Key Terms in Learning Filipino

c 2012 Pia Noche, www.samutsamot.wordpress.com

1. Letters and Words (Mga Titik at Salita)

language wika/lengguwahe
vernacular bernakular
foreign language wikang banyaga
alphabet, alphabetical alpabeto, alpabetisado
letter (of the alphabet) titik/letra
vowel patinig
consonant katinig
syllable, syllabication pantig, pagpapantig
word salita
spelling baybay
pronunciation pagbigkas
vocabulary talasalitaan
definition kahulugan/katuturan
denotation denotasyon
connotation konotasyon
tone tono
stress (of words) diin
intonation intonasyon
diphthong diptonggo (e.g., bahay, kasuy, kalabaw, reyna, sisiw)
minimal pair pares minimal (e.g., tela,tila; mano, mana; pusa, kusa)
consonant blend/consonant cluster kambal-katinig/klaster (e.g., gripo, braso, doble, plato)
morpheme morpema
rhyme tugma (word that rhymes with - salitang katugma ng)
root word salitang-ugat/payak na salita (e.g., bahay)
word with an affix salitang maylapi (e.g., pambahay)
reduplicated word salitang inuulit (e.g., bahay-bahayan)
compound word tambalan na salita/salitang tambalan (e.g., kapitbahay)
affix panlapi
prefix unlapi (e.g., paggamit)
infix gitlapi (e.g., ginamit)
suffix hulapi (e.g., gamitin)
synonym salitang kasingkahulugan (e.g., mabango, mahalimuyak)
antonym salitang kasalungat (e.g., masaya, malungkot)
abbreviation daglat (e.g., G., Gng., Bb., Brgy., Sen.)
reference sanggunian
dictionary diksiyonaryo
thesaurus tesawro
encyclopedia ensiklopedya
atlas atlas
almanac almanake

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2. Sentences (Mga Pangungusap)

sentence pangungusap
declarative sentence pangungusap na pasalaysay o pangungusap na paturol
exclamatory sentence pangungusap na padamdam
interrogative sentence pangungusap na patanong
imperative sentence pangungusap na pautos
simple sentence payak na pangungusap
compound sentence tambalan na pangungusap/tambalang pangungusap
complex sentence hugnayan na pangungusap/hugnayang pangungusap
compound-complex sentence langkapan na pangungusap/langkapang pangungusap
topic sentence paksang pangungusap
subject (of a sentence) simuno/paksa
simple subject payak na simuno
compound subject tambalan na simuno/tambalang simuno
predicate (of a sentence) panaguri
simple predicate payak na panaguri
compound predicate tambalan na panaguri/tambalang panaguri

3. Punctuation Marks (Mga Bantas)

punctuation mark bantas

rules for punctuation palabantasan
period (.) tuldok
question mark (?) tandang pananong
exclamation point (!) tandang pandamdam
comma (,) kuwit
apostrophe (’) kudlit
hyphen (-) gitling
colon (:) tutuldok
semicolon (;) tuldok-kuwit/tuldukuwit
parenthesis ( ) panaklong
bracket [ ] panaklaw
quotation mark (“) panipi

4. Grammatical Terms
grammar gramatika/balarila
phrase parirala
noun phrase pariralang pangngalan
verb phrase pariralang pandiwa
adjective phrase/adjectival phrase pariralang pang-uri
adverb phrase/adverbial phrase pariralang pang-abay
prepositional phrase pariralang pang-ukol

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 clause sugnay/hugnay
dependent clause sugnay na di-makapag-iisa
independent clause sugnay na makapag-iisa
noun clause sugnay na pangngalan
adjective clause sugnay na pang-uri
adverb clause sugnay na pang-abay
direct quote/direct speech ekspresyong tuwiran
indirect quote/indirect speech ekspresyong di-tuwiran

4.1 Noun (Pangngalan)

noun pangngalan
proper noun pangngalang pantangi (e.g., Jose Rizal, Laguna, Flores de Mayo)
common noun pangngalang pambalana (e.g., bayani, lalawigan, pista)
concrete noun pangngalang kongkreto/tahas (e.g., mesa, bahay, papel, bato)
abstract noun pangngalang halaw/pangngalang di-kongkreto/basal
(e.g., pag-ibig, kalayaan, kasiyahan)
collective noun pangngalang palansak/lansakan (e.g., kumpol, hukbo)
affixed noun pangngalang maylapi (e.g., tindahan, inihaw)
reduplicated noun pangngalang inuulit (e.g., bagay-bagay, sabi-sabi)
compound noun pangngalang tambalan (e.g., kapitbahay, bukas-palad)
uses of a noun mga gamit ng pangngalan
subject of a sentence simuno o paksa ng pangungusap
predicate noun panaguri ng pangungusap
subject complement kaganapang pansimuno
object of a verb layon ng pandiwa
object of a preposition layon ng pang-ukol
appositive panuring ng kapuwa pangngalan
direct address pangngalang pantawag
gender of a noun kasarian ng pangngalan
masculine noun pangngalang panlalaki (e.g., tatay, tito, lolo)
feminine noun pangngalang pambabae (e.g., nanay, tita, lola)
common noun pangngalang di-tiyak ang kasarian (e.g., kaibigan, pinsan, anak)
neuter noun pangngalang walang kasarian (e.g., bola, puno, sahig)
noun case kaukulan ng pangngalan
nominative case kaukulang palagyo
objective case kaukulang palayon
possessive case kaukulang paari

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4.2 Pronoun (Panghalip)

pronoun panghalip
personal pronoun panghalip panao (e.g., ako, ikaw, siya, kayo)
possessive pronoun panghalip paari (e.g., akin, iyo, kanya, kanila)
demonstrative pronoun panghalip na pamatlig (e.g., ito, niyan, doon)
interrogative pronoun panghalip na pananong (e.g., sino, ano, alin, kanino)
relative pronoun panghalip pamanggit (na, -ng)
indefinite pronoun panghalip na panaklaw/panghalip na di-tiyak
(e.g., sinuman, anuman, alinman, saanman)
grammatical person of a personal panauhan ng panghalip panao o panghalip na pamatlig
or demonstrative pronoun
first person unang panauhan
(e.g., ako, akin, tayo, kami, ito, dito)
second person ikalawang panauhan
(e.g., ikaw, iyo, kayo, inyo, iyan, diyan)
third person ikatlong panauhan
(e.g., siya, kanya, sila, kanila, iyon, doon)
number of a noun or pronoun kailanan ng pangngalan o panghalip
singular (noun/pronoun) isahan
dual (noun/pronoun) dalawahan
plural (noun/pronoun) maramihan

4.3 Verb (Pandiwa)

verb pandiwa
object of the verb layon ng pandiwa
infinitive verb pandiwang pawatas
transitive verb pandiwang palipat
intransitive verb pandiwang katawanin
linking verb pandiwang pangawing
auxiliary/helping verb pandiwang pantulong
request verb pandiwang pampakiusap (e.g., pakibigay, makisakay)
verb affix panlaping makadiwa
verb tense kapanahunan ng pandiwa/aspekto ng pandiwa
past tense panahunang pangnagdaan/aspektong pangnagdaan/
naganap/perpektibo
present tense panahunang pangkasalukuyan/aspektong pangkasalukuyan/
nagaganap/imperpektibo
future tense panahunang panghinaharap/aspektong panghinaharap/
magaganap/kontemplatibo

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4.4 Adjective (Pang-uri)
adjective pang-uri
descriptive adjective pang-uring panlarawan (e.g., bilog, pula, matamis)
numerical adjective/cardinal adjective pang-uring pamilang (e.g., isa, sampu, isang daan)
ordinal adjective pang-uring panunuran (e.g., pangalawa, ika-lima)
fraction pang-uring pamahagi (e.g., kalahati, sangkapat ( 14 ))
proper adjective pang-uring pantangi
derived adjective pang-uring hango/pang-uring maylapi
(e.g., mataas, masunurin)
limiting adjective pang-uring pantakda (e.g., nag-iisang, dadalawa)
degree of comparison of an adjective kaantasan ng pang-uri
positive degree of comparison lantay na antas (e.g., matangkad)
comparative degree of comparison pahambing na antas (e.g., mas matangkad)
superlative degree of comparison pasukdol na antas (e.g., pinakamatangkad)

4.5 Adverb (Pang-abay)

adverb pang-abay
adverb phrase/adverbial phrase pariralang pang-abay
adverb of manner pang-abay pamaraan (e.g., dahan-dahan, nang mabilis, bigla)
adverb of place pang-abay panlunan (e.g., sa silid, kina Jose)
adverb of time pang-abay pamanahon
(e.g., ngayon, bukas, mamaya, sa Lunes, araw-araw)
adverb of degree or quantity pang-abay panggaano o pampanukat
(e.g., kaunti, nang tatlong kilo)
adverb of affirmation pang-abay panang-ayon (e.g., opo, sadya, talaga)
adverb of negation pang-abay pananggi (e.g., hindi, di, ayaw)
adverb of comparison pang-abay panulad (e.g., tila, higit...kaysa)
adverb of respect pang-abay pamitagan (e.g., opo, po)
interrogative adverb pang-abay pananong (e.g., gaano, bakit, kailan)
enclitic adverb pang-abay na kataga/pang-abay na ingklitik
(e.g., ba, na, pa, kasi, kaya, pala, daw, man, nga, lang)

4.6 Other Parts of Speech (Ibang Bahagi ng Pananalita)

preposition pang-ukol (e.g., tungkol sa, ukol kay, para sa, batay sa)
object of the preposition layon ng pang-ukol
ligature ligadura/pang-angkop (e.g.,-g, ’y, ay, at, ’t)
linker pang-angkop (-ng, na)
connective pang-ugnay (na o ng)
article pantukoy (e.g., si, ang, ang mga, ni, ng, ng mga, kina)
conjunction pangatnig
(e.g., at, dahil, sapagkat, kung, ngunit, samantala, habang, upang)
interjection pandamdam (e.g., Naku! Buwisit!)

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5. Literature Terms

analogy pahalintulad
author may-akda
biography talambuhay
character tauhan
decalogue dekalogo
dialogue diyalogo
end wakas
epic epiko
essay sanaysay
fable pabula
fiction piksyon/katha
figure of speech tayutay
folktale kuwentong-bayan
idioms sawikain/patalinghagang salita
irony parikala
legend alamat
literary composition akda
literature panitikan
metaphor pawangis
narration/narrative salaysay/salaysayin
non-fiction di-piksyon
novel nobela/kathambuhay
parable parabula
paragraph talata
personification pandiwantao
poem tula
poet makata
poetical debate balagtasan
proverbs/sayings salawikain
quotation sipi
riddle bugtong/palaisipan
sarcasm pauroy
short story maikling kuwento
simile pagtulad
song awit
speech talumpati
stage play/drama dula
stanza saknong
summary buod/lagom
title pamagat
translation salin
verse taludtod

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6. Other Terms

advertisement patalastas
anecdote anekdota
announcement anunsiyo
article (written composition in prose) artikulo
cause sanhi
chart tsart
commentary/critique puna
context clues pahiwatig ng mga salita
data datos
detail detalye
diary/journal talaarawan
discourse diskurso
diagram dayagram
effect bunga
experience karanasan
fact/truth katotohanan
footnote talababaan
form (to be filled in) pormularyo
graph grap
idea ideya
inference hinuha
instruction panuto/tagubilin
interview pakikipanayam/interbyu
invitation letter liham ng paanyaya
letter liham/sulat
main idea pangunahing ideya
map mapa
margin (on paper) palugit
message mensahe
minutes (of a meeting) katitikan
news balita/ulat
newspaper pahayagan
opinion opinyon/palagay/kuru-kuro
outline balangkas/banghay
pictorial essay sanaysay na naglalarawan
questionnaire talatanungan
reaction reaksiyon
research pananaliksik
selection (literary text chosen for reading) seleksyon
sentence outline balangkas sa anyong pangungusap
social issue isyung panlipunan
subject (academic subject) asignatura
script iskrip

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 table talahanayan
text teksto
topical outline balangkas sa anyong papaksa
warning babala

7. Types of Paragraphs (Mga Uri ng Talata)

descriptive paragraph talatang naglalarawan/deskriptib

narrative paragraph talatang nagsasalaysay/talatang pasalaysay
expository paragraph talatang naglalahad/ekspositori
persuasive paragraph talatang nangangatwiran

8. Parts of a Book (Mga Bahagi ng Aklat)

book cover pabalat

title page pahina ng pamagat
copyright page pahina ng karapatang-ari o karapatang-sipi
foreword paunang salita
table of contents talaan ng nilalaman
body of the book katawan ng aklat/nilalaman ng aklat
glossary glosari/talahuluganan
bibliography bibliyograpiya/bibliograpi/talasanggunian
index indeks/indise/talatuntunan

9. Sections of a Newspaper (Mga Seksiyon ng Pahayagan)

front page pamukhang pahina

headline pangunahing balita/ulo ng mga balita
international news/world news balitang pandaigdig
national news/local news balitang pambansa/balitang lokal
regional news/provincial news balitang panlalawigan
editorial section pangulong-tudling (editorial)/pahinang editoryal
business news/business section balitang komersyo/seksiyon pangkalakalan o negosyo
sports news/sports section balitang pampalakasan/seksiyon ng palakasan
feature articles tampok na lathalain/tanging lathalain/seksiyong lathalain
entertainment page pahinang panlibangan (including comics,
movies, crossword puzzles, horoscope, etc.)
classified ads anunsiyo klasipikado
obituary obituwaryo

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10. Parts of a Letter (Mga Bahagi ng Liham)

heading pamuhatan
salutation/greeting bating pambungad/bating panimula
body of the letter katawan ng liham
complimentary close bating pangwakas
signature lagda

11. Types of Letters (Mga Uri ng Liham)

business letter liham-pangangalakal

friendly letter liham-pangkaibigan
letter of apology liham ng paghingi ng paumanhin
letter of complaint/complaint letter liham na nagrereklamo
letter to the editor liham sa patnugot
thank-you letter liham ng pasasalamat

12. Senses (Mga Pandama)

sense pandama
sense of sight paningin
sense of hearing pandinig
sense of smell pang-amoy
sense of taste panlasa
sense of touch pansalat