CU7: Conjunctions and Interjections

- “Or” is used to offer a choice.

❖ What is a Conjunction? Ex. Do I want popcorn or pizza?
o A conjunction is like glue. It helps things - “Nor” is used to offer a negative
to stick together. choice.
o A conjunction joins words, phrases, and Ex. I do not want popcorn nor pizza.
sentences, which are called clauses. - “Yet” is used to show a change. When
o Conjunctions join two or more words. it is used to combine two sentences,
Example; I went to the store to buy eggs, you must put a comma before it.
milk, and bread. Ex. I want popcorn, yet I also want
o Conjunctions can join two prepositional pizza.
phrases. - “So” is used to show a relationship
Ex. I went skiing down the hill and past between things. When it is used to
the trees. combine two sentences, you must put
o Conjunctions can connect two clauses or a comma before it.
sentences. When two sentences are Ex. I want popcorn, so I made some.
joined, a comma MUST be placed before - “For” is also used to show a
the conjunction. relationship between things. When it
Ex. I played cards for a while, but then I is used to combine two sentences, you
played chess. must put a comma before it.
Ex. I ordered a pizza, for I was hungry.
❖ There Are 3 Types of Conjunctions
1. Coordinating Conjunctions o There are seven coordinating conjunctions:
- They connect words, phrases, and Use FANBOYS to remember
clauses, which are sentences. F- for
- They connect things of equal value. A- And
(This means that they would connect N- Nor
a noun with another noun or a B- But
prepositional phrase with another O- Or
prepositional phrase.) Y- yet
- Coordinating conjunctions affect the
meaning of your sentence. S- so
- “And” connects things that are alike or
joined together.
2. Subordinating Conjunctions
- Connects a dependent clause (a clause
Ex. I want popcorn and pizza.
that cannot be written as a separate
- “But” is used to connect things that
sentence) with an independent clause
are different or separated.
Ex. I want popcorn but not pizza.
 - IF, WHILE, BECAUSE, ALTHOUGH, AFTER, o What is an Interjection?
BEFORE, UNLESS, WHEN, UNTIL, SINCE, THEN, o An interjection is something that
AS interrupts a sentence.
o We celebrated after we won the o It is something that also expresses
game. your emotions like happiness, fear,
o Because our train was delayed, we anger, or pain.
arrived late. o Some examples of interjections are:
o Watson listened quietly while Holmes - ouch, wow, uh oh, oh no, gosh, shhhh
explained his theory
o Punctuating Interjections
3. Correlative Conjunctions o If an interjection is spoken calmly, simply
- Connect words, phrases, and clauses, put a comma after it and continue the
which are sentences. sentence
- Correlative conjunctions connect Ex. Shhh, the baby is sleeping.
things of equal value. Ex. Oh my, I dropped my pencil.
- (This means that they will connect a o If an interjection is spoken with more
verb with another verb or a sentence emotion, it is followed by an exclamation
with another sentence.) point. The next word is then capitalized.
- Correlative Conjunctions are not Ex. Ouch! I just cut my finger
single words. They work in pairs. Ex. He scored the winning
touchdown. Wow!
o There are five pairs of correlative conjunctions:
1. Both, and
2. Whether, or CU8: Cohesion and Coherence
3. Neither, nor
4. Not only, but also Cohesion
5. Either, or
o Cohesion can be thought of as all the
grammatical and lexical links that link one
o Examples for Correlative Conjunctions part of a discourse to another.
o I saw both the Statue of Liberty and o This includes use of synonyms, lexical sets,
the Empire State Building. pronouns, verb tenses, time references,
o I don’t want neither pickles nor grammatical reference, etc.
tomato on my hamburger. o For example, ‘it', 'neither’ and 'this’ all refer
o Either the student or the teacher can to an idea previously mentioned. 'First of
answer the question all,', 'then' and 'after that' help to sequence
o Not only do I play the flute, but I also a discourse. 'However,', 'in addition' and 'for
play the clarinet. instance' link ideas and arguments in a
discourse.
o Coherence can be thought of as how
meanings and sequence of ideas relate to
each other.
 o Typical examples would be general> choices, helping the listener/ reader to
particular; statement> example; problem> stay focused on the idea being
solution; question> answer; claim> counter- discussed.
claim.
o When sentences, ideas, and details fit
Pronouns
together clearly, listeners/readers can
follow along easily, and the writing is o This, that, these, those, he, she, it, they,
coherent. Example: The problem with and we are useful pronouns for referring
contemporary art is that it is not easily back to something previously mentioned.
understood by most people. Contemporary Be sure, however, that what you are
art is deliberately abstract, and that referring to is clear.
means it leaves the viewer wondering what
Transitional Words
she is looking at.
o There are many words in English that cue
Coherent our listeners/readers to relationships
o Coherent discourses make sense to the between sentences, joining sentences
listener/ reader. together. Words such as however,
o Coherence in linguistics is what makes a therefore, in addition, also, but, moreover,
discourse semantically meaningful. etc.

Sentence Patterns
❖ How is cohesion different from coherence?
o Cohesion is the glue that holds a piece of o Sometimes, repeated or parallel sentence
writing together. In other words, if a patterns can help the listener/reader
paper is cohesive, it sticks together from follow along and keep ideas tied together.
sentence to sentence and from
paragraph to paragraph. Cohesive o Cohesion is determined by lexically and
devices certainly include transitional grammatically overt intersentential
words and phrases, such as therefore, relationships, whereas coherence is based
furthermore, or for instance, that clarify on semantic relationships. (Connor).
for listeners/readers the relationships
among ideas in a piece of writing.
However, transitions aren't enough to
make writing cohesive. Repetition of key Rules
words and use of reference words are
also needed for cohesion. o A pronoun must agree with its antecedent
in both number and gender.
Ex. The Taylors landscaped their yard in an
Synonyms unusual way.
o Synonyms are words that have Ex. Kim regained her confidence after the
essentially the same meaning, and they test.
provide some variety in your word Ex. The cheetah licked its chops.
Collective Nouns Many of the actors already know their
lines.
o When the antecedent of a pronoun is a
Both of the candidates clearly stated
collective noun, the number of the
their positions on the issue.
pronoun depends upon whether the
• The indefinite pronouns all, any, more,
collective noun is used as singular or
most, none, and some may be singular
plural.
or plural depending on how they are
o Ex. The class had its first meeting
used in a sentence.
yesterday. (Class is used as a single unit;
Most of these coins are rare, but I
therefore, the singular pronoun is used.)
don’t know what they are worth.
• Use a singular pronoun to refer to two
❖ Agreement in person or more singular antecedents joined
Incorrect: Henry lives in Tampa where you can by or or nor.
sunbathe all year long. Ex. Neither Heidi nor Beth took her
umbrella with her.
Correct: Henry lives in Tampa where he can • Use a plural pronoun to refer to two
sunbathe all year long. or more antecedents joined by and.
Ex. The guide and the ranger wrapped
❖ Agreement with Indefinite Pronouns Antecedents their rain ponchos in their saddle rolls.
o When a pronoun’s antecedent is an
indefinite pronoun, the pronoun must
agree in number with it.
o Ex. Neither of the girls spent her entire CU9: Adverb and Adjectives
allowance.
o Ex. Several members missed their chance • Modifies Nouns
to speak with the president. • Modifies Pronouns
o When no gender is specified use both a
Adjective
masculine and feminine pronoun.
o Ex. Each of the students should prepare his o It tells what kind of person, place, or
or her own homework. thing. A noun or a pronoun is.
Rules o It may also point out which one or how
• Use a singular pronoun to refer to many.
each, either, neither, one, everyone, Examples:
everybody, no one, nobody, anyone,
anybody, someone, or somebody. 1. The ship was an English vessel. (what
• Ex. Each of the teams had its mascot at kind)
the game. 2. This factory is mine. (which one)
• The following indefinite pronouns are 3. Many people enjoy the annual dinner.
plural: both, few, many, and several (how many, which one)
• Examples:
Adverb usually, just, rather, very, rather
fairly nearly, too, scarcely
o Modifies an active verb or a verb phrase
well
by expressing manner, place, time,
degree, or number.

❖ Types of an Adverb
• Simple
• Interrogative
• Negative

Examples:
Simple
1. She moved quietly. (Manner and tell how)
2. I waited there for an hour. (Place and tell
where)
3. You may leave soon. (Time, tells when)
4. I called you once. (Number, tells how
many)
5. He sat very still. (Degree, tells how much)

Interrogative Adverb
o Introduces a sentence that asks a
question
o where, when, why and how
Ex: When will you return?
How is the trunk being sent?

Negative Adverb
o Denies or contradicts a statement• no,
not, never, only, scarcely and hardly
o Note: two negative adverbs should not be
used together.
Ex: I can scarcely believe my eyes.
(correct)
I haven’t no more sea shells.
(incorrect)

Familiar Adverbs to Know

o Almost, finally, seldom, unusually,
certainly, hardly, quite, so,