Menu

Search

Introductory User’s Guide

CODE V 10.3
March 2011
 Copyright Notice and Proprietary Information
Menu
Copyright © 2011 Synopsys, Inc. All rights reserved. This software and documentation contain confidential and proprietary
information that is the property of Synopsys, Inc. The software and documentation are furnished under a license agreement
and may be used or copied only in accordance with the terms of the license agreement. No part of the software and
documentation may be reproduced, transmitted, or translated, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, manual,
optical, or otherwise, without prior written permission of Synopsys, Inc., or as expressly provided by the license agreement.
Search
Right to Copy Documentation
The license agreement with Synopsys permits licensee to make copies of the documentation for its internal use only. Each
copy shall include all copyrights, trademarks, service marks, and proprietary rights notices, if any. Licensee must assign
sequential numbers to all copies. These copies shall contain the following legend on the cover page:

“This document is duplicated with the permission of Synopsys, Inc., for the exclusive use of
________________________________ and its employees. This is copy number __________.”

Destination Control Statement

All technical data contained in this publication is subject to the export control laws of the United States of America.
Disclosure to nationals of other countries contrary to United States law is prohibited. It is the reader’s responsibility to
determine the applicable regulations and to comply with them.

Disclaimer
SYNOPSYS, INC., AND ITS LICENSORS MAKE NO WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, WITH
REGARD TO THIS MATERIAL, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.

Registered Trademarks (®)

Synopsys, AEON, AMPS, Astro, Behavior Extracting Synthesis Technology, Cadabra, CATS, Certify, CHIPit, CoMET,
Confirma, CODE V, Design Compiler, DesignWare, EMBED-IT!, Formality, Galaxy Custom Designer, Global Synthesis,
HAPS, HapsTrak, HDL Analyst, HSIM, HSPICE, Identify, Leda, LightTools, MAST, METeor, ModelTools, NanoSim,
NOVeA, OpenVera, ORA, PathMill, Physical Compiler, PrimeTime, SCOPE, Simply Better Results, SiVL, SNUG, SolvNet,
Sonic Focus, STAR Memory System, Syndicated, Synplicity, the Synplicity logo, Synplify, Synplify Pro, Synthesis
Constraints Optimization Environment, TetraMAX, UMRBus, VCS, Vera, and YIELDirector are registered trademarks of
Synopsys, Inc.

Trademarks (™)
AFGen, Apollo, ARC, ASAP, Astro-Rail, Astro-Xtalk, Aurora, AvanWaves, BEST, Columbia, Columbia-CE, Cosmos,
CosmosLE, CosmosScope, CRITIC, CustomExplorer, CustomSim, DC Expert, DC Professional, DC Ultra, Design
Analyzer, Design Vision, DesignerHDL, DesignPower, DFTMAX, Direct Silicon Access, Discovery, Eclypse, Encore,
EPIC, Galaxy, HANEX, HDL Compiler, Hercules, Hierarchical Optimization Technology, High-performance ASIC
Prototyping System, HSIMplus, i-Virtual Stepper, IICE, in-Sync, iN-Tandem, Intelli, Jupiter, Jupiter-DP, JupiterXT,
JupiterXT-ASIC, Liberty, Libra-Passport, Library Compiler, Macro-PLUS, Magellan, Mars, Mars-Rail, Mars-Xtalk,
Milkyway, ModelSource, Module Compiler, MultiPoint, ORAengineering, Physical Analyst, Planet, Planet-PL, Polaris,
Power Compiler, Raphael, RippledMixer, Saturn, Scirocco, Scirocco-i, SiWare, Star-RCXT, Star-SimXT, StarRC, System
Compiler, System Designer, Taurus, TotalRecall, TSUPREM-4, VCSi, VHDL Compiler, VMC, and Worksheet Buffer are
trademarks of Synopsys, Inc.

Service Marks (sm)

MAP-in, SVP Café, and TAP-in are service marks of Synopsys, Inc.

SystemC is a trademark of the Open SystemC Initiative and is used under license.
ARM and AMBA are registered trademarks of ARM Limited.
Saber is a registered trademark of SabreMark Limited Partnership and is used under license.
All other product or company names may be trademarks of their respective owners.
Menu

Search

Contents

Chapter 1 Welcome to CODE V .....................................................1

What is CODE V? ....................................................................................................2
A Power Tool for Optics ...............................................................................2
Typical Tasks for CODE V ...........................................................................2
The Beauty of Not Starting from Scratch ......................................................3
The Beauty of Keeping It Simple ..................................................................3
This Manual and You ...............................................................................................5
Audience ........................................................................................................5
About This Manual ........................................................................................5
Learning More ...............................................................................................5
Online Help and Documentation ...................................................................6
Assumptions and Terminology ................................................................................7
The CODE V Interface ............................................................................................9
A VERY Brief Tour ......................................................................................9
What About Commands and Macros? ........................................................11
The Structure of CODE V ......................................................................................13
Starting, Stopping, and Getting Technical Support ................................................14
Installing CODE V ......................................................................................14
Starting CODE V ........................................................................................14
Saving Your Work ......................................................................................14
Exit from CODE V ......................................................................................14
Getting Technical Support ..........................................................................14
Before You Begin: Settings Assumed for this Guide .............................................15

Chapter 2 Just Do It: Design a Digital Camera Lens .................17

Learning by Doing .................................................................................................18
A Simple Digital Camera Lens ...................................................................18
Design Specifications ..................................................................................18
The New Lens Wizard ............................................................................................21
Starting a New Lens ....................................................................................21
Patent Database ...........................................................................................22
Defining the System Data ...........................................................................23

CODE V Introductory User’s Guide iii

 Contents
Menu

Working with Surfaces ...........................................................................................25

The Lens Data Manager Spreadsheet ..........................................................25
Search
Changing and “Committing” Data ..............................................................27
Drawing Pictures .........................................................................................28
Surface Operations: Scale the Lens .............................................................29
New Title and Starting “Save Lens” ...........................................................32
Analyze the Starting Point .....................................................................................33
Quick Ray Aberration Curve .......................................................................33
Quick Spot Diagram ....................................................................................35
Distortion .....................................................................................................36
MTF (“Sharpness”) .....................................................................................37
Vignetting/Illumination ...............................................................................39
Establish Feasibility ....................................................................................40
Conclusions ............................................................................................................42

Chapter 3 Make It Better: Optimization ......................................43

About Optimization ................................................................................................44
Purpose ........................................................................................................44
Methods .......................................................................................................44
Defaults .......................................................................................................44
The AUTO process ......................................................................................44
Local vs. Global ..........................................................................................46
Parallel Processing Support .........................................................................46
The Game Plan .......................................................................................................46
Variables .................................................................................................................48
Defining Variables ......................................................................................48
Use the LDM ...............................................................................................48
Fictitious Glass ............................................................................................49
Automatic Design Settings .....................................................................................52
General Constraints .....................................................................................53
Specific Constraints .....................................................................................55
Output Controls ...........................................................................................57
Error Function Definitions and Controls .....................................................58
Save Your Settings (Option Set) and Run AUTO .......................................59
Understanding AUTO Output ................................................................................60
The Error Function ......................................................................................60
The AUTO Output Header ..........................................................................62
AUTO Per-Cycle Output .............................................................................63
Analyzing Results and Modifying Weights ...........................................................66
Final Optimization and Notes ................................................................................69

iv CODE V Introductory User’s Guide

 Contents
Menu

Plastics, Private Catalog, and Aspheres .................................................................72

Search
Global Synthesis and Other AUTO Features .........................................................73
Constraints: Problems and Solutions .....................................................................74

Chapter 4 See How It Works: Analysis .......................................77

Analysis Options in CODE V ................................................................................78
Diagnostic Analysis .....................................................................................78
Geometrical Analysis ..................................................................................79
Diffraction Analysis ....................................................................................80
Other Analysis .............................................................................................81
The Role of Apertures in Analysis ..............................................................82
Diagnostic Analysis ...............................................................................................84
Paraxial Ray Trace (FIO) ............................................................................84
Real Ray Trace (RSI, SIN) ..........................................................................86
Ray Aberration Curves (RIM) .....................................................................89
Pupil Map (PMA) ........................................................................................92
Footprint Plot (FOO) ...................................................................................96
Geometrical Analysis .............................................................................................99
Spot Diagram (SPO) ....................................................................................99
Radial Energy Analysis (RAD) .................................................................101
Diffraction Analysis .............................................................................................104
MTF ...........................................................................................................104
Point Spread Function (PSF) .....................................................................105
Wavefront Analysis (WAV) ......................................................................109
2D Image Simulation (IMS) ......................................................................111
Analysis Macros ...................................................................................................116
Multilayer Coating Design ...................................................................................118

Chapter 5 Resist Murphy’s Law: Tolerancing ..........................119

Murphy’s Law ......................................................................................................120
What Can Go Wrong? ...............................................................................120
How Bad Can It Be? ..................................................................................121
Compensators ............................................................................................121
Statistics ....................................................................................................121
The Cost of Failure ....................................................................................122
Tolerancing and TOR ...........................................................................................123
Tolerancing Goals .....................................................................................123
TOR Functions ..........................................................................................123
Semi-Automatic Error Budgeting .............................................................124
Interactive Tolerancing .............................................................................124
Other Tolerancing Options ........................................................................124

CODE V Introductory User’s Guide v

 Contents
Menu

Tolerance Types ...................................................................................................125

Search
Tolerancing with the LDM and TOR ...................................................................126
All-default TOR Run .................................................................................126
Setting Up Tolerances ...............................................................................128
TOR Lens Preparations .............................................................................130
TOR Input Dialog ......................................................................................132
Understanding TOR Output .................................................................................137
Sensitivity Tables ......................................................................................137
Effects of Limits and Rounding ................................................................138
Probability Distributions, Cross Terms, and Statistics ..............................139
Tolerance Output Tables ...........................................................................141
Performance Summary Table ....................................................................141
Other Tolerance Analysis Features ......................................................................142

Chapter 6 Reflecting Systems ...................................................145

Reflecting Systems in CODE V ...........................................................................146
No Problem for CODE V ..........................................................................146
Sign Conventions ......................................................................................147
Double Pass Surfaces and Systems ...........................................................147
Reflecting System Data ........................................................................................148
Surface Data ..............................................................................................148
Aperture Issues .....................................................................................................151
Aperture Types in CODE V ......................................................................151
Entering Obscurations ...............................................................................151

Chapter 7 Non-Spherical Surfaces ...........................................157

Non-Spherical Surface Types ...............................................................................158
Non-Spherical Surfaces .............................................................................158
Rotationally Symmetric Surface Types .....................................................158
Non-Rotationally Symmetric Surfaces ......................................................159
A Non-Spherical Example ...................................................................................160
Flat-Field Schmidt .....................................................................................160
Conic Surfaces .....................................................................................................166
Ellipses ......................................................................................................166
Hyperbolas ................................................................................................167
Parabolas ...................................................................................................167
Entering an Ellipse ...............................................................................................168
Polynomial Aspheres ...........................................................................................171
Fresnel Surface ..........................................................................................171
Entering an Asphere ..................................................................................172

vi CODE V Introductory User’s Guide

 Contents
Menu

Aspheric Singlet Example ....................................................................................173

Search
Diffractive Surfaces .............................................................................................177
What Are Diffractive Optics? ...................................................................177
Color-Corrected IR Lens ...........................................................................177
Ray Grid Issues ....................................................................................................180

Chapter 8 Decentered Systems .................................................183

A Fold Mirror Example ........................................................................................184
Petzval Lens Fold Mirror Example ...........................................................184
Entering Decenter Data .............................................................................184
Basic Concepts for Decentered Systems ..............................................................189
Terminology and Coordinate Breaks ........................................................189
Order of Operations ...................................................................................190
Types of Decentered Surfaces ..............................................................................192
Different Types for Convenience ..............................................................192
Names for Decenter Parameters ................................................................195
Tilted Plates ..........................................................................................................195
Using Basic Decenters ..............................................................................196
Using Reverse Decenters ..........................................................................197
Wavelength Effects ...................................................................................197
Fold Mirrors vs. Scanning Mirrors ......................................................................198
Using Basic Decenters ..............................................................................198
Using Decenter & Bend (BEN) .................................................................198
Using Decenter & Return (DAR) ..............................................................199
Prism Macros .......................................................................................................201
How to Use Prism Macros ........................................................................201

Chapter 9 Zoom Systems ..........................................................203

Zoom Capabilities ................................................................................................204
Movie Zoom Lens .....................................................................................206
Zoom Review Spreadsheet ........................................................................210
A Scanning Example ............................................................................................211
Start with a Doublet ...................................................................................211
Add the Scan Mirror ..................................................................................212
Zoom the Scan Angle ................................................................................214
Overlaying Zoom Positions in Lens Drawings .........................................216
Zoom Features in Options ....................................................................................219
Zoom Controls for Calculations ................................................................219
Automatic Design and Zoom Systems ......................................................221
Multi-Spectral Systems ........................................................................................222

CODE V Introductory User’s Guide vii

 Contents
Menu

Chapter 10 Tech Talk: Useful Background ..............................223

Search Coordinate Systems and Conventions ..................................................................224
Coordinate Systems ...................................................................................224
Some Important Conventions ....................................................................225
System Data Details .............................................................................................226
Pupil ..........................................................................................................226
Wavelengths ..............................................................................................227
Fields/Vignetting .......................................................................................227
System Solves ...........................................................................................228
System Settings .........................................................................................228
Advanced Settings .....................................................................................229
Astigmatic Object ......................................................................................230
Fiber Location ...........................................................................................231
Tolerance Controls ....................................................................................231
Wavelengths and Spectral Weights ......................................................................232
Wavelength Weights .................................................................................232
Creating Spectral Curves and Profiles ......................................................232
Vignetting, Reference Rays, Pupils, and Apertures .............................................233
What Is Vignetting? ..................................................................................233
Reference Rays ..........................................................................................233
Reference Rays and Vignetting Factors ....................................................233
Pupil Aberration ........................................................................................235
Vignetting in Practical Terms ...................................................................235
Solves ...................................................................................................................239
Paraxial Image Solve (PIM) ......................................................................239
Curvature Solves .......................................................................................240
Overall Length Solves ...............................................................................241
Reduction Ratio (RED) Solves .................................................................241
Afocal Systems ....................................................................................................242
What Are Afocal Systems? .......................................................................242
Method of Modeling Afocal Systems .......................................................242
Pupil Apodization and Gaussian Beams ..............................................................246
Gaussian Apodization ...............................................................................246
Gaussian Beams ........................................................................................247
Polarization, Coatings, and Other Features ..........................................................248
Polarization Ray Tracing (POL) ...............................................................248
Input States ................................................................................................248
Coatings, Polarization Operators, and Birefringent Materials ..................248
Analysis .....................................................................................................249
Some of the Rest .......................................................................................249

viii CODE V Introductory User’s Guide

 Contents
Menu

Appendix A Commands for Examples .....................................251

Search Some Notes on Commands ..................................................................................252
Command Inputs for Example Sessions ..............................................................254
Chapter 2 - New Lens Wizard ...................................................................254
Chapter 3 - Optimization ...........................................................................255
Chapter 4 - Analysis ..................................................................................256
Chapter 5 - Tolerancing .............................................................................258
Chapter 6 - Reflecting Systems .................................................................259
Chapter 7 - Non-Spherical Systems ..........................................................260
Chapter 8 - Decentered Systems ...............................................................262
Chapter 9 - Zoom Systems ........................................................................262

Appendix B Bibliography ...........................................................265

Optical Design and Engineering References .......................................................266
Lens Examples and Patents ..................................................................................267
General Optics References ...................................................................................267
Web Resources .....................................................................................................268

Index ...............................................................................................269

CODE V Introductory User’s Guide ix

 Contents
Menu

Search

x CODE V Introductory User’s Guide