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    D 3

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    The document describes functions of several variables and 3D coordinate systems. It defines the surface area of the side of an object as the circumference of the bottom times the height. It then introduces 3D coordinate systems using three perpendicular axes and defines how to specify a point in space using its (x, y, z) coordinates. Examples are given to describe the position of points and how to reach a point by moving along different axes.

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    D 3

    Uploaded by

    shahzeb khan
    27 views2 pages
    The document describes functions of several variables and 3D coordinate systems. It defines the surface area of the side of an object as the circumference of the bottom times the height. It then introduces 3D coordinate systems using three perpendicular axes and defines how to specify a point in space using its (x, y, z) coordinates. Examples are given to describe the position of points and how to reach a point by moving along different axes.

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    The document describes functions of several variables and 3D coordinate systems. It defines the surface area of the side of an object as the circumference of the bottom times the height. It then introduces 3D coordinate systems using three perpendicular axes and defines how to specify a point in space using its (x, y, z) coordinates. Examples are given to describe the position of points and how to reach a point by moving along different axes.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    27 views2 pages

    D 3

    Uploaded by

    shahzeb khan
    The document describes functions of several variables and 3D coordinate systems. It defines the surface area of the side of an object as the circumference of the bottom times the height. It then introduces 3D coordinate systems using three perpendicular axes and defines how to specify a point in space using its (x, y, z) coordinates. Examples are given to describe the position of points and how to reach a point by moving along different axes.

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    Chapter 12 FUNCTIONS OF SEVERAL VARIABLES

    The surface area of the side is the circumference of the bottom, 2𝜋𝑟, times the height , giving 2𝜋𝑟ℎ.

    Thus,

    = (𝑟, ℎ) = 2 Area of base + Area of side = 2𝜋𝑟2 + 2𝜋𝑟ℎ.

    A Tour of 3-Space

    In Section 12.2 we see how to visualize a function of two variables as a surface in space. Now we

    see how to locate points in three-dimensional space (3-space).

    Imagine three coordinate axes meeting at the origin: a vertical axis, and two horizontal axes at

    right angles to each other. (See Figure 12.2.) Think of the 𝑥𝑦-plane as being horizontal, while the

    -axis extends vertically above and below the plane. The labels , , and show which part of each

    axis is positive; the other side is negative. We generally use right-handed axesin which looking down

    the positive -axis gives the usual view of the 𝑥𝑦-plane. We specify a point in 3-space by giving its

    coordinates (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) with respect to these axes. Think of the coordinates as instructions telling you

    how to get to the point: start at the origin, go units along the -axis, then units in the direction

    parallel to the -axis, and finally units in the direction parallel to the -axis. The coordinates can

    be positive, zero or negative; a zero coordinate means “don’t move in this direction,” and a negative

    coordinate means “go in the negative direction parallel to this axis.” For example, the origin has

    coordinates (0, 0, 0), since we get there from the origin by doing nothing at all.

    Example 4 Describe the position of the points with coordinates (1, 2, 3) and (0, 0, −1).

    Solution We get to the point (1, 2, 3) by starting at the origin, going 1 unit along the -axis, 2 units in the

    direction parallel to the -axis, and 3 units up in the direction parallel to the -axis. (See Figure 12.3.)

    To get to (0, 0, −1), we don’t move at all in the - and the -directions, but move 1 unit in the

    negative -direction. So the point is on the negative -axis. (See Figure 12.4.) You can check that

    the position of the point is independent of the order of the , , and displacements.

    Figure 12.2: Coordinate axes in

    three-dimensional space

    (1, 2, 3)

    Figure 12.3: The point


    (1, 2, 3) in 3-space

    (0, 0, −1)

    Figure 12.4: The point

    (0, 0,−1) in 3-space

    Example 5 You start at the origin, go along the -axis a distance of 2 units in the positive direction, and
    then

    move vertically upward a distance of 1 unit. What are the coordinates of your final position?

    Solution You started at the point (0, 0, 0). When you went along the -axis, your -coordinate increased to
    2.

    Moving vertically increased your -coordinate to 1; your -coordinate did not change because you

    did not move in the -direction. So your final coordinates are (0, 2, 1). (See Figure 12.5.)

    (0, 2, 1)

    Figure 12.5: The point (0, 2, 1) is reached by moving 2 along the -axis and 1 upward

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