CH 3 Review Load and Stress Analysis

Chapter 3
Load and
Stress Analysis
Saturday, September 26,
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Shear Force and Bending

Moments in Beams
Internal shear force V & bending moment M
must ensure equilibrium
Fig. 3−2 Mohammad Suliman Abuhaiba, Ph.D., P.E.

Sign Conventions for Bending
and Shear

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Distributed Load on Beam

 Distributed load q(x) = load intensity
 Units of force per unit length

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Relationships between Load, Shear,

and Bending
Mohammad Suliman Abuhaiba, Ph.D., P.E.

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Cartesian Stress Components

Plane stress occurs = stresses on one surface
are zero
Fig. 3−8

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Plane-Stress Transformation Equations
Fig. 3−9
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Principal Stresses for Plane Stress

 principal directions
 principal stresses
 Zero shear stresses at principal surfaces

 Third principal stress = zero for plane stress
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Extreme-value Shear Stresses for

Plane Stress
 Max shear stresses: on surfaces that are
±45º from principal directions
 Two extreme-value shear stresses:

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Mohr’s Circle Diagram

 Relation between x-y stresses and principal
stresses
 Relationship is a circle with center at
C = (s, t) = [(sx + sy)/2, 0]
s x  s y 
2
R    t xy
2
 2 
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Mohr’s
Circle
Diagram
Fig. 3−10

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Elastic Strain
For a stress element undergoing sx, sy, and
sz, simultaneously,

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Elastic Strain
 Hooke’s law for shear:
 Shear strain g = change in a right angle of a

stress element when subjected to pure
shear stress.
 G = shear modulus of elasticity
 For a linear, isotropic, homogeneous
material,

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Uniformly Distributed Stresses

 For tension and compression,
 For direct shear (no bending present),

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Normal Stresses for Beams in Bending

 Straight beam in positive bending
 x axis = neutral axis
 xz plane = neutral plane
 Neutral axis is coincident with centroidal
axis of the cross section
Fig. 3−13

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Normal Stresses for Beams in

Bending
 Bendingstress varies linearly with distance
from neutral axis, y

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Transverse Shear Stress (TSS)

Fig. 3−18
TSS is always accompanied

with bending stress Mohammad Suliman Abuhaiba, Ph.D., P.E.
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Transverse Shear Stress in a

Rectangular Beam Mohammad Suliman Abuhaiba, Ph.D., P.E.
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Torsion
Angle of twist for a solid round bar
Fig. 3−21
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Stress Concentration
 Localized increase
of stress near
discontinuities
 Kt = Theoretical
(Geometric) Stress
Concentration
Factor

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Theoretical Stress
Concentration Factor
 A-15 and A-16

 Peterson’s Stress-Concentration
Factors

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Stress Concentration for Static

and Ductile Conditions
With static loads and ductile materials
 Highest stressed fibers yield (cold work)
 Load is shared with next fibers
 Cold working is localized
 Overall part does not see damage unless
ultimate strength is exceeded
 Stress concentration effect is commonly
ignored for static loads on ductile
materials Mohammad Suliman Abuhaiba, Ph.D., P.E.
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Stresses in Pressurized Cylinders
Fig. 3−31
Tangential and radial stresses

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Special case of zero outside pressure, po = 0

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If ends are closed, then longitudinal stresses

also exist

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Thin-Walled Vessels
 Cylindrical pressure vessel with wall
thickness 1/10 or less of the radius
 Radial stress is quite small compared to
tangential stress
 Average tangential stress

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Thin-Walled Vessels
 Maximum tangential stress
 Longitudinal stress (if ends are closed)

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Curved Beams in Bending
Fig. 3−34
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 Location of neutral axis
 Stress distribution

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Stress at inner and outer surfaces

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Example 3-15
Plot the distribution of stresses across
section A–A of the crane hook shown in Fig.
3–35a. The cross section is rectangular, with
b = 0.75 in and h = 4 in, and the load is F =
5000 lbf.

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Example 3-15
Fig. 3−35
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Formulas for Sections of

Curved Beams (Table 3-4)

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Chapter 3

Shear Force and Bending

Fig. 3−2 Mohammad Suliman Abuhaiba, Ph.D., P.E.

Fig. 3−3 Mohammad Suliman Abuhaiba, Ph.D., P.E.

Distributed Load on Beam

Fig. 3−4 Mohammad Suliman Abuhaiba, Ph.D., P.E.

Relationships between Load, Shear,

Mohammad Suliman Abuhaiba, Ph.D., P.E.

Cartesian Stress Components

Mohammad Suliman Abuhaiba, Ph.D., P.E.

Plane-Stress Transformation Equations

Principal Stresses for Plane Stress

 Zero shear stresses at principal surfaces

Extreme-value Shear Stresses for

Mohammad Suliman Abuhaiba, Ph.D., P.E.

Mohr’s Circle Diagram

C = (s, t) = [(sx + sy)/2, 0]

Mohammad Suliman Abuhaiba, Ph.D., P.E.

Mohammad Suliman Abuhaiba, Ph.D., P.E.

 Shear strain g = change in a right angle of a

Mohammad Suliman Abuhaiba, Ph.D., P.E.

Uniformly Distributed Stresses

 For direct shear (no bending present),

Mohammad Suliman Abuhaiba, Ph.D., P.E.

Normal Stresses for Beams in Bending

Mohammad Suliman Abuhaiba, Ph.D., P.E.

Normal Stresses for Beams in

Fig. 3−14 Mohammad Suliman Abuhaiba, Ph.D., P.E.

Transverse Shear Stress (TSS)

TSS is always accompanied

Transverse Shear Stress in a

Mohammad Suliman Abuhaiba, Ph.D., P.E.

 A-15 and A-16

Mohammad Suliman Abuhaiba, Ph.D., P.E.

Stress Concentration for Static

Stresses in Pressurized Cylinders

Tangential and radial stresses

Mohammad Suliman Abuhaiba, Ph.D., P.E.

Stresses in Pressurized Cylinders

Mohammad Suliman Abuhaiba, Ph.D., P.E.

Stresses in Pressurized Cylinders

If ends are closed, then longitudinal stresses

Mohammad Suliman Abuhaiba, Ph.D., P.E.

Mohammad Suliman Abuhaiba, Ph.D., P.E.

 Longitudinal stress (if ends are closed)

Mohammad Suliman Abuhaiba, Ph.D., P.E.

Curved Beams in Bending

Curved Beams in Bending

 Location of neutral axis

Mohammad Suliman Abuhaiba, Ph.D., P.E.

Curved Beams in Bending

Stress at inner and outer surfaces

Mohammad Suliman Abuhaiba, Ph.D., P.E.

Mohammad Suliman Abuhaiba, Ph.D., P.E.

Formulas for Sections of

Mohammad Suliman Abuhaiba, Ph.D., P.E.

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