CE 420 CEM 402 Study Guide - Structural Theory

Study Guide Batch 2018
Theory of Structures
This makes up approximately 18 marks in your final examination.
Competencies
Source: Professional Regulation Commission: Table of Specification for Civil Engineering Board Exam
• Compute the maximum reactions and deflections
• Calculate maximum and minimum loads and forces using influence lines for
different loading conditions
• Distinguish the internal loadings (shear, moment and torsion) developed in the
structural member
• Define the indeterminacy of the structure
• Compute the maximum reactions with and without pattern loading
• Analyze the structure for maximum deflection, flexure, shear and torsion
Core Topics
• Moment Diagram by Parts

The resultant bending moment at any section caused by any load system is the
algebraic sum of the bending moments at that section caused by each load act-
ing separately.
• Stability of Structures
■ Internal Stability
A structure is internally stable if it maintains its shape and remains a rigid

body when all external supports are removed. Conversely, a structure is
internally unstable if it cannot maintain its shape and may undergo large
displacements when all external supports are removed.
Batangas State University CE 420: Comprehensive Exam | Page 7

■ External Stability
Conditions for Stable Structures:

1. Number of unknowns (external + internal) must be greater than or equal
to the number of equilibrium conditions.
2. External reactions must not be parallel to each other.
3. External reactions must not be concurrent.
■ Determinancy of Structures
A structure is statically determinate if the number of equations equals the

number of unknowns (external + internal).
If the number of unknowns exceeds the number of equilibrium equations,

the structure becomes statically indeterminate.
Structure 2D Case 3D Case

Beams D I = R − 3 −C D I = R − 6 −C
Frames D I = R + 3M − 3J −C D I = R + 6M − 6J −C
Trusses D I = R + M − 2J D I = R + M − 3J
• Deflections of Beams: Geometric Methods

(a) Double Integration Method
E I y ′′ = M
Z
′
E I y = Md x +C 1
Ï
EIy = (Md x)d x +C 1 x +C 2
where y ′ is the slope of the beam and y is the deflection
(b) Area Moment Method

■ The change in slope between tangents drawn to the elastic curve at any
two points A and B is equal to the product 1/EI multiplied by the area
of the moment diagram between these two points
1
θ AB = ( Area ) AB
EI

■ The deviation at any point B relative to a tangent drawn to the elastic

curve at any other point A, in direction perpendicular to the original
position of the beam, is equal to the product of 1/EI multiplied by the
moment of area about B of that part of the moment diagram between
points A & B
1
t B /A = ( Area ) AB · x̄ B
EI
(c) Memorize Appendix II for the summary of slope and deflection for basic
beam loadings
• Deflections of Trusses, Beams, and Frames: Work–Energy Methods
■ Method of Virtual Work
Trusses
X nN L
δ=
AE
Frames
mM
Z
δ= dx
EI
• Structural Analysis: Approximate Methods
– Portal Method

– Cantilever Method
• Influence Lines
(a) Influence Lines for Beams
■ Mueller-Breslau Principle
The deflected shape of a structure represents to some scale the influ-
ence line for a function if the function is allowed to act through a unit
displacement
(b) Absolute Maximum Response

■ Single Moving Load
■ Two Moving Loads

Shear
Vmax occurs at the reaction when the larger load is over that support.
Moment
where P s is the smaller load, P b is the bigger load, anc P is the total load
(P = P s + P b ).

■ Three Moving Loads

Shear
For a cantilevered beam the absolute maximum shear will occur at a
point located just next to the fixed support.
For simply supported beams the absolute maximum shear will occur
just next to one of the supports. If the loads are equivalent, they are po-
sitioned so that the first one in sequence is placed close to the support
Moment
Absolute maximum moment in a simply supported beam occurs under
one of the concentrated forces, such that this force is positioned on the
beam so that it and the resultant force of the system are equidistant
from the beam’s centerline.
As a general rule, though, the absolute maximum moment often occurs

under the largest force lying nearest the resultant force of the system

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Study Guide Batch 2018

• Compute the maximum reactions and deflections

• Define the indeterminacy of the structure

• Compute the maximum reactions with and without pattern loading

• Moment Diagram by Parts

A structure is internally stable if it maintains its shape and remains a rigid

Batangas State University CE 420: Comprehensive Exam | Page 7

Conditions for Stable Structures:

A structure is statically determinate if the number of equations equals the

If the number of unknowns exceeds the number of equilibrium equations,

Structure 2D Case 3D Case

• Deflections of Beams: Geometric Methods

where y ′ is the slope of the beam and y is the deflection

(b) Area Moment Method

Batangas State University CE 420: Comprehensive Exam | Page 8

■ The deviation at any point B relative to a tangent drawn to the elastic

• Deflections of Trusses, Beams, and Frames: Work–Energy Methods

■ Method of Virtual Work

Batangas State University CE 420: Comprehensive Exam | Page 9

(b) Absolute Maximum Response

■ Two Moving Loads

Batangas State University CE 420: Comprehensive Exam | Page 10

■ Three Moving Loads

As a general rule, though, the absolute maximum moment often occurs

Batangas State University CE 420: Comprehensive Exam | Page 11

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