STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

12. The total extension of a uniformly tapering circular rod of diameters D1 and D2, when the rod is
subjected to an axial load P is given by

4PL where L = Total length of the rod.

dL =  ED D
1 2
13. A composite bar is made up of two or more bars of equal lengths but of different materials rigidly
fixed with each other and behaving as one unit for extension or compression.
14. In case of a composite bar having equal length : (i) strain in each bar is equal and (ii) total load
on the composite bar is equal to the sum of loads carried by each different materials.
15. The stresses induced in a body due to change in temperature are known as thermal stresses.
16. Thermal strain and thermal stress is given by
thermal strain, e =  .T and thermal stress, p = .T.E
where  = Co-efficient of linear expansion ,
T = Rise or fall of temperature,
E = Young’s modulus.
17. Total elongation of a uniformly tapering rectangular bar when subjected to an axial load P is
given by
PL a
dL = log
Et(a  b) e
b
where L = Total length of bar ; t = Thickness of bar
a = Width at bigger end ; b = Width at smaller end
E = Young’s modulus.
18. In case of a composite bar having two or more bars of different lengths, the extension or com-
pression in each bar will be equal. And the total load will be equal to the sum of the loads carried
by each member.
19. In case of nut and bolt used on a tube with washers, the tensile load on the bolt is equal to the
compressive load on the tube.
20. Elongation of a bar due to its own weight is given by
2
w L WL
  or
L=
E 2 2E
where w = Weight per unit volume of the bar material
L = Length of bar.

EXERCISE

(A) Theoretical Questions

1. Define stress and strain. Write down the S.I. and M.K.S. units of stress and strain.
2. Explain clearly the different types of stresses and strains.
3. Define the terms : Elasticity, elastic limit, Young’s modulus and modulus of rigidity.
4. State Hooke’s law.
5. Three sections of a bar are having different lengths and different diameters. The bar is sub-
jected to an axial load P. Determine the total change in length of the bar. Take Young’s
modulus of different sections same.
 SIMPLE STRESSES AND
6. Distinguish between the following, giving due explanation :
(i) Stress and strain,
(ii) Force and stress, and
(iii) Tensile stress and compressive stress.
7. Prove that the total extension of a uniformly tapering rod of diameters D1 and D2, when the rod
is subjected to an axial load P is given by

4PL
dL = ED D
1 2
where L = Total length of the rod.
8. Define a composite bar. How will you find the stresses and load carried by each member of a
composite bar ?
9. Define modular ratio, thermal stresses, thermal strains and Poisson’s ratio. relación de poison
10. A rod whose ends are fixed to rigid supports, is heated so that rise in temperature is T °C. Prove
that the and thermal stresses set up in the rod are given by,
thermal
Thermal strain = .T and
Thermal stress = .T.E
where  = Co-efficient of linear expansion.
11. What is the procedure of finding thermal stresses in a composite bar ?
12. What do you mean by ‘a bar of uniform strength’ ?
13. Find an expression for the total elongation of a bar due to its own weight, when the bar is fixed
at its upper end and hanging freely at the lower end.
14. Find an expression for the total elongation of a uniformly tapering rectangular bar when it is
subjected to an axial load P.

(B) Numerical Problems

1. A rod 200 cm long and of diameter 3.0 cm is subjected to an axial pull of 30 kN. If the Young’s
modulus of the material of the rod is 2 × 10 5 N/mm2, determine : (i) stress, (ii) strain and (iii) the
elongation of the rod. [Ans. (i) 42.44 N/mm2 (ii) 0.000212 (iii) 0.0424 cm]
2. Find the Young’s modulus of a rod of diameter 30 mm and of length 300 mm which is subjected
to a tensile load of 60 kN and the extension of the rod is equal to 0.4 mm. [Ans. 63.6 GN/m2]
3. The safe stress, for a hollow steel column which carries an axial load of 2.2 × 10 3 kN is 120 MN/m2.
If the external diameter of the column is 25 cm, determine the internal diameter.
[Ans. 19.79 cm]
4. An axial pull of 40000 N is acting on a bar consisting of three sections of length 30 cm, 25 cm and
20 cm and of diameters 2 cm, 4 cm and 5 cm respectively. If the Young’s modulus = 2 × 10 5 N/mm2,
determine :
(i) stress in each section and (ii) total extension of the bar.
[Ans. (i) 127.32, 31.8, 20.37 N/mm2, (ii) 0.025 cm]
5. The ultimate stress for a hollow steel column which carries an F
axial load of 2 MN is 500 N/mm 2. If the external diameter of the 6 cm × 6 cm Steel bar
column is 250 mm, determine the internal diameter. Take the 20 cm
factor of safety as 4.0. 10 cm × 10 cm Aluminium bar
[Ans. – 205.25 mm]
6. A member formed by connecting a steel bar to an aluminium 30 cm
bar is shown in Fig. 1.27. Assuming that the bars are
prevented from buckling sideways, calculate the magnitude of
force P, that will cause the total length of the member to
Fig. 1.27
STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

decrease 0.30 mm. The values of elastic modulus for steel and aluminium are 2 × 105N/mm2
and 6.5 × 104 N/mm2 respectively. [Ans. 406.22 kN]
7. The bar shown in Fig. 1.28 is subjected to a tensile load of 150 kN. If the stress in the middle
portion is limited to 160 N/mm 2, determine the diameter of the middle portion. Find also the
length of the middle portion if the total elongation of the bar is to be 0.25 cm. Young’s modulus
is given as equal to 2.0 × 105 N/mm2. [Ans. 3.45 cm, 29.38 cm]

150 kN 150 kN
10 cm DIA10 cm DIA

45 cm

Fig. 1.28
8. A brass bar, having cross-section area of 900 mm2, is subjected to axial forces as shown in
Fig. 1.29 in which AB = 0.6 m, BC = 0.8 m and CD = 1.0 m.
A B C D
40 kN70 kN20 kN10 kN

Fig. 1.29
Find the total elongation of the bar. Take E = 1 × 105 N/mm2. [Ans. – 0.111 mm]
9. A member ABCD is subjected to point loads P1, P2, P3 and P4 as shown in Fig. 1.30. Calculate
the force P3 necessary for equilibrium if P1 = 120 kN, P2 = 220 kN and P4 = 160 kN. Determine
also the net change in the length of the member. Take E = 200 GN/m2. [Ans. 0.55 mm]

40 mm × 40 mm 25 mm × 25 mm 30 mm × 30 mm AB
CD
P1P2P3P4

0.75 cm 1m 1.2 m

Fig. 1.30
10. A rod, which tapers uniformly from 5 cm diameter to 3 cm diameter in a length of 50 cm, is
subjected to an axial load of 6000 N. If E = 2 × 105 N/mm2, find the extension of the rod.
[Ans. 0.00127 cm]
11. Find the modulus of elasticity for a rod, which tapers uniformly from 40 mm to 25 mm
diameter in a length of 400 mm. The rod is subjected to a load of 6 kN and extension of the rod
is 0.04 mm. [Ans. 76.39 kN/mm2]
12. A rectangular bar made of steel is 3 m long and 10 mm thick. The rod is subjected to an axial
tensile load of 50 kN. The width of the rod varies from 70 mm at one end to 28 mm at the
other. Find the extension of the rod if E = 2 × 105 N/mm2. [Ans. 1.636 mm]
 SIMPLE STRESSES AND

13. The extension in a rectangular steel bar of length 800 mm and of thickness 20 mm, is found to
be
0.21 mm. The bar tapers uniformly in width from 80 mm to 40 mm. If E for the bar is 2 × 10 5
N/mm2, determine the axial tensile load on the bar. [Ans. 60.6 kN]
14. A steel rod of 2 cm diameter is enclosed centrally in a hollow copper tube of external diameter
4 cm and internal diameter of 3.5 cm. The composite bar is then subjected to an axial pull of
50000 N. If the length of each bar is equal to 20 cm, determine :
(i) the stress in the rod and tube, and
(ii) load carried by each bar.
Take E for steel = 2 × 105 N/mm2 and for copper = 1 × 105 N/mm2.
[Ans. (i) 54.18 ; 108.36 N/mm2 (ii) 34043.4 N and 15956.6 N]
15. A mild steel rod of 20 mm diameter and 300 mm long is enclosed centrally inside a hollow copper
tube of external diameter 30 mm and internal diameter of 25 mm. The ends of the tube and rods
are brazed together, and the composite bar is subjected to an axial pull of 40 kN. If E for steel
and copper is 200 GN/m2 and 100 GN/m2 respectively, find the stresses developed in the rod and
tube. Also find the extension of the rod. 50 kN
[Ans. 94.76 N/mm2, 47.38 N/mm2 and 0.142 mm]
16. A load of 1.9 MN is applied on a short concrete column 300 mm ×
200 mm. The column is reinforced with four steel bars of 10 mm

Bra

Bra
diameter, one in each corner. Find the stresses in the concrete 200 mm

ss
and steel bars. Take E for steel as 2.1 × 105 N/mm2 and for con-
crete as 1.4 × 104 N/mm2.
[Ans. 20.13, 301.9 N/mm2]
17. A reinforced short concrete column 250 mm × 250 mm in section
is reinforced with 8 steel bars. The total area of steel bars is 100 mm
1608.50 mm2. The column carries a load of 270 kN. If the modu-
lus of elasticity for steel is 18 times that of concrete, find the
stresses in concrete and steel. Fig. 1.31
If the stress in concrete shall not exceed 4 N/mm2, find the area of steel required so that the
column may support a load of 400 kN. [Ans. c = 3 N/mm2, s = 54 N/mm2 and As = 2206 mm2]
18. Two vertical rods one of steel and other of copper are each rigidly fixed at the top and 60 cm
apart. Diameters and length of each rod are 3 cm and 3.5 cm respectively. A cross bar fixed to
the rods at the lower ends carries a load of 6000 N such that the cross bar remains horizontal
even after loading. Find the stress in each rod and the position of the load on the bar. Take E for
steel = 2 × 105 N/mm2 and for copper = 1 × 105 N/mm2.
[Ans. 2.829 and 5.658 N/mm2 ; 39.99 cm]
19. A steel rod of cross-sectional area 1600 mm 2 and two brass rods each of cross-sectional area of
1000 mm2 together support a load of 50 kN as shown in Fig. 1.31.
Find the stresses in the rods. Take E for steel = 2 × 105 N/mm2 and E for brass = 1 × 105 N/mm2.
[Ans. b = 12.1 N/mm2 and s = 16.12 N/mm2]
20. A rod is 3 m long at a temperature of 15°C. Find the expansion of the rod, when the temperature
is raised to 95°C. If this expansion is prevented, find the stress induced in the material of the
rod. Take E = 1 × 105 N/mm2 and  = 0.000012 per degree centigrade.
[Ans. 0.288 cm, 96 N/mm2]
STRENGTH OF

21. A steel rod 5 cm diameter and 6 m long is connected to two grips and the rod is maintained at a
temperature of 100°C. Determine the stress and pull exerted when the temperature falls to
20°C if (i) the ends do not yield, and (ii) the ends yield by 0.15 cm.
Take E = 2 × 105 N/mm2 and  = 12 × 10–6/°C.
[Ans. (i) 192 N/mm2 and 376990 N (ii) 142 N/mm2, 278816.3 N]
22. A steel rod of 20 mm diameter passes centrally through a copper tube 40 mm external diameter
and 30 mm internal diameter. The tube is closed at each end by rigid plates of negligible thickness.
The nuts are tightened lightly home on the projected parts of the rod. If the temperature of the
assembly is raised by 60°C, calculate the stresses developed in copper and steel. Take E for steel
and copper as 200 GN/m2 and 100 GN/m2 and  for steel and copper as 12 × 10–6 per °C and
18 × 10–6 per °C. [Ans. 16.23, 28.4 N/mm2]
23. A vertical bar fixed at the upper end and of uniform strength carries an axial tensile load of
500 kN. The bar is 18 m long and having weight per unit volume as 0.00008 N/mm2. If the
area of the bar at the lower end is 500 mm2, find the area of the bar at the upper end. [Ans.
500.72 mm2]
24. A straight circular rod tapering from diameter ‘D’ at one end to a diameter ‘d’ at the other end
L
is subjected to an axial load ‘P’. Obtain an expression for the elongation of the rod.
4 PL O
MAns. L  P
N E. D.dQ
STRENGTH OF
4. The ratio of change in volume to original volume is known as volumetric strain.
5. Volumetric strain (ev) for a rectangular bar subjected to an axial load P, is given by
l
(1  2) .
e
v
l
6. Volumetric strain for a rectangular bar subjected to three mutually perpendicular stresses is
1
given by, ev = (x + y + z)(1 – 2)
E
where x, y and z are stresses in x, y and z direction respectively.
7. Principle of complementary shear stresses states that a set of shear stresses across a plane is
always accompanied by a set of balancing shear stresses (i.e., of the same intensity) across the
plane and normal to it.
8. Volumetric strain of a cylindrical rod, subjected to an axial tensile load is given by,
ev = Longitudinal strain – 2 × strain of diameter
l d
= 2 .
l d
9. Bulk modulus K is given by,

K= .
V
HFV K
10. The relation between Young’s modulus and bulk modulus is given by,
E = 3K (1 – 2).
11. When an element is subjected to simple shear stresses then :
(i) The planes of maximum normal stresses are perpendicular to each other.
(ii) The planes of maximum normal stresses are inclined at an angle of 45° to the plane of pure
shear.
(iii) One of the maximum normal stress is tensile while the other maximum normal stress is
compressive.
(iv) The maximum normal stresses are of the same magnitude and are equal to the shear stress
on the plane of pure shear.
12. The relation between modulus of elasticity and modulus of rigidity is given by
E
E = 2C (1 + ) or C = .
2(1  )

EXERCISE

(A) Theoretical Questions

1. Define and explain the terms : Longitudinal strain, lateral strain and Poisson’s ratio.
2. Prove that the volumetric strain of a cylindrical rod which is subjected to an axial tensile load
is equal to strain in the length minus twice the strain of diameter.
3. What is a bulk modulus ? Derive an expression for Young’s modulus in terms of bulk modulus
and Poisson’s ratio.
4. Define volumetric strain. Prove that the volumetric strain for a rectangular bar subjected to an
axial load P in the direction of its length is given by
l
e = (1 – 2 )
v 
l l
where  = Poisson’s ratio and = Longitudinal strain.
l
 ELASTIC CONSTANTS
5. (a) Derive an expression for volumetric strain for a rectangular bar which is subjected to three
mutually perpendicular tensile stresses.
(b) A test element is subjected to three mutually perpendicular unequal stresses. Find the change
in volume of the element, if the algebraic sum of these stresses is equal to zero.
6. Explain briefly the term ‘shear stress’ and ‘complimentary stress’ with proper illustrations.
7. State the principle of shear stress.
8. What do you understand by ‘An element in a state of simple shear’ ?
9. When an element is in a state of simple shear then prove that the planes of maximum normal
stresses are perpendicular to each other and these planes are inclined at an angle of 45° to the
planes of pure shear.
10. Derive an expression between modulus of elasticity and modulus of rigidity.

(B) Numerical Problems

1. Determine the changes in length, breadth and thickness of a steel bar which is 5 m long, 40
mm wide and 30 mm thick and is subjected to an axial pull of 35 kN in the direction of its
length. Take E = 2 × 105 N/mm2 and Poisson’s ratio = 0.32.
[Ans. 0.0729 cm, 0.000186 cm, 0.000139 cm]
2. For the above problem, determine the volumetric strain and the final volume of the given steel
bar. [Ans. 0.0000525, 6000317 mm3]
3. Determine the value of Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio of a metallic bar of length 25 cm,
breadth 3 cm and depth 2 cm when the bar is subjected to an axial compressive load of 240 kN.
The decrease in length is given as 0.05 cm and increase in breadth is 0.002.
[Ans. 2 × 105 N/mm2 and 0.33]
4. A steel bar 320 mm long, 40 mm wide and 30 mm thick is subjected to a pull of 250 kN in the
direction of its length. Determine the change in volume. Take E = 2 × 105 N/mm2 and m = 4.
[Ans. 200 mm3]
5. A metallic bar 250 mm × 80 mm × 30 mm is subjected to a force of 20 kN (tensile), 30 kN (tensile)
and 15 kN (tensile) along x, y and z directions respectively. Determine the change in the volume
of the block. Take E = 2 × 105 N/mm2 and Poisson’s ratio = 0.25. [Ans. 19.62 mm3]
6. A metallic bar 300 mm × 120 mm × 50 mm is loaded as shown in Fig. 2.15.
Find the change in volume. Take E = 2 × 105 N/mm2 and Poisson’s ratio = 0.30.

4.5 MN

500 kN

50
mm 120 mm

300 mm
2.5 kN

Fig. 2.15

Also find the change that should be made in 4.5 MN load, in order that there should be no
change in the volume of the bar. [Ans. 450 mm2, 4.5 MN]
7. A steel rod 4 m long and 20 mm diameter is subjected to an axial tensile load of 40 kN. Deter-
mine the change in length, diameter and volume of the rod. Take E = 2 × 105 N/mm2 and Poisson’s
ratio = 0.25. [Ans. 2.5464, 0.05092, 5598 mm3]
STRENGTH OF

8. For a material, Young’s modulus is given as 1.4 × 105 N/mm2 and Poisson’s ratio 0.28.
Calculate the bulk modulus. [Ans. 1.06 × 105
2
N/mm ]
9. A bar of 20 mm diameter subjected to a pull of 50 kN. The measured extension on gauge length of
250 mm is 0.12 mm and change in diameter is 0.00375 mm. Calculate :
(i) Young’s modulus (ii) Poisson’s ratio and (iii) Bulk modulus.
[Ans. (i) 1.989 × 10 N/mm , (ii) 0.234, (iii) 1.2465 × 105 N/mm2]
5 2

10. Determine the Poisson’s ratio and bulk modulus of a material, for which Young’s modulus is
1.2 × 105 N/mm2 and modulus of rigidity is 4.5 × 104 N/mm2. [Ans. 0.33, 1.2 × 105 N/mm2]
11. A bar of cross-section 10 mm × 10 mm is subjected to an axial pull of 8000 N. The lateral dimen-
sion of the bar is found to be changed to 9.9985 mm × 9.9985 mm. If the modulus of rigidity of the
material is 0.8 × 105 N/mm2, determine the Poisson’s ratio and modulus of elasticity.
[Ans. 0.45, 2.4 × 105 N/mm2]
12. Calculate the modulus of rigidity and bulk modulus of a cylindrical bar of diameter of 25 mm
and of length 1.6 m, if the longitudinal strain in a bar during a tensile test is four times the
lateral strain. Find the change in volume, when the bar is subjected to a hydrostatic
pressure of 100 N/mm2. Take E = 1 × 105 N/mm2.
[Ans. 4 × 104 N/mm2, 0.667 × 105 N/mm2, 1178 mm3]
13. A bar 30 mm in diameter was subjected to tensile load of 54 kN and the measured extension on
300 mm gauge length was 0.112 mm and change in diameter was 0.00366 mm. Calculate Poisson’s
ratio and values of three modulii.
[Ans.  = 0.326, E = 204.6 kN/mm2, C = 77.2 kN/mm2, K = 196 kN/mm2]
14. Derive the relation between E and C. Using the derived relationship, estimate the Young’s modulus
(E) when the modulus of rigidity (C) is 0.80 × 105 N/mm2 and the Poisson’s ratio is 0.3.
[Hint. E = 2C (1 + ) = 2 × 0.80 × 105 (1 + 0.3) = 2.08 × 105 N/mm2.]

84