.
o Solve for Fcr

Since, both ends are supported by hinge in both axis, then,
𝐾𝑥 = 𝐾𝑦 = 1.0 (𝑈𝑠𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑠)
Y-axis X-axis
𝐾𝑦 𝐿𝑦 1.0(4500) 𝐾𝑥 𝐿𝑥 1.0(9000)
= =
𝑟𝑦 94 𝑟𝑥 156
𝐾𝑦 𝐿𝑦 𝐾𝑥 𝐿𝑥
= 47.872 = 57.692
𝑦 𝑥
Select larger slenderness ratio,

∴ 𝑏𝑢𝑐𝑘𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑔𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑠
𝐸 200000
4.71√ = 4.71√ = 113.403
𝐹𝑦 345
𝐾𝐿 𝐸
< 4.71√
𝑟 𝐹𝑦
𝑭𝒚
∴ 𝑺𝒉𝒐𝒓𝒕 𝑪𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒏, use 𝑭𝒄𝒓 = [𝟎. 𝟔𝟓𝟖𝑭𝒆 ] 𝑭𝒚

𝜋2𝐸
𝐹𝑒 = 𝜋 2 (200000)
𝐾𝐿 2 = = 593.06 MPa
(𝑟 ) (57.692 )2
0.44𝐹𝑦 = 0.44(345) = 151.8 MPa

𝐹𝑒 > 0.44𝐹𝑦
𝐹𝑦 345
𝐹𝑐𝑟 = [0.658 𝐹𝑒 ] 𝐹𝑦 = [0.658593.06 ] 345 = 270.443 MPa
(𝟐𝟕𝟎. 𝟒𝟒𝟑 )( 𝟏𝟕𝟏𝟎𝟎)

𝑷𝒏 = 𝑭𝒄𝒓 𝑨𝒈 = = 4624.575 kN
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎

LRFD ASD
𝑷𝒏
𝛀𝒄
𝟒𝟔𝟐𝟒. 𝟓𝟕𝟓
𝑷𝒖 = (𝟎. 𝟗)(𝟒𝟔𝟐𝟒. 𝟓𝟕𝟓 ) 𝑷𝒂 =
𝟏. 𝟔𝟕
𝑷𝒖 = 𝟒𝟏𝟔𝟐. 𝟏𝟏𝟖 𝐤𝐍 𝑷𝒂 = 𝟐𝟕𝟔𝟗. 𝟐𝟎𝟕 𝐤𝐍
 Solve for Factored loads

LRFD ASD
𝑷𝒂𝒄𝒕 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝑫𝑳 + 𝟏. 𝟔𝑳𝑳 𝑷𝒂𝒄𝒕 = 𝑫𝑳 + 𝑳𝑳
𝑷𝒂𝒄𝒕 = 𝟏. 𝟐(𝟔𝟎𝟎) + 𝟏. 𝟔(𝟏𝟗𝟎𝟎) = 𝟑𝟕𝟔𝟎 𝒌𝑵 𝑷𝒂𝒄𝒕 = 𝟔𝟎𝟎 + 𝟏𝟗𝟎𝟎 =2500 kN
𝑷𝒖 > 𝑷𝒂𝒄𝒕 , ∴ 𝑺𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒊𝒔 𝒂𝒅𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒆 (𝑶𝑲!) 𝑷𝒂 > 𝑷𝒂𝒄𝒕 , ∴ 𝑺𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒊𝒔 𝒂𝒅𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒆 (𝑶𝑲!)
3. Determine the compressive strength if an HP410x131 A992 steel will be used to

design a column having a length of 10m and is fixed at the bottom and pinned at the
top. Fy = 345 MPa, E = 200 GPa. NSCP 2015 provisions (ASD & LRFD)
Properties of HP410x131:
d = 389 mm A = 16,600 mm2
bf = 399 mm ry = 93.5 mm
tf = 13.7 mm rx = 167 mm
tw = 13.7 mm kdes= 43.7 mm
Solution:
 Solve for Nominal Compressive Strength
o Solve for Fcr
 Check compaction
Flange:
𝑏𝑓 399
= = 14.562
2𝑡𝑓 2(13.7)
𝐸 200000
𝜆𝑟𝑓 = 0.56√ = 0.56√ = 13.48
𝐹𝑦 345
𝑏𝑓
> 𝜆𝑟𝑓 ∴ 𝑭𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒊𝒔 𝒂 𝒔𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒓 𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 (Unstiffened)
2𝑡𝑓
Web:
ℎ = 𝑑 − 2𝑘 = 389 − 2(43.7) = 301.6 𝑚𝑚
ℎ 301.6
= = 22.015
𝑡𝑤 13.7
𝐸 29000
𝜆𝑟𝑤 = 1.49√ √ = 35.87
𝐹𝑦 = 1.49 50
ℎ
< 𝜆𝑟𝑤 ∴ 𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒕 𝑾𝒆𝒃(𝑁𝑜𝑡 𝑠𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡)
𝑡𝑤
Since, the section has a slender element flange, use Section 505.7 (Flexural
Buckling of members without Slender Elements) formulas to solve for the
compressive strength.
 Solve for the Reduction Factor, Qs, for slender unstiffened element
𝑏𝑓
= 14.562
2𝑡𝑓
𝐸 200000
0.56√ = 0.56√ = 13.483
𝐹𝑦 345
𝐸 200000
1.03√ = 1.03√ = 24.799
𝐹𝑦 345
𝐸 𝑏 𝐸
0.56√ < < 1.03√
𝐹𝑦 𝑡 𝐹𝑦
𝑏 𝐹𝑦
∴ 𝑈𝑠𝑒, 𝑄𝑠 = 1.415 − 0.74 ( ) √
𝑡 𝐸
345
𝑄𝑠 = 1.415 − 0.74(14.562)√ = 0.967
200000
 Solve for the Reduction Factor, Qa, for slender stiffened element
𝑄𝑎 = 1.0 (Web is not a slender element)
 Effective Reduction Factor, Q

𝑄 = 𝑄𝑠 𝑄𝑎 = (0.967)(1.0)
𝑄 = 0.967

𝐾𝐿
𝑟
r = 93.5 mm (minimum value)
The end supports are fixed(bottom) and pinned(top), then,
𝐾 = 0.8 (𝑈𝑠𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒)
𝐾𝐿 0.8(10000)
= = 85.561
𝑟 93.5
𝐸 200000
4.71√ = 4.71√ = 115.322
𝑄𝐹𝑦 0.967(345)
𝐾𝐿 𝐸
< 4.71√
𝑟 𝑄𝐹𝑦
𝑭𝒚
∴ 𝑺𝒉𝒐𝒓𝒕 𝑪𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒏, use 𝑭𝒄𝒓 = 𝑸 [𝟎. 𝟔𝟓𝟖 ] 𝑭𝒚 𝑭𝒆
𝜋2𝐸
𝐹𝑒 = 𝜋 2 (200000)
𝐾𝐿 2 = = 269.636 MPa
(𝑟 ) (85.561)2
0.44𝑄𝐹𝑦 = 0.44(0.967)(345) = 146.867 MPa

𝐹𝑒 > 0.44𝑄𝐹𝑦
(0.967)345
𝐹𝑐𝑟 = 0.967 [0.658 269.636 ] (345) = 198.765 MPa
(198.815)( 16,600)
𝑷𝒏 = 𝑭𝒄𝒓 𝑨𝒈 = = 3299.499 kN
1000

LRFD ASD
𝑷𝒏
𝛀𝒄
𝟑𝟐𝟗𝟗. 𝟒𝟗𝟗
𝑷𝒖 = (𝟎. 𝟗)(𝟑𝟐𝟗𝟗. 𝟒𝟗𝟗 ) 𝑷𝒂 =
𝟏. 𝟔𝟕
𝑷𝒖 = 𝟐𝟗𝟔𝟗. 𝟓𝟒𝟗 𝒌𝑵 𝑷𝒂 = 𝟏𝟗𝟕𝟓. 𝟕𝟒𝟖 𝒌𝑵
IV. REFERENCES
1. Steel Structures Design and Behaviour by Charles G. Salmon & John E. Johnson
2. Structural Steel Design 5th Ed. By Jack C. McCormac & Stephen F. Csernak
3. National Structural Code of the Philippines (Chapter 5: Steel Structures) 2015 (Buildings,
Towers & other Vertical Structures).
4. American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC) specifications.

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DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

Cabambangan, Villa de Bacolor 2001, Pampanga, Philippines AND ARCHITECTURE

4.1. 2 Local Buckling Limit State

Local Buckling of Column

4.2 General Provision (NSCP 2015 Sec. 505.1)

4.4 Compressive Strength for Flexural Buckling of members without Slender

Q = 1.0 for members with compact and non-compact sections

4.6 Slender Unstiffened Elements, Qs

4.7 Slender Stiffened Elements, Qa

For axially loaded circular sections:

4.8 Sample Problems

 Solve for Nominal Compressive Strength

o Solve for Fcr

 Solve for Slenderness Ratio

 Solve for Elastic Buckling Stress, Fe (Euler’s Formula)

0.44𝐹𝑦 = 0.44(50) = 22 ksi

Alternative solution if short or long column:

𝑷𝒏 = 𝑭𝒄𝒓 𝑨𝒈 = (𝟐𝟔. 𝟔𝟒𝟒)(9.71) = 258.713 kips

 Solve for Design Compressive Strength/ Allowable Compressive Strength

𝑷𝒖 = 𝟐𝟑𝟐. 𝟖𝟒𝟐 𝒌𝒊𝒑𝒔 𝑷𝒂 = 𝟏𝟓𝟒. 𝟗𝟏𝟖 𝒌𝒊𝒑𝒔

o Solve for Fcr

∴ 𝑳𝒐𝒏𝒈 𝑪𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒏, use 𝑭𝒄𝒓 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟕𝟕𝑭𝒆

0.44𝐹𝑦 = 0.44(50) = 22 ksi

Alternative solution if short or long column:

 Flexural Buckling Stress, Fcr

𝐹𝑐𝑟 = 0.877𝐹𝑒 = (0.877)(18.702) = 16.402 ksi

𝑷𝒏 = 𝑭𝒄𝒓 𝑨𝒈 = (𝟏𝟔. 𝟒𝟎𝟐 )(9.71) = 159.26 kips

 Solve for Design Compressive Strength/ Allowable Compressive Strength

𝑷𝒖 = 𝟏𝟒𝟑. 𝟑𝟑𝟒 𝒌𝒊𝒑𝒔 𝑷𝒂 = 𝟗𝟓. 𝟑𝟔𝟓 𝒌𝒊𝒑𝒔

o Solve for Fcr

 Solve for Slenderness Ratio

Select larger slenderness ratio,

 Solve for Elastic Buckling Stress, Fe (Euler’s Formula)

0.44𝐹𝑦 = 0.44(345) = 151.8 MPa

Alternative solution if short or long column:

(𝟐𝟕𝟎. 𝟒𝟒𝟑 )( 𝟏𝟕𝟏𝟎𝟎)

 Solve for Design Compressive Strength/ Allowable Compressive Strength

𝑷𝒖 = 𝟒𝟏𝟔𝟐. 𝟏𝟏𝟖 𝐤𝐍 𝑷𝒂 = 𝟐𝟕𝟔𝟗. 𝟐𝟎𝟕 𝐤𝐍

 Solve for Factored loads

𝑷𝒂𝒄𝒕 = 𝟏. 𝟐(𝟔𝟎𝟎) + 𝟏. 𝟔(𝟏𝟗𝟎𝟎) = 𝟑𝟕𝟔𝟎 𝒌𝑵 𝑷𝒂𝒄𝒕 = 𝟔𝟎𝟎 + 𝟏𝟗𝟎𝟎 =2500 kN

3. Determine the compressive strength if an HP410x131 A992 steel will be used to

 Effective Reduction Factor, Q

 Solve for Slenderness Ratio

 Solve for Elastic Buckling Stress, Fe (Euler’s Formula)

0.44𝑄𝐹𝑦 = 0.44(0.967)(345) = 146.867 MPa

Alternative solution if short or long column:

 Solve for Design Compressive Strength/ Allowable Compressive Strength

𝑷𝒖 = 𝟐𝟗𝟔𝟗. 𝟓𝟒𝟗 𝒌𝑵 𝑷𝒂 = 𝟏𝟗𝟕𝟓. 𝟕𝟒𝟖 𝒌𝑵

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