Here Is An Example of A Machine With 1GB of RAM

Here is an example of a machine with 1GB of RAM, 50 local users, and one 8KB-block-
size database using 10,000 database buffers:

 Operatingsystem memory
 28MB OS
 100MB OS buffers
 OpenEdge memory
 16MB executable
 88MB database broker ((8KB * 10000) * 1.1)
 250MB to 500MB for users
Total memory requirement: 582MB to 832MB.
The system can run without significant paging, allowing you to use the additional
memory for other applications or to further increase the memory utilization for
OpenEdge by increasing database broker parameters, like –B. Once the broker is as
efficient as possible, you can look into increasing local user parameters like –mmax.
In many cases there other applications running on the system also. You should consider
the memory used by these additional applications to accurately determine memory
estimates.
Memory is the electronic holding place for the instructions and data a
computer needs to reach quickly. It's where information is stored for
immediate use. Memory is one of the basic functions of a computer, because
without it, a computer would not be able to function properly. Memory is also
used by a computer's operating system, hardware and software.
There are technically two types of computer memory: primary and secondary.
The term memory is used as a synonym for primary memory or as an
abbreviation for a specific type of primary memory called random access
memory (RAM). This type of memory is located on microchips that are
physically close to a computer's microprocessor.
If a computer's central processer (CPU) had to only use a secondary storage

device, computers would become much slower. In general, the more memory
(primary memory) a computing device has, the less frequently the computer
must access instructions and data from slower (secondary) forms of storage.
This
image shows how primary, secondary and cache memory relate to each other in terms of size and
speed.
Memory vs. storage
The concept of memory and storage can be easily conflated as the same concept;
however, there are some distinct and important differences. Put succinctly, memory is
primary memory, while storage is secondary memory. Memory refers to the location
of short-term data, while storage refers to the location of data stored on a long-term
basis.
Memory is most often referred to as the primary storage on a computer, such as RAM.
Memory is also where information is processed. It enables users to access data that is
stored for a short time. The data is only stored for a short time because primary
memory is volatile, meaning it isn't retained when the computer is turned off.
The term storage refers to secondary memory and is where data in a computer is kept.

An example of storage is a hard drive or a hard disk drive (HDD). Storage is
nonvolatile, meaning the information is still there after the computer is turned off and
then back on. A running program may be in a computer's primary memory when in
use -- for fast retrieval of information -- but when that program is closed, it resides in
secondary memory or storage.
How much space is available in memory and storage differs as well. In general, a
computer will have more storage space than memory. For example, a laptop may have
8 GB of RAM while having 250 GB of storage. The difference in space is there
because a computer will not need fast access to all the information stored on it at
once, so allocating approximately 8 GB of space to run programs will suffice.
The terms memory and storage can be confusing because their usage today is not

always consistent. For example, RAM can be referred to as primary storage -- and
types of secondary storage can include flash memory. To avoid confusion, it can be
easier to talk about memory in terms of whether it is volatile or nonvolatile -- and
storage in terms of whether it is primary or secondary.
How does computer memory work?

When a program is open, it is loaded from secondary memory to primary memory.
Because there are different types of memory and storage, an example of this could be
a program being moved from a solid-state drive (SSD) to RAM. Because primary
storage is accessed faster, the opened program will be able to communicate with the
computer's processor at quicker speeds. The primary memory can be accessed
immediately from temporary memory slots or other storage locations.
Memory is volatile, which means that data in memory is stored temporarily. Once a
computing device is turned off, data stored in volatile memory will automatically be
deleted. When a file is saved, it will be sent to secondary memory for storage.
There are multiple types of memory available to a computer. It will operate differently
depending on the type of primary memory used, but in general, semiconductor-based
memory is most associated with memory. Semiconductor memory will be made of
integrated circuits with silicon-based metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) transistors.
Types of computer memory
In general, memory can be divided into primary and secondary memory; moreover,
there are numerous types of memory when discussing just primary memory. Some
types of primary memory include the following
 Cache memory. This temporary storage area, known as a cache, is more

readily available to the processor than the computer's main memory source.
It is also called CPU memory because it is typically integrated directly into
the CPU chip or placed on a separate chip with a bus interconnect with the
CPU.
 RAM. The term is based on the fact that any storage location can be
accessed directly by the processor.
 Dynamic RAM. DRAM is a type of semiconductor memory that is

typically used by the data or program code needed by a computer processor
to function.
 Static RAM. SRAM retains data bits in its memory for as long as power is

supplied to it. Unlike DRAM, which stores bits in cells consisting of a
capacitor and a transistor, SRAM does not have to be periodically refreshed.
 Double Data Rate SDRAM. DDR SRAM is SDRAM that can theoretically

improve memory clock speed to at least 200 MHz.
 Double Data Rate 4 Synchronous Dynamic RAM. DDR4 RAM is a type

of DRAM that has a high-bandwidth interface and is the successor to its
previous DDR2 and DDR3 versions. DDR4 RAM allows for lower voltage
requirements and higher module density. It is coupled with higher data rate
transfer speeds and allows for dual in-line memory modules (DIMMS) up to
64 GB.
 Rambus Dynamic RAM. DRDRAM is a memory subsystem that promised

to transfer up to 1.6 billion bytes per second. The subsystem consists of
RAM, the RAM controller, the bus that connects RAM to the
microprocessor and devices in the computer that use it.
 Read-only memory. ROM is a type of computer storage containing
nonvolatile, permanent data that, normally, can only be read and not written
to. ROM contains the programming that enables a computer to start up or
regenerate each time it is turned on.
 Programmable ROM. PROM is ROM that can be modified once by a user.

It enables a user to tailor a microcode program using a special machine
called a PROM programmer.
 Erasable PROM. EPROM is programmable read-only memory PROM that

can be erased and re-used. Erasure is caused by shining an intense
ultraviolet light through a window designed into the memory chip.
 Electrically erasable PROM. EEPROM is a user-modifiable ROM that

can be erased and reprogrammed repeatedly through the application of
higher than normal electrical voltage. Unlike EPROM chips, EEPROMs do
not need to be removed from the computer to be modified. However, an
EEPROM chip must be erased and reprogrammed in its entirety, not
selectively.
 Virtual memory. A memory management technique where secondary

memory can be used as if it were a part of the main memory. Virtual
memory uses hardware and software to enable a computer to compensate
for physical memory shortages by temporarily transferring data from RAM
to disk storage.
Timeline of the history and evolution of computer memory
In the early 1940s, memory was only available up to a few bytes of space. One of the
more significant signs of progress during this time was the invention of acoustic delay
line memory. This technology enabled delay lines to store bits as sound waves in
mercury, and quartz crystals to act as transducers to read and write bits. This process
could store a few hundred thousand bits. In the late 1940s, nonvolatile memory began
to be researched, and magnetic-core memory -- which enabled the recall of memory
after a loss of power -- was created. By the 1950s, this technology had been improved
and commercialized and led to the invention of PROM in 1956. Magnetic-core
memory became so widespread that it was the main form of memory until the 1960s.
Metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors, also known as MOS

semiconductor memory, was invented in 1959. This enabled the use of MOS
transistors as elements for memory cell storage. MOS memory was cheaper and
needed less power compared to magnetic-core memory. Bipolar memory, which used
bipolar transistors, started being used in the early 1960s.
In 1961, Bob Norman proposed the concept of solid-state memory being used on an
integrated circuit (IC) chip. IBM brought memory into the mainstream in 1965.
However, users found solid-state memory to be too expensive to use at the time
compared to other memory types. Other advancements during the early to mid-1960s
were the invention of bipolar SRAM, Toshiba's introduction of DRAM in 1965 and
the commercial use of SRAM in 1965. The single-transistor DRAM cell was
developed in 1966, followed by a MOS semiconductor device used to create ROM in
1967. From 1968 to the early 1970s, N-type MOS (NMOS) memory also started to
become popularized.
By the early 1970s, MOS-based memory started becoming much more widely used as
a form of memory. In 1970, Intel had the first commercial DRAM IC chip. One year
later, erasable PROM was developed and EEPROM was invented in 1972.

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Here is an example of a machine with 1GB of RAM, 50 local users, and one 8KB-block-

size database using 10,000 database buffers:

If a computer's central processer (CPU) had to only use a secondary storage

The term storage refers to secondary memory and is where data in a computer is kept.

The terms memory and storage can be confusing because their usage today is not

How does computer memory work?

 Cache memory. This temporary storage area, known as a cache, is more

 Dynamic RAM. DRAM is a type of semiconductor memory that is

 Static RAM. SRAM retains data bits in its memory for as long as power is

 Double Data Rate SDRAM. DDR SRAM is SDRAM that can theoretically

 Double Data Rate 4 Synchronous Dynamic RAM. DDR4 RAM is a type

 Rambus Dynamic RAM. DRDRAM is a memory subsystem that promised

 Programmable ROM. PROM is ROM that can be modified once by a user.

 Erasable PROM. EPROM is programmable read-only memory PROM that

 Electrically erasable PROM. EEPROM is a user-modifiable ROM that

 Virtual memory. A memory management technique where secondary

Metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors, also known as MOS

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