READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

WEEK 2: TABON CAVES

ROBERT BRADFORD FOX  Discovered by Victor Decalan and Hans

Kasten and volunteer workers from US Peace
 Between the year of 1962-1966 Corps in 1964
 Found by anthropologist – Dr. Robert Fox (1918-  Composed of 4 Chambers with 3 openings but
1985) only 2 were used for jar burial.
 Anthropologist and leading historian on the Pre-  Has a large round mouth tunnel-like.
hispanic Philippines  Tunnel-like having a send opening in the
 Actively served the National Museum of the northeast side of the cliff
Philippines in 1948-1975
 Serving as consultant to the Philippine President MANUNGGUL JAR
on Anthropological matters and as Dean of  A kind of BURIAL JAR
Brent School in Baguio City.  Which is unrivaled in southeast asia and
 Head of the Anthropology Division of the considered as the work of a master potter,
National Museum of the Philippines signifies the belief of early filipinos in life after
 Taught at the University of the Philippines and death.
served as President Assistant for National  The boatman is seated behind a figure whose
Minorities. hands are crossed on the chest. The position of
Additional Infos: the hands is a traditional Filipino practice
observed when arranging the corpse.
 Artifacts recovered ranging 50,000 years ago
of the 14th century CHAMBER A
 TABON MAN – one of the oldest known human
 Has three animal or birds heads surrounding an
skeletal
opening
TABON CAVE  A unique tripod construction
 Other artifacts: WOODEN COFFIN
 Large main cave where only Pleistocene human  Potteries: LA-HAYUB POTTERY, KALAYAAN
fossils in the Philippines were found. POTTERY
 Scattered fossils bones of at least 3 individuals  TRUE JADE
were excavated
FRAGMENTS OF THE DISTINCT BRACELETS AND
FOSSIL HUMAN BONES OTHER ACCESSORIES:

 Tabon Man may be dated from 22,000-24,000  4 of jade

years ago  3 of agate
 Two made from large limpet shells
THE BEGINNING OF PHILIPPINE ARCHAEOLOGY  1 perfect jasper ear pendant
 The discovery of Tabon Cave in Palawan  Super thin and translucent, ellipsoid-shaped
 Site of an important Philippine Archaeological pendant of a red chalcedony
discovery: The Tabon Man
 He led a 6-years archaeological research in CHAMBER B
Palawan  A highly decorated funerary
 Caves and rock shelters of Lipuun Point
 Sand tempering
 Surface colors
BURIAL JAR IN TABON CAVE
 Form of burial jars
 At least 200 jars  Trunconial jar cover
 Jar covers and small vessels scattered on the  TYPES OF POTTERY: TABON PLAIN, TABON
cave was recovered POLISH TABON IMPRESSED
 TYPES OF SHELLS:
MANUNGGUL CAVE  LARGE RING – like beads
 TINY DISK BEADS
 TYPICAL SMALL COVERING BEADS

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  SHELL SPOONS  In 1948 – number of spoons collect

READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

WEEK 2: KATIPUNAN AND THE REVOLUTION: MEMOIRS OF A GENERAL 1

SANTIAGO ALVAREZ
ANDRES BONIFACIO
 A revolutionary general and honorary president  A Filipino revolutionary hero founded the
of the first directorate of the Nacionalista Party. Katipunan
 Known as “Kidlat ng Apoy”  First leader of the Philippine Revolution
 “Hero” of the Battle of Dalahican  First self-declared President of the Independent
 In a 36-hour battle in Dalahican, one of the Philippines
bloodiest encounters during the revolution, he
scored a decisive victory and repulsed the DR. PIO VALENZUELA
Spanish troops
 A Filipino physician and a major figure during
BATTLE OF DALAHICAN the Philippine Revolution
 Took the responsibility of establishing factions of
 Was a simultaneous battle during the Philippine the secret society in different parts of Morong or
Revolution that was thought from November 9- Rizal province and Bulacan.
11, 1896  Original member of the Katipunan
 The result of the battle was the first significant
Filipino victory in the country’s history GREGORIA DE JESUS

 Founder and vice-president of the women’s

PAULA CAROLINA MALAY chapter of the Katipunan of the Philippines
 Wife of Andres Bonifacio
 Graduated from the University of the Philippines
 Turned to translation and writing during the JOSE DIZON
martial law period
 Translated the Katipunan and the Revolution:  A Filipino patriot who was among those who
Memoirs of a General founded the Katipunan

GEN. ARTEMIO RICARTE

MARCH 14, 1896 - SATURDAY
 A Filipino general during the Philippine  Gen. Santiago V. Alvarez accompanied
Revolution neophytes Emilio F. Aguinaldo and Raymundo
 Regarded as the Father of the Philippine Army Mata to Manila for their initiation into the
 First Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces of the Katipunan Secret Society, where they waited at
Philippines the quarters of Jacinto Lumbreras, a Katipunan
member.
EMILIO AGUINALDO  Before leaving Lumbreras’ place, the two were
 Filipino revolutionary, politician, and military blindfolded as they reach the home of Andres
leader Bonifacio, the Katipunan Supremo
 First and the youngest President of the  They pledged to destroy oppression by signing
Philippines their names in their own blood and were
 Original member of the Katipunan welcome by fellow katipuneros
 He led the latter part of the Philippine Revolution
APRIL 6, 1896 - MONDAY
RAYMUNDO MATA
 Aguinaldo asked Santiago to accompany him to
 Fellow cavitenos meet the Supremo Bonfiacio to learn more about
the Katipunan
JACINTO LUMBRERAS  They travelled from Cavite to Manila via
Ynchausti boats
 a Magdiwang and first presiding officer of the  Aguinaldo went to the port office to attend some
Tejeros Convention. A Katipunan member. business, only to be upset over the

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 superciliousness of Ramon Padilla, an official at - A secret organization founded by Filipino
the port office. patriots specifically Andres Bonifacio led to the
outbreak of the Philippine Revolution.
KKK  APRIL 1896, GOOD FRIDAY @9:00AM
 Kataas-taasan, Kagalang-galangan Katipunan  They established a provincial council of
ng my Anak ng Bayan. Katipunan

KATIPUNAN MAGDIWANG GOVERNMENT

- literally means “assembly” or “association” that  Mariano Alvarez as President

comes from the root word “tipon” which means  One of two Katipunan branches in Cavite along
“gather”. with Magdalo
2
 The Magdiwang Council was acknowledged “as
the supreme organ responsible for the
successful campaigns against the enemy.

READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

WEEK 2: THE PREHISPANIC SOURCE / THE MARAGTAS

THE MARAGTAS  The romance of Sumakwel, Kapinangan and her

lover Garung-garung, a charming little tale in its
 Chronicles or History of Panay own right.
 Published by the Kadaping sang Banwa at the
El Tiempo Press, Iloilo in 1907
 It is written in mixed Hiligaynon and Kin-iraya

PEDRO MONTECLARO CHAPTER 4

 It concludes the tale of ten Datus, telling their
 Born in Miag-ao, Iloilo on October 15, 1850 political arrangements and their
 Served as Teniente Mayor in 1891 and circumnavigation of the Island.
Gobernadorcillo in 1892-1894
 Also known as poet in both the vernacular and CHAPTER 5
Spanish
 Another anthropological sort of treatise
CHAPTER 1 describing language, commerce, clothes,
customs, marriages, funerals, mourning habits,
 Anthropological treatise on the former customs, cockfighting, timekeeping techniques and
clothes, dialect, heredity, organization of the calendars, and personal characteristics.
Aetas (Negritos) of Panay.
CHAPTER 6
CHAPTER 2
 The upcoming of the Ten Datus from Borneo,  Gives the list of Castillian officials between 1637
fleeing the tyranny of Datu Makatunaw, and their and 1808 and the epilogue contains a few 18th
purchase of the Island of Panay from Marikudo. century dates from Miag-ao.

TEN BORNEAN DATUS THE CONFERENDATION OF MADIA-AS

1. Datu Puti ( wife Piangpangan)
2. Datu Sumakwel (wife Kapinangan)  The settlements set up in Panay by the seven
3. Datu Bangkaya (wife Katurong) Bornean datus.
4. Datu Paiborong (wife Pabilaan)  The datus divided the islands into three areas;
5. Datu Paduhinogan (wife Tibongsapay  HANTIK (now Antique), under Datu
6. Datu Dumangsol Sumakwel
7. Datu Libay  IRONG-IRONG (now Iloilo), under Datu
8. Datu Dumangsil Paliburong
9. Datu Dumalogdog  AKLAN (now Aklan and Capiz), under Datu
10. Datu Balensuela Bangkay
 The 3 areas united themselves into a
CHAPTER 3 confederation under the overall rule of Datu

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 Sumakwel, the wisest of the datus and this  Most punished is laziness which is untrue
grouping was called Confederation of Madya-as (mutilation and death)
 As ruler, Datu Sumakwel gave his people a set  Teodoro Agoncillo (assessment)
of written laws, known as the Maragtas Code
 The descendant of these Bornean settlers of HISTORY OF THE FIRST DATUS
Panay spread to the surrounding islands and
founded new settlements.  Mid-19th century document was annotated and
 Datus Dumangsil and Datu Balensusa were also translated into Spanish by Father Tomas
successful in their exploits. Santaren in January 1858, published as
 Some of their descendants occupied the fertile “Historia de los primeros datos que procedentes
region Laguna de Bay and the others penetrated de Borneo, poblaron estas islas (History of the
farther south and east across the mountains and First Datos who, coming from Boneo, populated
settled in the Bicol Peninsula. this islands)”
 Some of the heroes and events of the legend
were known in varied and conflicting forms.
3  Maragtas – with two(2) exceptions – could not
MARAGTAS CODE have been written between 1901-1907 with
reference to no other written sources.
 Code of Sumakwel by Oredain  Two exceptions, however, are very important for
 Description of Variety of General Cultural one of them appears to be constitution of a
Information (Social Custom, Visayan equivalent political confederation and the other an account
of days and weeks and Dialect Differences) of some unique custom “laws”.
 Stringent Sanctions

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