9/12/2013

Lecture # 01

Introduction to Basic Concepts

Who I am!
• Education
– Undergraduate – PNEC NUST 1998
– MA (International Relations) – KU 2001
– MS (Control Engineering) – PNEC NUST 2006
– PhD (Electrical) – MSU USA 2010
• Naval Appointments
– PNS TAIMUR, PNS SHAMSHER, PNS BADR
– Naval Stores Depot – Technical Division
– Maritime Technologies Complex – South Section
– Pakistan Navy Engineering College
• At PNEC
– Assistant Professor – EPE department
– Group Officer (EPE Labs)
– Few more thing in which you might not be interested

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Grading
• Grading Structure:
– Assignments 10%
– Quizzes 10%
– Hourly Exams 20%
– Final exam 30%
– Course Project 30%

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Course at a Glance

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What is a signal ?
• Signals:
– Information-bearing function
– Generally function of independent variables
– A common convention is to refer to the independent variable as
time, although may in fact not
• Dimensionality:
– Sound: 1-Dimension
– Greyscale image i(x,y) : 2-D
– Video: 3 x 3-D: {r(x,y,t) g(x,y,t) b(x,y,t)}

Sound Signal
Leena Image Movie Clip

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Signal processing
• Modify a signal to
– Extract
– Enhance
– Rearrange the information
• Origin in analog electronics e.g. radar
• Examples…
– Noise reduction
– Data compression
– Representation for recognition/classification…
• What is Digital Signal Processing?
– Signal Processing on Computer is called Digital Signal
Processing

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Signal Types
Continuous Time Discrete Time
Continuous Time
Discrete Time

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Digital Signal Processing Vs Signal Processing

• Conventional Signal Processing

• Digital Signal Processing

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Digital vs Analog Signal Processing

• Pros
– Noise performance - quantized signal
– Use a general computer - flexibility, upgrde
– Stability/duplicability
– Novelty
• Cons
– Limitations of A/D & D/A
– Baseline complexity
– Power consumption
• DSP Example

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Operations on Signals

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Signal Sampling
• Discrete time signal often obtained by sampling a
continuous-time signal

• Sequence {x[n]} = xa(nT), n=…-1,0,1,2…

– T= sample Period;
– 1/T= sample frequency

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Operation on Signals
• Sequences
– Can write a sequence by listing values

– Arrow indicates where n=0

• Can we identify
– x[-1] =
– x[0] =
– x[2] =

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Operation on Signals
• x[n] may be defined only for certain n:
– N1 ≤ n ≤ N2: Finite length (length = _______)
– N1 ≤ n: Right-sided (This signal is called Causal if N1 ≥ 0)
– n ≤ N2: Left-sided (Anticausal)
• Can always extend with zero-padding

Left - Sided Signal Right - Sided Signal

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Operation on Signal
• Addition operation

• Multiplication operation

• Product (modulation) operation

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Operation on Signals
• Time-shifting operation

where N is an integer
• If N > 0, it is delaying operation

• If N < 0, it is an advance operation

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Operation on Signals
• Combination of basic operations

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Operation on Signals
• Certain operations change the effective sampling rate of
sequences by adding or removing samples
– Up-sampling = adding more samples = interpolation
– Down-sampling = discarding samples = decimation
• Down Sampling
– In down-sampling by an integer factor M > 1, every Mth samples of
the input sequence are kept and M - 1 in-between samples are
removed

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Operation on Signals
• Up Sampling
– Up-sampling is the converse of downsampling
– L-1 zero values are inserted between each pair of original values.

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Complex Numbers
• Complex numbers are a mathematical convenience that
lead to simple expressions.
• A 2nd “imaginary” dimension (j≡√-1) is added to all values.
• Rectangular Form: x = xre + j·xim
where magnitude
and phase θ

• Polar Form
• When adding, real and imaginary parts
• add: (a+jb) + (c+jd) = (a+c) + j(b+d)
• When multiplying,
– magnitudes multiply
– phases add:

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Complex Numbers
• Complex Conjugate
• Flips imaginary part / negates phase

• Useful in resolving to real quantities:

– Addition

– Multiplication

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Classes of Sequences
• Finite/infinite (extent in n)
• Real/complex:
• x[n] = xre[n] + j·xim[n]
• wrt to Symmetry
– Conjugate symmetric sequence

– Conjugate antisymmetric:

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Conjugate symmetric decomposition

• Any sequence can be expressed as conjugate symmetric
(CS) / antisymmetric (CA) parts:
x[n] = xcs[n] + xca[n]
• where:
xcs[n] = 1/2(x[n] + x*[-n]) = xcs *[-n]
xca[n] = 1/2(x[n] – x*[-n]) = -xca *[-n]

• When signals are real,

CS =Even (xre[n] = xre[-n]),
CA = Odd (xre[n] = -xre[-n]),

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Basic Sequences

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Unit Sample Sequence

• It is defined as

• Shift in time

• Can express any sequence with δ

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Unit step sequence

• It is defined as

• Related to unit sample:

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Exponential sequences
• Exponential sequences= eigenfunctions
• General form: x[n] = A·αn
• If A and α are real:

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Complex Exponentials
• Complex Exponentials are given as

• Where constants A, α are complex

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Complex Exponentials
• Complex exponential sequence can ‘project down’ onto
real & imag axes to give sinusoidal sequences
• For example

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Periodic sequences
• A sequence satisfying is called a
periodic sequence with a period N where N is a positive
integer and k is any integer
• Smallest value of N satisfying is called the
fundamental period

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Periodic Exponentials
• Sinusoidal sequence and complex exponential
sequence are periodic sequences of period N
only if , with N & r positive integers
• Smallest value of N satisfying is the fundamental
period of the sequence
• r = 1 => one sinusoid cycle per N samples
• r > 1 => r cycles per N samples

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Sampling Sinusoids
• Sampling a sinusoid is ambiguous

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Size of Sequence
• Size of the signal is measured by
– Norm
– Norm is defined as

– Normally 2 norm is commonly used

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Types of Signals
• Energy Signal
– Energy of a signal is given by

• Power Signal
– Power of a signal is given as

??
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Assignment

Assignment # 1 will be posted today and is due in the next

class

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Good Luck

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