This document provides an overview of speaking as a communication skill. It discusses the nature and purpose of speaking, the mechanics and process of speech production, different speech styles and registers, speech act theory, and segmental and suprasegmental features of speech. The document covers topics such as the conceptualization and articulation stages of speech, five general purposes of speaking, four common communication styles (assertive, aggressive, passive, passive-aggressive), and three components of speech acts - the locutionary, illocutionary, and perlocutionary acts. It also reviews segmental features like vowels and consonants, suprasegmental features including stress and intonation, different modes of communication, and types of speech delivery
This document provides an overview of speaking as a communication skill. It discusses the nature and purpose of speaking, the mechanics and process of speech production, different speech styles and registers, speech act theory, and segmental and suprasegmental features of speech. The document covers topics such as the conceptualization and articulation stages of speech, five general purposes of speaking, four common communication styles (assertive, aggressive, passive, passive-aggressive), and three components of speech acts - the locutionary, illocutionary, and perlocutionary acts. It also reviews segmental features like vowels and consonants, suprasegmental features including stress and intonation, different modes of communication, and types of speech delivery
This document provides an overview of speaking as a communication skill. It discusses the nature and purpose of speaking, the mechanics and process of speech production, different speech styles and registers, speech act theory, and segmental and suprasegmental features of speech. The document covers topics such as the conceptualization and articulation stages of speech, five general purposes of speaking, four common communication styles (assertive, aggressive, passive, passive-aggressive), and three components of speech acts - the locutionary, illocutionary, and perlocutionary acts. It also reviews segmental features like vowels and consonants, suprasegmental features including stress and intonation, different modes of communication, and types of speech delivery
This document provides an overview of speaking as a communication skill. It discusses the nature and purpose of speaking, the mechanics and process of speech production, different speech styles and registers, speech act theory, and segmental and suprasegmental features of speech. The document covers topics such as the conceptualization and articulation stages of speech, five general purposes of speaking, four common communication styles (assertive, aggressive, passive, passive-aggressive), and three components of speech acts - the locutionary, illocutionary, and perlocutionary acts. It also reviews segmental features like vowels and consonants, suprasegmental features including stress and intonation, different modes of communication, and types of speech delivery
MODULE Unit 3: The Expressive Macro Skills –Speaking PART I
A. NATURE AND PURPOSE OF SPEAKING
Speaking is an important instrument of communication. People use it almost constantly. As human beings, especially as social creatures we have a need to make meaning of our surroundings. We have a need to express our thoughts, opinions, or feelings in order to be accepted in social life. “Speaking does not only make sound by the speech organs but ideas and emotions.
What Speakers Do?
Speech Production • Conceptualization and Formulation • Formulation • Articulation Self-Monitoring and repair • Automaticity • Fluency • Managing Talk
GENERAL PURPOSE OF SPEAKING
• To Inform • To Persuade • To Entertain
5 SPEAKING RULES • Don’t Study Grammar too much • Learn and Study Phrases • Reading and Listening is not enough, practice speaking what you hear. • Submerge yourself • Study correct materials
B. MECHANICS AND PROCESS OF SPEAKING
Stages of Speaking Process:
Respiration or Breathing stage – Inhalation and
exhalation Organs used in respiration: Lungs and Diaphragm
Phonation stage – the vocal folds may be held open and allow air to pass through or create a vibration which makes a sound. Organs used in Phonation: Trachea, Larynx Vocal chords or vocal folds
Resonation stage – Is where the sound produces in phonation is shapes and enhanced in timbre or intensity by the air filled cavities where it passess trough its ways out. Organs used in Resonation: Pharynx, Nose, Mouth Resonators: Oral cavity, Nasal Cavity, Pharynx, Upper part of the larynx
Articulation stage – Articulation when the tone produced in the larynx is changed into specific sounds. Articulators: Lips, Teeth, Dome, Uvula, Vellum, Tongue
C. SPEECH STYLES AND REGISTERS (FROZEN, FORMAL, CONSULTATIVE, CASUAL, INTIMATE, AGGRESSIVE, PASSIVE, ASSERTIVE)
Speech style is the distinct variations or forms of the language used for the same purpose by a particular situation or the form of language that the speaker uses. It is characterized by the degree of formality.
FROZEN SPEECH STYLE
• Also known as fixed speech. • It is the most formal communicative style that is often used in respectful situations or formal ceremonies. • It uses the complex grammatical sentence structure and vocabulary known only to experts in a particular field. • the efforts of revision. Examples: Pledge of allegiance, wedding vows, national anthem, the preamble of the constitution.
FORMAL SPEECH STYLE
• It uses formal words and expressions. • This speech style is most presented in complete sentences with specific word usages. • It usually elaborates complex sentences and noun phrases that are well-structured, logically sequenced, and strongly coherent. Examples: Job interview, Business meetings, Prestigious meetings, Academic papers.
CONSULTATIVE SPEECH STYLE
• Known as the third level of language. • It is usually unplanned speech. • The two defining features of this speech style are: • The speaker supplies background information. • The listener participates continuously. Examples: A doctor talking to his patient, a teacher advising a student,
CASUAL SPEECH STYLE
• Also known as informal speech style. • This speech style is usually used between acquaintances and friends who have something to tell or share. • There is a free and easy participation of both speaker and listener. • The use of language is general. Example: A friend saying “Hello” to a friend, a lady complimenting somebody else’s dress.
INTIMATE SPEECH STYLE
• This style is used in conversations between people who are very close and know each other quite well because having a maximum of shared background information • It is characterized by an economy of words, with a high incidence of significant nonverbal communication, such as gesture, facial expression, eye contact, and so on. • There is free and easy participation of both the speaker and listener and is far more elliptical. • Examples: Telling your partner that you love them, telling your best friend a deep secret, asking for advice from a member of a family on a serious matter.
Register - is the language required to fit the style of writing. For example, if you are writing a cover letter, you need to adopt a formal register. If you were writing an Instagram caption, you would most likely use casual or intimate register. Four Types of Communication Styles ASSERTIVE COMMUNICATION Allows us to express our beliefs, feelings, opinions and thoughts in an open respectful manner that doesn’t violate the rights of others. Assertive communicators use actions and words to express their boundaries in a calm manner with an air of confidence. Examples: Expressing needs clearly, respectfully, and appropriately Active Listening- listening without interrupting and reflecting on what you’ve heard. Speaking calmly Good eye-contact Relaxed body posture Feeling in control Empathy
AGGRESSIVE COMMUNICATION -Quite often people mistake assertiveness for aggression. Aggressiveness doesn’t hold any respect for others. It disregards anyone’s needs, feelings, opinions and ideas and sometimes this can compromise the safety of others as well. Examples: Speaking in a loud and overbearing voice Criticizing others Using humiliation to control others Frequent interruption Easily triggered temper
PASSIVE COMMUNICATION Silence and assumption are the hallmarks of the passive communication style. Passive communicators often lack of respect for themselves, disregarding their own opinions, feelings, needs, and desires. Passive communication places one’s own needs and desires below those of others. Passivity takes away one’s power and allows others to decide the outcomes of situations. Examples: Failure to speak up for oneself Speaking softly or apologetically Poor eye contact and shrinking body posture Allowing others’ to consistently get their needs met over their own Ignoring situations that need to be handled sooner than late
PASSIVE-AGGRESSIVE COMMUNICATION Appears to be passive, but behind the scenes, they act out angrily in indirect ways. People who develop this communication style tend also to have a fear of confrontation, indirectly dealing with difficult situations, which may look like they’re “sneaky” to others. Instead of directly asking for their needs to be met, a passive- aggressive communication style will show their negative emotions in subtle and oftentimes harmful behaviors. Examples: Sarcasm Pretending to be cooperative while subconsciously doing tasks incorrectly Mumbling to themselves instead of confronting the person Talking behind someone’s back Quitting unexpectedly with no explanation
D. AUSTINE AND SEARLE’S SPEECH ACTS (LOCUTIONARY, ILLOCUTIONARY, AND PERLOCUTIONARY)
The 3 Component Acts
1. Locutionary Act- A locutionary act is the basic production of an utterance, comprising all of its verbal, social, and rhetorical meanings
2. Illocutionary Act- An illocutionary act is the active result of the implied meaning from the locutionary act. For example, the listener makes sense of what is being said to them and can then apply any implied meaning to the utterance.
3. Perlocutionary Act- A perlocutionary act is the effect the locutionary and illocutionary acts have on the listener. A perlocutionary act can influence others to change their behavior or their thoughts and feelings. S ometimes referred to as a perlocutionary effect or perlocutionary force. Think of the effect of a speech act 'forcing' you to change your behavior in some way.
E. REVIEW ON SEGMENTALS, SUPRASEGMENTALS, MODES OF COMMUNICATION, TYPES OF SPEECH DELIVERY
1. SEGMENTALS -denotes or relates to the division of speech into segments. Features of Segmentals Vowels - a,e,i,o,u Diphthongs - èì,òỳ,àỳ Consonants - b,c,d,f,g,h,j,k,l,m,n,p,q,r,s,t,v,w,x,y,z
2. SUPRASEGMENTALS -also called prosodic features, has musical aspects of speech. Features of Suprasegmentals Length -physical duration of sound. Stress -intensity given to a syllable. Pitch -highness and lowness of one's voice. Intonation -rise and fall of voice. Juncture -transition of one segmental phoneme to another. Tempo -refers to speed of speaking.
3. MODES OF COMMUNICATION 1.Verbal Communication -use of language to transfer information. 2. Non-verbal Communication -transmission of messages or signals through non-verbal platforms. 3.Visual Communication -use of visual elements to convey information. 4.Written Communication -sending of messages and instructions in writing.
4. TYPES OF SPEECH DELIVERY
1.Impromptu Speaking -presentation of a message without advance preparation. 2.Extemporaneous Speaking -presentation of a carefully planned and rehearsed speech. 3.Manuscript Speaking -word-for-word iteration of a written message.
