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    Operating System Exercises - Chapter 4 Sol

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    evilanubhav
    This document contains practice exercises and answers about threads and multithreading. It discusses examples where multithreading provides better performance than single-threaded solutions, such as servicing web requests or parallel matrix multiplication. It also covers the differences between user and kernel threads, and the resources required to create each type. Context switching between kernel threads involves saving and restoring CPU registers. Real-time threads should be bound to light-weight processes to ensure minimal delays in running once scheduled.

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    Operating System Exercises - Chapter 4 Sol

    Uploaded by

    evilanubhav
    3K views2 pages
    This document contains practice exercises and answers about threads and multithreading. It discusses examples where multithreading provides better performance than single-threaded solutions, such as servicing web requests or parallel matrix multiplication. It also covers the differences between user and kernel threads, and the resources required to create each type. Context switching between kernel threads involves saving and restoring CPU registers. Real-time threads should be bound to light-weight processes to ensure minimal delays in running once scheduled.

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    These are some very important solved questions of Operating System book by Galvin

    Original Title

    operating System exercises --chapter 4 Sol

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    This document contains practice exercises and answers about threads and multithreading. It discusses examples where multithreading provides better performance than single-threaded solutions, such as servicing web requests or parallel matrix multiplication. It also covers the differences between user and kernel threads, and the resources required to create each type. Context switching between kernel threads involves saving and restoring CPU registers. Real-time threads should be bound to light-weight processes to ensure minimal delays in running once scheduled.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    3K views2 pages

    Operating System Exercises - Chapter 4 Sol

    Uploaded by

    evilanubhav
    This document contains practice exercises and answers about threads and multithreading. It discusses examples where multithreading provides better performance than single-threaded solutions, such as servicing web requests or parallel matrix multiplication. It also covers the differences between user and kernel threads, and the resources required to create each type. Context switching between kernel threads involves saving and restoring CPU registers. Real-time threads should be bound to light-weight processes to ensure minimal delays in running once scheduled.

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    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 2

    4

    CHAPTER

    Threads

    Practice Exercises

    4.1 Provide two programming examples in which multithreading provides


    better performance than a single-threaded solution.
    Answer: (1) A Web server that services each request in a separate thread.
    2) (A parallelized application such as matrix multiplication where (dif-
    ferent parts of the matrix may be worked on in parallel. (3) An (interac-
    tive GUI program such as a debugger where a thread is used (to monitor
    user input, another thread represents the running (application, and a
    third thread monitors performance.
    4.2 What are two differences between user-level threads and kernel-level
    threads? Under what circumstances is one type better than the other?
    Answer: (1) User-level threads are unknown by the kernel, whereas the
    kernel is aware of kernel threads. (2) On systems using either M:1 or M:N
    mapping, user threads are scheduled by the thread library and the kernel
    schedules kernel threads. (3) Kernel threads need not be associated with
    a process whereas every user thread belongs to a process. Kernel threads
    are generally more expensive to maintain than user threads as they must
    be represented with a kernel data structure.
    4.3 Describe the actions taken by a kernel to context switch between kernel-
    level threads.
    Answer: Context switching between kernel threads typically requires
    saving the value of the CPU registers from the thread being switched out
    and restoring the CPU registers of the new thread being scheduled.
    4.4 What resources are used when a thread is created? How do they differ
    from those used when a process is created?
    Answer: Because a thread is smaller than a process, thread creation
    typically uses fewer resources than process creation. Creating a process
    11
    12 Chapter 4 Threads

    requires allocating a process control block (PCB), a rather large data struc-
    ture. The PCB includes a memory map, list of open files, and environ-
    ment variables. Allocating and managing the memory map is typically
    the most time-consuming activity. Creating either a user or kernel thread
    involves allocating a small data structure to hold a register set, stack, and
    priority.
    4.5 Assume an operating system maps user-level threads to the kernel us-
    ing the many-to-many model and the mapping is done through LWPs.
    Furthermore, the system allows developers to create real-time threads.
    Is it necessary to bind a real-time thread to an LWP? Explain.
    Answer: Yes. Timing is crucial to real-time applications. If a thread is
    marked as real-time but is not bound to an LWP, the thread may have
    to wait to be attached to an LWP before running. Consider if a real-time
    thread is running (is attached to an LWP) and then proceeds to block (i.e.
    must perform I/O, has been preempted by a higher-priority real-time
    thread, is waiting for a mutual exclusion lock, etc.) While the real-time
    thread is blocked, the LWP it was attached to has been assigned to another
    thread. When the real-time thread has been scheduled to run again, it
    must first wait to be attached to an LWP. By binding an LWP to a real-
    time thread you are ensuring the thread will be able to run with minimal
    delay once it is scheduled.
    4.6 A Pthread program that performs the summation function was provided
    in Section 4.3.1. Rewrite this program in Java.
    Answer: Please refer to the supporting Web site for source code solution.

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