A REPORT ON

SUMMER INTERNSHIP
Role of civil Engineering in disaster management.

Submitted

By

Kabeer Wafai

180107028

Under the Guidance of

Mr. Vivek Mathur

Assistant Professor

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

SHARDA UNIVERSITY, GREATER NOIDA

JUNE 2020
 ABS TRACT

The state of Jammu and Kashmir is very distinct from the rest of the country
with respect to topography, climate, economy, social setting and strategic
location. The state is a multi-hazard prone region with natural disasters like
earthquakes, floods, landslides, avalanches, high velocity winds, snow storms,
besides manmade disasters including road accidents and fires etc. occurring in
various parts of the state.

First I will be going through the natural disaster’s which majorly takes place in
Kashmir.

• The Kashmir region lies in a high seismic hazard zone (zone 4), where
destructive earthquakes take place at regular intervals.
• The state Jammu and Kashmir is still dense forest area covers lots of
mountains and hilly areas.
• The weather is very cold and the highest temp reaches to 33% c.
• Kashmir experiences fo ur major seasons
• March to ending April – (15-18 Celsius during Day) to (0 to 5 degree
Celsius in nights)
• SUMMER – May to August – (20-30 Celsius during Day) to (15 – 20
degree Celsius in nights)
• September to November – (18-25 Celsius during Day) to (10-15 degree
Celsius in nights)
• December to February – (5 to 10 Celsius during Day) to (-4 to 2 degree
Celsius in nights)

Ro le o f Civil Engine e ring at the time o f dis as te r’s .

Two majo r dis as te r’s cas e s tudy and co nclus io n.

• On October 8, 2005, the mw 7.6 earthquake occurring at a depth of 26 km,

with epicentre at 34.6 0n, 73.0 0E near the town of Muzaffarabad, was felt
throughout Pakistan and India

• Jammu and Kashmir experienced heavy monsoon rains that began on

September 2, 2014 and lead to unprecedented widespread flooding and
landslides across the state.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT
TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION
1.2 AIM OF STUDY
1.3 OBJECTIVE OF STUDY

CHAPTER 2
METHODOLOGY
2.1 PROBLEM DEFINITION
2.2 ANALYSIS OF PROBLEM

CHAPTER 4
RES ULTS AND CONCLUS ION
3.1 DISCUSSION OF RESULTS
3.2 CONCLUSION OF STUDY

CHAPTER5
TABLE OF FIGURES
Fig1.0 (page no 9)
Fig1.1 (page no 9)
Fig 1.3 (page no 10 )
 REFERENCES

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

An e arthquake is what happens when two blocks of the earth suddenly slip
past one another. The surface where they slip is called the fault or fault plane .
The location below the earth’s surface where the earthquake starts is called
the hypo ce ntre , and the location directly above it on the surface of the earth is
called the e pice ntre .
Sometimes an earthquake has fo re s ho cks . These are smaller earthquakes that
happen in the same place as the larger earthquake that follows. Scientists can’t
tell that an earthquake is a foreshock until the larger earthquake happens. The
largest, main earthquake is called the main s ho ck. Main shocks always
have afte rs ho cks that follow. These are smaller earthquakes that occur
afterwards in the same place as the main shock. Depending on the size of the
main shock, aftershocks can continue for weeks, months, and even years after
the main shock.

Reason behind the shaking of earth when earth quake comes:-

While the edges of faults are stuck together, and the rest of the block is moving,
the energy that would normally cause the blocks to slide past one another is
being stored up. When the force of the moving blocks finally overcomes
the frictio n of the jagged edges of the fault and it unsticks, all that stored up
energy is released. The energy radiates outward from the fault in all directions in
the form of s e is mic wave s like ripples on a pond. The seismic waves shake the
earth as they move through it, and when the waves reach the earth’s surface, they
shake the ground and anything on it, like our houses and us.

Earthquakes are recorded by instruments called s e is mo graphs . The recording

they make is called a s e is mo gram. The seismograph has a base that sets firmly
in the ground, and a heavy weight that hangs free. When an earthquake causes
the ground to shake, the base of the seismograph shakes too, but the hanging
weight does not. Instead the spring or string that it is hanging from absorbs all
the movement. The difference in position between the shaking part of the
seismograph and the motionless part is what is recorded.
The Kashmir Railway, officially termed the Jammu Udhampur Srinagar
Baramulla Railway link, routes cross major earthquake zones and is subjected to
extreme temperatures of cold and heat.

• In northern india, the most severe impact of the earthquake was felt in the
state of jammu & kashmir.
• The worst affected districts were poonch in the Jammu division and
Baramulla and upward in the Kashmir division.
• The earthquake paralyzed standard daily living for a considerable time
due to the damage and destruction of houses and infrastructure in the area,
as well as the disruption in communications and other essential services.
A population of more than half a million was affected due to the
earthquake.
• About 90,000 households in the Kashmir division and 8,000 households in
the Jammu division were greatly affected. Regardless of this destruction
and devastation, indigenous construction techniques helped to save the
lives of many individuals.
• Indian army and bsf helped lot evacuation of the people and tried to save
many lives.
• Some of the people were hospitalised and with the help of disaster
management and the local administration, the people who were homeless
immediately temporary houses like “sheds” were built for the survival by
the civil engineers.

Flood
A flood is an overflow of water onto land that is normally dry. Floods can
happen almost anywhere. They can cover an area with just a few inches of water
 or they can bring enough water to cover the roof of a house. Floods can be
dangerous for communities, lasting days, weeks or sometimes even longer.

Many different situations can cause a flood. Here are just a few:

Heavy rainfall

 Ocean waves coming on shore, such as a storm surge

 Melting snow and ice, as well as ice jams
 Dams or levees breaking
 Jammu and Kashmir experienced heavy monsoon rains that began on
September 2, 2014 and lead to unprecedented widespread flooding and
landslides across the state.
 This triggered flooding and landslides in India and the adjoining areas of
Pakistan.
 On 5 September, the Jhelum River in Srinagar was reported to be flowing
at 22.40 feet (6.83 m) which was 4.40 feet (1.34 m) above the danger mark
 The Chenab River was also reported to flow above the danger mark by
which hundreds of villages were affected in Pakistan.
 These rivers flooded into the streets causing heavy casualties and loss of
property.

DESTRUCTION CAUSED BY THE FLOODS

• The survivors face a struggle to rebuild their lives amid dwindling fresh
water, food and medical supplies. Kashmiris say aid and assistance is still
too disorganized and slow, and fear rehabilitation is a long way away.

• In Srinagar, most of the city areas were submerged under water. The river
Jhelum spilled over submerging Sonwar, Rajbagh, Jawahar Nagar, Gogji
Bagh and Wazir Bagh neighbourhoods of city.
• 50 bridges were reported to have been damaged across the state. The
preliminary assessment of damages to property was estimated between
INR 5000 crore to INR 6000 cr.
• The state government requested the central government for 25,000 tents
and 40,000 blankets for the affected people.
• In the Jammu Division, the Jammu-Pathankot national highway was
opened on September 8, after the water level receded. Srinagar-Leh
Highway reopened for traffic on 9 September.
• The Prime Minister of India Narendra Modi called it a “National
Calamity".
  CHAPTER 2

 METHODOLOGY

 Interrelation between Civil Engineering and Disaster Management.

 Data collections

 Role of civil engineer in disaster management

 Execution of work to control the effect of the disaster.

 Re construction of houses, buildings, local river bunds.

 Proposed solution

 Dhaji diwari construction for hilly areas as they mostly fall through land
sliding.

Role of Civil Engineering

• Due to the frequent occurrence of earthquakes in the Kashmir region, the
people of this area have developed indigenous construction practices for
earthquake safe housing.
• The techniques,known as “Dhajji-Dewari” system, has been found to have
earthquake resistant qualities.
• In the Dhajji-Dewari system,timber frames for confining masonry in small
parcels are used.
• The timber frames, not only have vertical elements, but also have cross
members, which divides
• the masonry infill into various small panels.
• The most important characteristic of this type of construction is the use of
lean mud mortar.
• A common practice in the region is to use the Dhajji-Dewari system in the
upper story walls,especially for the gable portion of the wall. Some
 • of the houses built using the Dhajji-Dewari type of construction are shown
below in Figure 2(a),(b).

Fig1.0 fig1.1

• Dhajji Frame construction is a fine example of vernacular architecture to

climate response in Hill architecture.
• Factors that govern the popularity of construction of Dhajji construction
are:
1. Effective response to extreme cold strong winds
2. High earthquake zone,
3. Limited availability of top soil,
4. Easy maintenance by common persons,
5. Economics in relation to peoples spending capacity.
• Dhajji timber framed construction is with baked brick infill in cement
mortar and unbaked brick masonry in mud mortar both in 4” thick timber
frame work.
• These structures are typically single or double storey.
• Dhajji dewari construction is not unique to Kashmir alone but was also
found in Lisbon as Gaiola frame after the 1755 earthquakes also known as
Half timber in Britain and Fach work in Germany.
Advantages:
• These structures are environmental friendly and traditionally would not
have incorporated any toxic products in their construction, apart from the
natural fungal and insect resistant chemicals in the timber itself.
• During earthquake, houses made-up of Dhajji technology proved to be
more resilient and suffered minimal damage compared to modern
buildings made up of reinforced concrete.
• The earthquake resistance of a dhajji building is developed in the
following ways:-
• The mortar, masonry infill panels quickly crack in-plane thereby
absorbing seismic energy through friction against the timber framing, and
between the cracks in the fill material. Thus, distributing the earthquake
energy evenly.
• The timber frame and closely spaced bracing, which essentially remains
elastic, prevents large cracks from propagating through the infill walls.
Thus, the possibility of out-of-plane collapse of masonry panels is reduced
considerably.
• The masonry walls are kept relatively thin. This helps to reduce the mass
of the building and therefore the inertial forces that must be resisted
during an earthquake.

Floods:-

1. Heavy rainfall has caused: -

• Flash flooding with localized damage across the state.
• Landslides, which impacted on communities and road connectivity
and Widespread flooding in the Jammu & Kashmir Valley.
• Flood waters from Jhelum River breached embankments in many
low-lying areas in Kashmir, including the capital Srinagar and Tawi
River in Jammu forcing people to move to safer places.
• In this disaster as per report 190 people dead and 78 person injured.

Role of civil Engineers:-

 • The flood streams were not clean
• The water level got high meanwhile Temporary embackments were
constructed by filling sands in the bags.
• Local people and administration helped in that.
• Water channels were deviated towards the village so that less loss will be
in civil areas.

Fig1.3

DISEASES CAUSED IN FLOOD-AFFECTED

KASHMIR
 The biggest risk of infection from flooding comes from water-borne
diseases like typhoid fever, chlorea, and hepatitis A, and basic diarrhoeal
diseases, the WHO says.
 That’s largely because when people are stranded in flooded areas, they
can quickly lose access to clean drinking water. Local India-based news
site Scroll reports that medical camps have been giving out chlorine
tablets so that affected residents can purify their own water.
 Floods can also indirectly lead to an increase in mosquito-borne diseases
like malaria, as standing waters are ideal habitats for breeding mosquito
populations. There are, however, no current reports of malarial threat in
the region.
 CASE STUDY
Earthquakes are one of the most important types of hazards having the area
Earthquakes are one of the most important types of hazards having the greatest
impacts in becoming disasters
They are one of the nature’s greatest hazards on our planet which have taken
heavy toll on human life and property since
ancient times.
Earthquake is a natural disaster that lasts a few milliseconds to a few minutes
and can cause immense
destruction resulting in loss of life, property and infrastructure They are the most
feared natural hazards, as they occur without any recognizable warning, are
unpredictable in space and time and inflict heavy losses in less than a
minute duration.
They are caused by the abrupt release of strain that has built up in the earth’s
crust
Earthquakes are rapid-onset, short-duration, time-specific and potentially high-
consequence events. They have local to
regional geographical impact often causing significant secondary hazards
flooding and release of hazardous chemicals

Heavy and incessant rains for over a week in September 2014 caused massive
floods in Jammu and Kashmir, submerging significant portions of Anantnag,
Kulgam, Pulwama, Baramulla, Bandipora and Srinagar districts. ActionAid
India (AAI) carried out a rapid assessment to assess the severity of damage
caused and to find out the prevailing needs of the people affected. In
collaboration with our allies – Human Welfare Foundation and Jammu and
Kashmir Yateem Trust, our team visited most of the affected villages in the six
severely affected districts. It was found that the deluge had damaged shelters,
standing crops, trees and livestock, and it had also caused huge loss of lives
(according to the State Government data, 284 people lost their lives in the
floods). The immediate needs of the people according to our rapid assessment
included

• Food/Ration
• Non-food items (hygiene kits, blankets, bedding, foam mats etc)
• Sanitation assistance- community toilets in selected areas
• Health care assistance
• Education support and child recreational facilities
• Psychosocial care
 CHAPTER 4

RESULT AND CONCLUSION

o The Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir went through major

loss in two major disasters’. The state is still developing so there
was loss of life and loss of property.
o Role of civil engineer in disaster management
o The earth quake which took place in 2005 in which the Kashmir was
shaken and the roots of earth quake affected the neighbouring
area’s like Pakistan and Afghan.

o In Uri people were evacuated by using engineering machines like

jcb, cranes and man power.
o Temporary sheds were created for the living.
o Iron bridges were created in 24 hours for the way through.
o Sludge and waste material were moved and deposited at different
areas.

Flood; -
o Temporary bunds were made by the sand bands.
o The flood was diverted to the urban areas to stop the major loss in
cities by closing the gates of water,
o Renovation was being done and the houses which hot collapsed
new houses were form with the reinforcement and checking the
durability of land.
o Illegal construction which got demolished the site was seized and
took into the great belt under the government custody.
o Roads, bridges, bunds, drainage system and streams were made
with proper consideration to control the disaster in future.
o The cleaning of rivers, jehlum were done to excavate the waste
material from there so that they will get the depth inside it.
o
REFERENCES

www.researchgate.com
www.wikipedia.com
www.kashmirdisatermangement.com
www.greaterkashmir.com