Lecture 3

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. Chapter 1 Introduction to Design of Steel Structures

Lesson 1: Introduction
Lesson 2: Gravity Loads on Structures
Lesson 3: Lateral Loads

2. Chapter 2 Structural Steel Framing Systems

Lesson 1: Bearing Wall and Building Frame System
Lesson 2: Moment-Resisting Frame System and Dual System with Special/Intermediate
Moment Frames
Lesson 3: Cantilevered Column Building Systems

3. Chapter 3 Structural Analysis for Stress Resultants

Lesson 1: Structural Modeling, Load Combinations for ASD and LRFD Methods, and
Application of Code Provisions for Load Combinations
Lesson 2: Computer-Aided Structural Analysis
Lesson 3: Determination of the Design Stress Resultant for the Structural Members

4. Chapter 4 Selection of Structural Members Sizes

Lesson 1: Tension and Compression Members
Lesson 2: Bending, Shear, and Torsion Members
Lesson 3: Combinations of Stress of Members

5. Chapter 5 Design of Steel Members Connections

Lesson 1: Bolted Connections
Lesson 2: Welded Base Plate
Lesson 3

LATERAL LOADS

Introduction

The National Structural Code of the Philippines by reference adopts the American Society of Civil
Engineers/ Structural Engineers Institute (ASCE/SEI 7-10) the Minimum Design Loads for Building
and Other Structures.

Basic Components

The basic function of a lateral force-resisting system is to transfer the lateral forces acting on the
structure to the foundation. Vertical and horizontal resisting components are used to provide a
continuous and competent load path from the top of the structure to the foundation.

For the single-story, light-framed steel structure shown in Fig. 3.1, the steel roof deck forms the
horizontal resisting component or diaphragm.6 The lateral wind or seismic force acting on the south
wall of the structure delivers a line load of w (in units of N/m) to the roof diaphragm. The diaphragm
acts as a deep beam with end reactions of

𝑤𝐿
𝑉=
2
These reactions produce a maximum unit shear at the ends of the diaphragm of

𝑉 𝑤𝐿
𝑣= =
𝐵 2𝐵
The edges of the diaphragm normal to the direction of the lateral force are known as chords and act
in a manner similar to the flanges of a steel beam to resist the bending moment produced by the
lateral force. As shown in Figure 3.1, one chord is in tension and the other in compression. The force
in a chord is given by the equation

𝑀𝐷 𝑤𝐿2
𝑇=𝐶= =
𝐵 8𝐵
As shown in Fig. 3.1, the diaphragm must be designed with a capacity to resist the maximum shear at
the ends, but may be designed for a smaller shear nearer midspan. Diaphragms are typically
constructed from concrete, composite and non-composite formed steel deck, or wood structural
panels. Alternatively, in place of a diaphragm, horizontal bracing may be used to resist the lateral
load.

The diaphragm shear force is transferred by the collector elements, or drag struts, to the vertical
resisting components. In Fig. 3.1, these are the bracing elements in the end walls. The bracing
elements transfer the lateral force to the structure’s foundation.
Code Provisions – NSCP C101

Buildings and other vertical structures shall be designed and constructed to resist wind loads as
specified and presented in Section 207A through 207F of the NSCP 2015.

Antenna towers and antenna supporting structures shall be designed and constructed to resist wind
loads as specified and presented in ANSI/TIA-222-G-2005, entitled as “Structural Standards for
Steel Antenna Towers and Antenna Supporting Structures – Addendum 1.

Another lateral loads is the earthquake loads or seismic loads that the buildings and other vertical
structures are subject to resist and will presented as per Section 208 of the NSCP 2015. The purpose
of the succeeding earthquake provisions is primarily to design seismic-resistant structures to
safeguard against major structural damage that may lead to loss of life and property. These
provisions are not intended to assure zero-damage to structures nor maintain their functionality after
a severe earthquake.

Structures and portions thereof shall, as a minimum, be designed and constructed to resist the effects
of seismic ground motions as provided in the Earthquake Load section.

When the code-prescribed wind design produces greater effects, the wind design shall govern, but
detailing requirements and limitations prescribed in Earthquake Load section and referenced sections
of the NSCP 2015 shall be made to govern.
Wind Load

When wind strikes an enclosed building the wind flows around the sides and over the roof and either
a pressure or suction is produced on the external surfaces of the building. As shown in Fig. 3.2, the
windward wall that is perpendicular to the wind direction experiences an inward, positive pressure.
As wind flows round the corners of the windward wall, the turbulence produced separates the air
flow from the walls and causes an outward, negative pressure or suction on the side walls and the
leeward wall. As wind flows over a high-sloping gable roof, a positive pressure is produced on the
windward side of the ridge and suction on the leeward side of the ridge. However, for gable roofs
with shallow slopes, suction also develops on the windward side of the ridge and for flat roofs;
suction develops over the whole roof.

Figure 3.2 Wind Pressure

Procedures are provided in the NSCP 2015 for determining pressures on the main wind-force
resisting system (MWFRS) and on components and cladding. The main wind-force resisting system
is defined in NSCP 2015 Section 207A.2 as the structural elements that transfer wind loads to the
ground and provide support and stability for the whole structure. Components and cladding are
defined as elements of the building envelope that do not qualify as part of the main wind-force
resisting system. The cladding of a building receives wind loading directly. Examples of cladding
include wall and roof sheathing, windows and doors. Components receive wind loading from the
cladding and transfer the load to the main wind-force resisting system. Components include purlins,
studs, girts, fasteners, and roof trusses. Some elements, such as roof trusses and sheathing may also
form part of the main wind-force resisting system and must be designed for both conditions. Because
of local turbulence, which may occur over small areas at ridges and corners of buildings, components
and cladding are designed for higher wind pressures than the main wind force resisting system. The
design procedures consist of two basic approaches:
• The directional procedure determines the wind loads on buildings for specific wind directions, in
which the external pressure coefficients are based on wind tunnel testing of prototypical building
models for the corresponding direction of wind.

• The envelope procedure determines the wind load cases on buildings, in which pseudo external
pressure coefficients are derived from wind tunnel testing of prototypical building models
successively rotated through 360°, such that the pseudo pressure cases produce key structural
actions (uplift, horizontal shear, bending moments, etc.) that envelope their maximum values
among all possible wind directions.

In order to apply these methods, a number of prerequisites must be determined. These include
exposure category, wind speed, low-rise building designation, velocity pressure exposure coefficient,
site topography, wind direction, importance factor, and velocity pressure.

Wind Loads: General Requirements

Exposure Category

Exposure category accounts for the effect of terrain roughness on wind speed and is defined and
illustrated in NSCP 2015 Section 207A.7. The exposure category is dependent on surface roughness
category and the upwind fetch distance. The exposure category assigned to each surface roughness
category is listed in Table 1. Buildings and other structures, including the Main Wind-Force
Resisting System (MWFRS) and all components and cladding (C&C) thereof, shall be designed and
constructed to resist the wind loads determined in accordance with Section 207A through 207F. The
provisions of section 207 define the basic wind parameters for use with other provisions contained in
the NSCP 2015 code.

Surface Roughness Categories

A ground surface roughness within each 45° sector shall be determined for a distance upwind of the
site as defined in Exposure Categories. The categories defined below is the purpose for the assigning
an exposure category.
Surface Roughness B: Urban or suburban areas, wooded areas, or other terrain with numerous
closely spaced obstruction having the size of single-family dwellings or larger.

Surface Roughness C: Open terrain with scattered obstructions having heights generally less than 9
m. This category includes flat open country and grasslands.
Surface Roughness D: Flat, unobstructed areas and water surfaces. This category includes smooth
mud flats, salt flats, and unbroken ice.

Exposure Categories
Exposure B: For buildings with a mean roof height of less than or equal to 9m, Exposure B shall
apply where the ground surface roughness, as defined by the Surface Roughness B,
prevails in the upwind direction for the distance greater than 450m. For building
with a mean roof height greater than 9m, Exposure B shall apply where the Surface
Roughness B prevails in the upwind direction for a distance greater than 790m or
20times the height of the building, whichever is greater.

Exposure C: Exposure C shall apply for all the cases where Exposures B or D do not apply.

Exposure D: Exposure D shall apply where the ground surface roughness, as defined by Surface
Roughness D, prevails in the upwind direction for a distance greater than 1500m or
20 times the building height, whichever is greater. Exposure D shall also apply
where the ground surface roughness immediately upwind of the site is exposure B
or C, and the site is within a distance of 180m or 20 times the building height,
whichever is greater, from an Exposure D condition as defined in the previous
sentence.

For a site located on the transition zone between exposure categories. The category resulting in the
largest wind forces shall be used.
Basic Wind Speed

The basic wind speed, V, used in the determination of design wind loads on buildings and other
structures shall be determined from Figure 207.5-1 as follows, except as provided in NSCP 2015
Section 207A.5.2 and 207A.5.3.
Wind speed, V, is determined from the wind speed maps NSCP 2015 Fig. 207.5-1A, B, and C. The
gradient heights zg for different exposure conditions are given in NSCP 2015 Table 207A.9-1.

The wind shall be assumed to come from any horizontal direction. The basic wind speed shall be
increased where records or experience indicate that the wind speeds are higher than those reflected in
Figure 207A.5-1A through 207A.5-1C.
Seismic Zone Map of the Philippines
Notes:
1. Values are nominal design 3-second gust wind speeds in kilometers per hour at 10 m above
the ground for Exposure C category.
2. Linear interpolation between contours is permitted.
3. Islands and coastal areas outside the contour shall use the last wind speed contour of the
coastal area.
4. Mountainous terrain, gorges, ocean promontories, and special wind regions shall be examined
for unusual wind conditions.
5. Wind speeds corresponds to approximately a 15% probability of excellence in 50 years
(Annual Exceedance Probability = 0.00333, MRI = 300 years)
6. Results are from PAGASA.

Figure 207A.5-1A Occupancy Category III, IV and V buildings and other structures
Notes:
1. Values are nominal design 3-second gust wind speeds in kilometers per hour at 10 m above
the ground for Exposure C category.
2. Linear interpolation between contours is permitted.
3. Islands and coastal areas outside the contour shall use the last wind speed contour of the
coastal area.
4. Mountainous terrain, gorges, ocean promontories, and special wind regions shall be examined
for unusual wind conditions.
5. Wind speeds corresponds to approximately a 7% probability of excellence in 50 years
(Annual Exceedance Probability = 0.00143, MRI = 700 years)
6. Results are from PAGASA.

Figure 207A.5-1B Occupancy Category II buildings and other structures

Notes:
1. Values are nominal design 3-second gust wind speeds in kilometers per hour at 10 m above
the ground for Exposure C category.
2. Linear interpolation between contours is permitted.
3. Islands and coastal areas outside the contour shall use the last wind speed contour of the
coastal area.
4. Mountainous terrain, gorges, ocean promontories, and special wind regions shall be examined
for unusual wind conditions.
5. Wind speeds corresponds to approximately a 3% probability of excellence in 50 years
(Annual Exceedance Probability = 0.000588, MRI = 1700 years)
6. Results are from PAGASA.

Figure 207A.5-1C Basic Wind Speeds for Occupancy Category I buildings and other structures

The basic wind speed for every regions and provinces are tabulated below:
 Basic Wind Basic Wind Speed
Main Speed Region Main Province
Region (km/hr) (m/s)
Province
(km/hr) (m/s) Angeles 260 72.22
Caloocan 270 75.00 Aurora 300 83.33
Las Piñas 270 75.00 Bataan 250 69.44
Makati 270 75.00 Bulacan 280 77.78
Malabon 270 75.00 III Nueva Ecija 290 80.56
Mandaluyong 270 75.00 Olongapo 250 69.44
Manila 270 75.00 Pampanga 270 75.00
Marikina 270 75.00 Tarlac 260 72.22
Muntinlupa 270 75.00 Zambales 250 69.44
Navotas 270 75.00 Batangas 260 72.22
NCR
Parañaque 270 75.00 Cavite 270 75.00
Pasay 270 75.00 Laguna 280 77.78
Pasig 270 75.00 IV-A
Lucena 270 75.00
Pateros 270 75.00 Quezon 280 77.78
Quezon Rizal 280 77.78
270 75.00
City Marinduque 260 72.22
San Juan 270 75.00 Occidental
Taguig 270 75.00 Mindoro 250 69.44
Valenzuela 270 75.00 IV-B Oriental Mindoro 250 69.44
Dagupan 270 75.00 Palawan 230 63.89
Ilocos Norte 290 80.56 Puerto Princesa 230 63.89
I Ilocos Sur 280 77.78 Romblon 260 72.22
La Union 270 75.00 Albay 300 83.33
Pangasinan 260 72.22 Camarines Norte 300 83.33
Abra 280 77.78
Camarines Sur 300 83.33
Apayao 300 83.33 V Catanduanes 320 88.89
Baguio 270 75.00 Masbate 280 77.78
CAR Benguet 270 75.00 Naga 300 83.33
Ifugao 290 80.56 Sorsogon 310 86.11
Kalinga 300 83.33 Aklan 250 69.44
Mountain Antique 240 66.67
300 83.33
Province VI Capiz 250 69.44
Batanes 320 88.89
Guimaras 240 66.67
Cagayan 320 88.89 Iloilo 260 72.22
Isabela 320 88.89 Basilan 250 69.44
II Nueva
300 83.33 Lanao del Sur 270 75.00
Vizcaya
ARMM Maguindanao 270 75.00
Quirino 300 83.33
Sulu 250 69.44
Santiago 310 86.11
Tawi-Tawi 250 69.44
 Basic Wind Basic Wind
Region Main Province Speed Region Main Province Speed
(km/hr) (m/s) (km/hr) (m/s)
Bacolod 260 72.22 Compostela
XI 300 83.33
Negros Valley
XVIII 260 72.22
Occidental Davao City[ 290 80.56
Negros Oriental 260 72.22 Davao del Norte 290 80.56
Bohol 280 77.78 Davao del Sur 300 83.33
VII Cebu 280 77.78 Davao Oriental 300 83.33
Siquijor 260 72.22 Cotabato 300 83.33
Biliran 300 83.33 Cotabato City 300 83.33
Eastern Samar 320 88.89 General Santos 300 83.33
XII
Leyte 300 83.33 Sarangani 290 80.56
VIII
Northern Samar 320 88.89 South Cotabato 290 80.56
Samar 310 86.11 Sultan Kudarat 280 77.78
Southern Leyte 300 83.33 Agusan del Norte 300 83.33
Zamboanga del Agusan del Sur 300 83.33
250 69.44
Norte Butuan 300 83.33
Zamboanga del XIII
IX 250 69.44 Dinagat Islands 310 86.11
Sur
Zamboanga Surigao del
250 69.44 310 86.11
Sibugay Norte
Bukidnon 290 80.56 Surigao del Sur 310 86.11
Cagayan de Oro 280 77.78
Camiguin 280 77.78
Iligan 270 75.00
X Lanao del Norte 270 75.00
Misamis
260 72.22
Occidental
Misamis
290 80.56
Oriental

Table 103-1 shows the occupancy category as described below.

 Table 103-1 Occupancy Category
OCCUPANCY OCCUPANCY OR FUNCTION
CATEGORY OF STRUCTURE
Occupancies having surgery and emergency treatment areas,
Fire and police stations,
Garages and shelters for emergency vehicles and emergency aircraft,
Structures and shelters in emergency preparedness centers,
Aviation control towers,
Structures and equipment in communication centers and other
facilities required for emergency response,
ESSENTIAL Facilities for standby power-generating equipment for Category I
I structures,
FACILITIES
Tanks or other structures containing housing or supporting water or
other fire-suppression material or equipment required for the
protection of Category I, II or III, IV and V structures,
Public school buildings (except single-story buildings),
Hospitals,
Designated evacuation centers,
Power and communication transmission lines
Occupancies and structures housing or supporting toxic or explosive
HAZARDOUS chemicals or substances,
II
FACILITIES Non-building structures storing, supporting or containing quantities
of toxic or explosive substances,
Buildings with an assembly room with an occupant capacity of
1,000 or more,
Educational buildings such as museums, libraries, auditorium with a
capacity of 300 or more occupants,
Buildings used for college or adult education with a capacity of 500
or more occupants,
SPECIAL Institutional buildings with 50 or more incapacitated patients, but
III OCCUPANCY not included in Category I,
STRUCTURES Mental hospitals, sanitariums, jails, prisons and other buildings
where personal liberties of inmates are similarly restrained,
Churches, Mosques, and other Religious Facilities,
All structures with an occupancy of 5,000 or more persons,
Structures and equipment in power-generating stations, and other
public utility facilities not included in Category I or Category II, and
required for continued operation,
STANDARD All structures housing occupancies or having functions not listed in
IV
OCCUPANCY Category I, II or III and Category V.
MISCELLANEOUS
V Private garages, carports, sheds and fences over 1.5 m high.
STRUCTURES
Low-Rise Building
A low-rise building is defined in NSCP 2015 Section 207A.2 as an enclosed or partially enclosed
building that satisfies both the following conditions:

• Mean roof height h is less than or equal to 18 m.

• Mean roof height h does not exceed least horizontal dimension.

Applying the analytical method to low-rise buildings, requires the use of specific velocity
pressure exposure coefficients.

Regular Building
A regular building is defined in NSCP 2015 Section 207A.2 as a building having no unusual
geometrical irregularity in spatial form.

Simple Diaphragm Building

A simple diaphragm building is defined in NSCP 2015 Section 207A.2 as a building in which both
windward and leeward wind loads are transmitted by vertically spanning wall elements through
continuous roof and floor diaphragms to the main wind-force resisting system.

Velocity Pressure Exposure Coefficient

Wind speed increases with height and also as the exposure changes from category B to
category D. The velocity pressure exposure coefficient Kz reflects this and values are
listed in NSCP 2015 Tables 207B.3-1 and 207C.3-1

Table 207B.3-1
Velocity Pressure Exposure Coefficients, Kh and Kz
Main Wind Force Resisting System – Part 1
Height above ground level, z Exposure
(m) B C D
0-4.5 0.57 0.85 1.03
6.0 0.62 0.9 1.08
7.5 0.66 0.94 1.12
9.0 0.7 0.98 1.16
12.0 0.76 1.04 1.22
15.0 0.81 1.09 1.27
18.0 0.85 1.13 1.31
21.0 0.89 1.17 1.34
24.0 0.93 1.21 1.38
27.0 0.96 1.24 1.4
30.0 0.99 1.26 1.43
36.0 1.04 1.31 1.48
42.0 1.09 1.36 1.52
48.0 1.13 1.39 1.55
54.0 1.17 1.43 1.58
60.0 1.2 1.46 1.61
 Table 207B.3-1 (Continuation)

Velocity Pressure Exposure Coefficients, Kh and Kz

Main Wind Force Resisting System – Part 1
Height above ground level, z Exposure
(m) B C D
75.0 1.28 1.53 1.68
90.0 1.35 1.59 1.73
105.0 1.41 1.64 1.78
120.0 1.47 1.69 1.82
135.0 1.52 1.73 1.86
150.0 1.56 1.77 1.89

Notes:
1. The velocity pressure coefficient Kz, may be determined for the following formula:
For 4.5 m ≤ z ≤ zg For z < 4.5 m
2⁄𝛼 2⁄𝛼
𝐾𝑧 = 2.01(𝑧⁄𝑧𝑔 ) 𝐾𝑧 = 2.01(4.5⁄𝑧𝑔 )
2. α and zg are tabulated in Table 209A.9.1
3. Linear interpolation for intermediate values of height z is acceptable.
4. Exposure categories are defined Section 207A.7.

Table 207C.3-1
Velocity Pressure Exposure Coefficients, Kh and Kz
Height above ground level, z Exposure
(m) Exposure B Exposure C Exposure D
0-4.6 0.70 0.85 1.03
6.1 0.70 0.90 1.08
7.6 0.70 0.94 1.12
9.1 0.70 0.98 1.16
12.2 0.76 1.04 1.22
15.2 0.81 1.09 1.27
18 0.85 1.13 1.31
α 7 9.5 11.5
Zg 365.76 274.32 213.36

Notes:
1. The velocity pressure coefficient Kz, may be determined for the following formula:

For 4.57 m ≤ z ≤ zg For z < 4.57 m

2⁄𝛼 2⁄𝛼
𝐾𝑧 = 2.01(𝑧⁄𝑧𝑔 ) 𝐾𝑧 = 2.01(4.57⁄𝑧𝑔 )

Note: z shall not be taken less than 9 m in exposure B.

2. α and zg are tabulated in Table 209A.9.1

3. Linear interpolation for intermediate values of height z is acceptable.
4. Exposure categories are defined Section 207A.7.
Site Topography

Structures sited on the upper half of an isolated hill or escarpment experience a significant increase
in the wind speed. To account for this, the velocity pressure exposure coefficient is multiplied by the
topography factor Kzt. The topography factor is a function of the three criteria:

• Slope of the hill

• Distance of the building from the crest
• Height of the building above the local ground surface

Topographic Effects

NSCP 2015 Section 207A.8 commentary: as an aid to the designer, this section was rewritten
in ASCE 7-98 to specify when topographic effects need to be applied to a particular structure
rather than when they do not as in the previous version.

Wind Speed-Up over Hills, Ridges, and Escarpments

Wind speed-up effects at isolated hills, ridges, and escarpments constituting abrupt changes in
the general topography, located in any exposure category, shall be included in the design when
buildings and other site conditions and locations of structures meet all of the following
conditions:

1. The hill, ridge, or escarpment is isolated and unobstructed upwind by other similar
topographic features of comparable height for 100 times the height of the topographic
feature (100H) or 3.2 km, whichever is less. This distance shall be measured horizontally
from the point at which the height H of the hill, ridge, or escarpment is determined.
1. The hill, ridge, or escarpment protrudes above the height of upwind terrain features within
a 3.2 km radius in any quadrant by a factor of two or more.
2. The structure is located as shown in Figure 207A.8-1 in the upper one-half of a hill or ridge
or near the crest of an escarpment.
3. 𝐻 ⁄𝐿ℎ ≥ 0.2
4. H is greater than or equal to 4.5 m for Exposure C and D and 18 m for Exposure B.

Topographic Factor

The wind speed-up effect shall be included in the calculation of design wind loads by using
factor Kzt:
𝐾𝑧𝑡 = (1 + 𝐾1 + 𝐾2 + 𝐾3 )2 (207𝐴. 8 − 1)

When K1, K2, K3 are given in Figure 207A.8-1

If site conditions and locations of structures do not meet all the conditions specified in Section
207A8.1 then Kzt = 1.0.
 Figure 207A.8-1
Topographic Factor, Kzt

TABLE 207A.8-1 TOPOGRAPHIC MULTIPLIERS FOR EXPOSURE C

K1 Multiplier K2 Multiplier K3Multiplier

H /Lh 3-D x/Lh 2-D All z/Lh 3-D

2-D 2-D 2-D 2-D
Axisym. Other Axisym.
Ridge Escarp. Escarp. Ridge Escarp.
Hill Cases Hill
0.2 0.29 0.17 0.21 0 1 1 0 1 1 1
0.25 0.36 0.21 0.26 0.5 0.88 0.67 0.1 0.74 0.78 0.67
0.3 0.43 0.26 0.32 1 0.75 0.33 0.2 0.55 0.61 0.45
0.35 0.51 0.3 0.37 1.5 0.63 0 0.3 0.41 0.47 0.3
0.4 0.58 0.34 0.42 2 0.5 0 0.4 0.3 0.37 0.2
0.45 0.65 0.38 0.47 2.5 0.38 0 0.5 0.22 0.29 0.14
0.5 0.72 0.43 0.53 3 0.52 0 0.6 0.17 0.22 0.09
3.5 0.13 0 0.7 0.12 0.17 0.06
4 0 0 0.8 0.09 0.14 0.04
0.9 0.07 0.11 0.03
1 0.05 0.08 0.02
1.5 0.01 0.02 0
2 0 0 0

Note:

1. For values of hill or escarpment relative than those shown, linear interpolation is permitted.
2. For H/Lh > 0.50, assume H/Lh = 0.50 for evaluating K1 and substitute 2H for Lh for
evaluating K2 and K3.
3. Multipliers are based on the assumption that wind approaches the hill or escarpment along the
direction of maximum slope.
 4. Notation:

H= height of hill or escarpment relative to the upward terrain, in meters.

Lh = distance upward of crest to where the difference in ground elevation is half the height
of hill or escarpment, in meters.
K1 = factor to account for shape of topographic feature and maximum speed-up effect.
K2 = factor to account for reduction in speed-up with distance upward or downward of
crest.
K3 = factor to account for reduction in speed-up with distance height above local terrain.
x= distance (upwind or downward) from the crest to the building site, in meters.
z= height above ground surface at building site, in meters.
µ= horizontal attenuation factor.
γ= height attenuation factor.

Equation:

𝐾𝑧𝑡 = (1 + 𝐾1 + 𝐾2 + 𝐾3 )2
𝐾1 determined from table below
|𝑥|
𝐾2 = (1 − )
𝜇𝐿ℎ
𝐾3 = 𝑒 −𝛾𝑧⁄𝐿ℎ

Figure 207A.8-2 Parameters for Speed-Up Over Hills and Escarpment

Directionality Factor
The directionality factor Kd is obtained from NSCP 2015 Table 207A.6-1 and for buildings is given
as 0.85. The directionality factor accounts for the reduced probability of

• Extreme winds occurring in any specific direction

• The peak pressure coefficient occurring for a specific wind direction
 Table 207 A.6-1 Wind Directionality Factor, Kd
Structural Type Directionality Factor Kd*
Building
Main Wind Force Resisting Systems 0.85
Components and Cladding 0.85
Arched Roofs 0.85
Chimneys, Tanks, and Similar Structures
Square 0.9
Hexagonal 0.95
Round 0.95
Solid Freestanding Walls and Solid Freestanding
0.85
and Attached Signs
Open Signs and Lattice Framework 0.85
Trussed Towers

Triangular, square, rectangular 0.85

All other cross sections 0.95
*Directionality Factor Kd has been calibrated with combinations of loads specified in
Section 203. This factor shall only be applied when used in conjunction with load
combinations specified in Sections 203.3 and 203.4.

Velocity Pressure

The basic wind speed is converted to a velocity pressure at height z by NSCP 2015
Equation which is

𝒒𝒛 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟏𝟑𝑲𝒛 𝑲𝒛𝒕 𝑲𝒅 𝑽𝟐 (N⁄m2 ); 𝑉 in m⁄s (207B. 3 − 1)

Where
Kd = wind directionality factor, as defined in Section 207A.6
Kz = velocity pressure exposure coefficient defined in Section 207B.3.1
Kzt = topographic factor defined in Section 207A.8.2
V = basic wind speed defined in Section 207A.5
qz = velocity pressure calculated using Equation 207B.3-1 at height z
qzt = velocity pressure calculated using Equation 207B.3-1 at mean roof height h
The numerical coefficient 0.613 shall be used except where sufficient climatic data are available to
justify the selection of a different value of this factor for a design application.

Example 3.1 Wind Velocity Pressure

The two-story office building, shown in Fig. 3.3, is located in a suburban area with a wind speed V of
185 km/h. Determine the wind velocity pressure at roof height for the main wind-force resisting
system.

The height to minimum width ratio is

ℎ 6
= = 0.63 < 1
𝐿 9.6
The mean roof height is

ℎ = 6 𝑚 < 18 𝑚

Hence, the building qualifies as a low-rise building and Table 207C.3-1 values for the velocity
pressure exposure coefficients are applicable for a building designed using NSCP 2015 Figure
207C.4-1.

For a suburban area the exposure is category B and the relevant parameters are obtained as

Kz = velocity pressure exposure coefficient

= 0.70 ... from NSCP 2015 Table 207C.3-1 for a height of 6.1 m for the main wind-force
resisting system and exposure category B
 Kzt = topography factor
= 1.0 ... from NSCP 2015 Section 207A.8.2 Topographic Factor

Kd = wind directionality factor

= 0.85 ... from NSCP 2015 Table 207A.6-1

The velocity pressure qh at the roof height of 6.1 m above the ground is given by NSCP 2015
Equation 207C.3-1 as

𝑞ℎ = 𝐾𝑧 𝐾𝑧𝑡 𝐾𝑑 𝑉 2
𝑞ℎ = 𝟗𝟔𝟑. 𝟐𝟒 𝐍⁄𝐦𝟐

Note: The wind speed, V, which is in kilometer per hour, must convert to meter per second.

V = 185 km/hr = 185 x 1000/3600 = 51.39 m/s

Envelope Procedure

This procedure is outlined in NSCP 2015 207C.4 and is applicable to low-rise buildings
that meet the following requirements:

• The structure is a regular-shaped building without irregularities such as

projections or indentations.

• The structure does not have response characteristics making it subject to across
wind loading, vortex shedding, and instability due to galloping or flutter.

• The structure is not located at a site subject to channeling effects or buffeting in

the wake of upwind obstructions.

In order to determine the design wind pressures on a structure, it is necessary to

convert the wind velocity pressures to design pressures and the following prerequisites
must be determined:

• Rigidity of the structure

• Gust effect factor
• Enclosure classification

Rigidity of the Structure

A rigid structure is defined in NSCP 2015 207A.2 as a structure with a fundamental frequency
greater than or equal to 1 Hz. Most structures, according to ASCE 7 Sec. C6.2, having a height to
minimum width ratio less than four qualify as rigid. Where necessary, the fundamental frequency
may be determined using the procedures given in ASCE 7 Sec. 26.9.2. A low-rise building is
permitted to be considered rigid. A structure with a fundamental frequency less than 1 Hz is
considered flexible. A flexible structure exhibits a significant dynamic resonant response to wind
gusts.

Gust Effect Factor

The gust effect factor accounts for along-wind loading effects caused by dynamic amplification in
flexible structures and for wind turbulence-structure interaction. For a rigid structure, the gust effect
factor may be taken as 0.85. Alternatively, the gust effect factor may be calculated using the
procedures given in NSCP 2015 Sections 207A.9.4 and 207A.9.5.

Enclosure Classifications

The internal pressure produced in a structure by wind depends on the size and location
of openings in the external walls of the structure. As shown in Fig. 3.4, an opening in
the windward wall of a structure produces an internal pressure. An opening in the leeward wall of a
structure produces an internal suction.

Glazing that is breached by missiles must be treated as openings, as this may result
in the development of high internal pressures. In accordance with NSCP 2015 Section 207A.10 in a
wind-borne debris region, glazing in the lower 18 m of structures shall be assumed to be openings
unless such glazing is impact resistant or protected with an impact resistant covering. The same
requirement applies to glazing that is less than 9 m above aggregate surface roofs located within 457
m of the structure. A wind-borne debris area is defined in NSCP 2015 207A.2 as being a hurricane
prone area:

1. Within 1.6 km (1 mi) of the coastal mean high-water line where the basic wind speed is equal
to or greater than 58 m/s, or
2. In areas where the basic wind speed is equal to or greater than 63 m/s.
An open building is defined in NSCP 2015 207A.2 as a building having each wall at least 80 percent
open. This is given for each wall by the expression

𝐴𝑜 ≥ 0.8𝐴𝑔

Where Ao is total area of openings in a wall that receives positive external pressure and
Ag is the gross area of the wall in which Ao is identified.

A partially enclosed building is defined as satisfying both of the following requirements:

1. The total area of openings in a wall that receives positive external pressure exceeds the sum
of the areas of openings in the balance of the building envelope (walls and roof) by more than
10 percent.
2. The total area of openings in a wall that receives positive external pressure exceeds the
smaller of 0.37 m2 or 1 percent of the area of the wall, and the percentage of openings in the
balance of the building envelope does not exceed 20 percent.

These requirements are given by the following expressions

𝐴𝑜 > 1.10𝐴𝑜𝑖

𝐴𝑜𝑖 ⁄𝐴𝑔𝑖 ≤ 0.20

And either
𝐴𝑜 > 0.01𝐴𝑔
Or
> 0.37 m2
where
Aoi = the sum of the areas of openings in the building envelope (walls and roof) not
including Ao, in m2 and
Agi = the sum of the gross surface area of the building envelope (walls and
roof) not including Ag, in m2

An enclosed building is defined as one that does not comply with the requirements for open or
partially enclosed buildings.

Design Wind Pressure on MWFRS for Low-Rise, Rigid Buildings

For the envelope procedure of NSCP 2015 207B Part 1, the gust effect factor is combined with the
external and internal pressure coefficients. The design wind pressure on the main wind-force
resisting system is given NSCP 2015 as

𝑝 = 𝑞ℎ [(𝐺𝐶𝑝𝑓 ) − (𝐺𝐶𝑝𝑖 )] (N⁄m2 ) (207C. 4 − 1)

where
 qh = wind velocity pressure at a mean roof height h for the applicable exposure
category
(GCpf) = product of the equivalent external pressure coefficient and gust effect factor as
given in NSCP 2015 Figure 207C.4-1.
(GCpi) = product of the internal pressure coefficient and gust effect factor as given in NSCP
2015 Table 207A.11-1.

In accordance with NSCP 2015 207AC.4.4 the wind load to be used in design shall not be less than
+766 Pa multiplied by the wall area of the building and 383 kN/m2 multiplied by the roof area of the
building projected on a plane normal to the wind direction as shown in NSCP 2015 Figure C207B.4-
1.

Example 3.2. Design Wind Pressure for Main Wind-Force Resisting System

For the transverse wind direction, determine the design wind pressure acting on the end frames of the
two-story office building analyzed in Example 3.1. The building may be considered enclosed and the
roof and floor diaphragms are flexible. Consider only load case A.

From Example 3.1, the velocity pressure at mean roof height is obtained as

𝒒𝒉 = 𝟗𝟔𝟑. 𝟐𝟒 𝐍⁄𝐦𝟐
The height to minimum width ratio is

ℎ 6
= = 0.63 < 1
𝐿 9.6

h/L = 6/9.6 = 0.63 < 4 ... rigid structure as defined by NSCP 2015 Section 207A.2

The mean roof height is

h = 6.1 m < 18 m ... low-rise building as defined by NSCP 2015 Section 207A.2.

Hence, the low-rise building analytical method of NSCP 2015 Section 207C.4 is applicable and
values of (GCpf) may be obtained from NSCP 2015 Figure 207C.4-1.

For a two-story building with flexible diaphragms, NSCP 2015 Figure 207C.4-1 Note 5 specifies that
torsional load cases may be neglected. To design the end frame of the building, the pressures on
surfaces 1E, 2E, 3E, and 4E must be determined. For an enclosed building the product of the internal
pressure coefficient and gust effect factor is

(GCpi) = ±0.18 ... from NSCP 2015 Table 207A.11-1

Table 207A.11-1 Internal Pressure Coefficient, (𝑮𝑪𝒑𝒊 )

Main Wind Force Resisting System and All Heights

Components and Cladding
Enclosed, Partially Enclosed, and Open Walls & Roofs
Buildings
Enclosure Classification (𝐺𝐶𝑝𝑖 )

0.00
Open Buildings
+0.55
Partially Enclosed Buildings
-0.55
+0.18
Enclosed Buildings
-0.18

For surface 1E the product of the equivalent external pressure coefficient and gust effect factor is

(𝑮𝑪𝒑𝒇 ) = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟏 … from NSCP 2015 𝐅𝐢𝐠𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝟐𝟎𝟕𝐂. 𝟒 − 𝟏

 Figure 207C.4-1

Main Wind Force Resisting System - Part 1. External Pressure Coefficient (GCpf) on Low-Rise
Walls & Roofs, Enclosed, and Partially Enclosed Building <= 18 m, (LOAD CASE A)

ROOF BUILDING SURFACE LOAD CASE A

ANGLE,
θ 1 2 3 4 1E 2E 3E 4E
0-5 0.4 -0.69 -0.37 -0.29 0.61 -1.07 -0.53 -0.43
20 0.53 -0.69 -0.48 -0.43 0.8 -1.07 -0.69 -0.64
30 - 45 0.56 0.21 -0.43 -0.37 0.69 0.27 -0.53 -0.48
90 0.56 0.56 -0.37 -0.37 0.69 0.69 -0.48 -0.48

The design wind pressure is given by NSCP 2015 Equation 207C.4-1 as

𝑝 = 𝑞ℎ [(𝐺𝐶𝑝𝑓 ) − (𝐺𝐶𝑝𝑖 )] (N⁄m2 )

= 760.96 N/m2 for negative internal pressure (suction)
= 414.19/m2 for positive internal pressure

For surface 2E the product of the equivalent external pressure coefficient and gust effect factor is

(𝑮𝑪𝒑𝒇 ) = −𝟏. 𝟎𝟕 … from NSCP 2015 𝐅𝐢𝐠𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝟐𝟎𝟕𝐂. 𝟒 − 𝟏

The design wind pressure is given by NSCP 2015 Equation 207C.4-1 as

𝑝 = 𝑞ℎ [(𝐺𝐶𝑝𝑓 ) − (𝐺𝐶𝑝𝑖 )] (N⁄m2 )

= - 857.28 N/m2 for negative internal pressure (suction)

= - 1204.05/m2 for positive internal pressure

For surface 3E the product of the equivalent external pressure coefficient and gust effect factor is
(𝑮𝑪𝒑𝒇 ) = −𝟎. 𝟓𝟑 … from NSCP 2015 𝐅𝐢𝐠𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝟐𝟎𝟕𝐂. 𝟒 − 𝟏

The design wind pressure is given by NSCP 2015 Equation 207C.4-1 as

𝑝 = 𝑞ℎ [(𝐺𝐶𝑝𝑓 ) − (𝐺𝐶𝑝𝑖 )] (N⁄m2 )

= 963.24[(-0.53) – (±0.18)]
= - 337.13 N/m2 for negative internal pressure (suction)
= - 683.9/m2 for positive internal pressure

For surface 4E the product of the equivalent external pressure coefficient and gust effect factor is

(𝑮𝑪𝒑𝒇 ) = −𝟎. 𝟒𝟑 … from NSCP 2015 𝐅𝐢𝐠𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝟐𝟎𝟕𝐂. 𝟒 − 𝟏

The design wind pressure is given by NSCP 2015 Equation 207C.4-1 as

𝑝 = 𝑞ℎ [(𝐺𝐶𝑝𝑓 ) − (𝐺𝐶𝑝𝑖 )] (N⁄m2 )

= 963.24[(-0.43) – (±0.18)]
= - 240.81 N/m2 for negative internal pressure (suction)
= - 587.58/m2 for positive internal pressure
The wind pressure diagrams for both cases, internal suction and internal pressure, are shown in
Figure 3.5.

Design Wind Pressure on Components and Cladding

NSCP 2015 Section 207E provides six separate procedures for the determination of wind pressure on
components and cladding. All procedures require compliance with the following conditions:

• The structure is a regular-shaped building without irregularities such as

projections or indentations.
• The structure does not have response characteristics making it subject to across wind loading,
vortex shedding, and instability due to galloping or flutter.
• The structure is not located at a site subject to channeling effects or buffeting in the wake of
upwind obstructions.

The six different procedures are

1. The analytical envelope design method of NSCP 2015 Part 1 Section 207E.4. This is applicable
to enclosed and partially enclosed low-rise buildings and buildings with h ≤ 18 m having flat
roofs, gable roofs, multispan gable roofs, hip roofs, monoslope roofs, stepped roofs, and saw
tooth roofs. Table 207E.5-1 shows the steps to determine C& C.

2. The simplified envelope design method of NSCP 2015 Part 2 (Low-Rise Buildings, Simplified)
Section 207E.5 (Building Types). This is applicable to enclosed low-rise buildings and buildings
with h ≤ 18 m having flat roofs, gable roofs, and hip roofs. This method is based on the
procedure of Part 1. Wind pressures are determined from a Table 207E.5-1 and adjusted where
necessary.
3. The analytical directional design method of NSCP 2015 Part 3 Section 207E.6. This is applicable
to enclosed and partially enclosed buildings with h > 18 m having flat roofs, pitched roofs, gable
roofs, hip roofs, mansard roofs, arched roof, and domed roof. Wind pressures are determined
from the specified equation applicable to each building surface. The determination of wind loads
for these types of building is shown in Table 207E.6-1.

4. The simplified directional design method of NSCP 2015 Part 4 Section 207E.7. This is applicable
to enclosed buildings with h ≤ 49 m having flat roofs, gable roofs, hip roofs, monoslope roofs,
and mansard roofs. This method is based on the procedure of Part 3. Wind pressures are
determined from the Table 207E.7-1 and adjusted where necessary.

5. The analytical directional design method of NSCP 2015 Part 5 Section 207E.8 (Building Types).
This is applicable to open buildings of all heights having pitched free roofs, monoslope free roofs
and troughed free roofs. Wind pressures are determined from the specified equation applicable to
each roof surface. The determination of wind loads is in Table 207E.8-1

6. The analytical directional design method of NSCP 2015 Part 6 Section 207E.9. This is applicable
to building appurtenances such as roof overhangs and parapets. Wind pressures are determined
from the specified equation applicable to each roof overhang or parapet surface. Wind loads
determination for C&C is shown in the Table 207E.10-1.

Design of Components and Cladding Using NSCP 2015 Section 207E.4.

The design wind pressure on components and cladding for low-rise building and buildings with a
height not exceeding 60 ft is given by NSCP 207E.4 as

𝑝 = 𝑞ℎ [(𝐺𝐶𝑝 ) − (𝐺𝐶𝑝𝑖 )] (𝑁⁄𝑚2 ) (207. 𝐸4 − 1)

Where
qh = wind velocity pressure at mean roof height h for the applicable exposure category

(GCp) = product of the equivalent external pressure coefficient and gust effect
factor as given in NSCP 2015 Figures 207E.4.1 through 207E.4-7.

(GCpi) = product of the internal pressure coefficient and gust effect factor as given in NSCP
2015 207A.11-1.

In accordance with ASCE 7 Sec. 30.2.2 the design wind pressure shall not be less than a
net pressure of 16 lb/ft2 applied in either direction normal to the surface.

The velocity pressure exposure coefficients Kz are given in NSCP Table 207E.3-1.
 Table 207E.3-1 Velocity Pressure Exposure Coefficients, Kh and Kz
Height above ground level, z Exposure
(m) B C D
0-4.5 0.70 0.85 1.03
6.0 0.70 0.9 1.08
7.5 0.70 0.94 1.12
9.0 0.70 0.98 1.16
12.0 0.76 1.04 1.22
15.0 0.81 1.09 1.27
18.0 0.85 1.13 1.31
21.0 0.89 1.17 1.34
24.0 0.93 1.21 1.38
27.0 0.96 1.24 1.40
30.0 0.99 1.26 1.43
36.0 1.04 1.31 1.48
42.0 1.09 1.36 1.52
48.0 1.13 1.39 1.55
54.0 1.17 1.43 1.58
60.0 1.20 1.46 1.61
75.0 1.28 1.53 1.68
90.0 1.35 1.59 1.73
105.0 1.41 1.64 1.78

Table 207E.3-1 (Continuation) Velocity Pressure Exposure Coefficients, Kh and Kz

Height above ground level, z Exposure
(m) B (m) B
120.0 1.47 1.69 1.82
135.0 1.52 1.73 1.86
150.0 1.56 1.77 1.89

Local turbulence at corners and at the roof eaves produces an increase in pressure in these areas.
Hence, as shown in NSCP 2015 Figures 207E.4-1 and 207E.4-2, walls are divided into two zones
and roofs are divided into three zones with a different wind pressure coefficient assigned to each.
The zone width is given by NSCP 2015 Figure 207E.4-1 Note 6 as the lesser of

a = 0.1 × (least horizontal dimension)

Or
𝑎 = 0.4ℎ

𝑎 = 0.04 𝑥 (𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡 ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛

Or
𝑎 = 0.9 m

The values of (GCp) depend on the effective area attributed to the element considered.
Because of local turbulence that may occur over small areas of buildings, components
and cladding are designed for higher wind pressures than the main wind-force resisting system. An
effective wind area is used to determine the external pressure coefficient.
This is defined in NSCP 2015 Section 207A.2 as

𝐴 = 𝑏𝑒 ℓ
where
ℓ = element span length
be = effective tributary width
≥ ℓ/3

For cladding fasteners, the effective wind area shall not be greater than the area that is tributary to
an individual fastener. In accordance with NSCP 2015 Figure 207E.4-1 Note 5, the values of (GCp)
may be reduced by 10% for the walls of buildings with a roof slope of 10° or less.

Example 3.3. Design Wind Pressure for Components

The roof framing of the building analyzed in Example 3.1 consists of open web joists spaced at 1.2 m
centers and spanning 9 m parallel to the long side of the building. For the transverse wind direction,
determine the design wind pressure acting on a roof joist in interior zone 1 of the building and
determine the width of the eave zone. The building may be considered enclosed.

From Example 3.1, the velocity pressure at mean roof height using Case 1 values for Kz is obtained
as

𝑞ℎ = 963.24 N⁄m2

The mean roof height is

h = 6 m < 18 m
Hence, the low-rise building method of NSCP 2015 Section 207E.3 is applicable.

The product of the internal pressure coefficient and the gust effect factor is obtained from Example
3.2 as

(𝐺𝐶𝑝𝑖 ) = ±0.18

The width of the eave zone 2 is given by NSCP 2015 Table 207E.4-1 Note 6 as the lesser of
𝑎 = 0.1 𝑥 𝐿 = 0.1 𝑥 9.6 = 0.96 m
or
𝑎 = 0.4ℎ = 0.4 𝑥 6 = 2.4 m

but not less than either

𝑎 = 0.04 𝑥 𝐿 = 0.04 𝑥 9.6 = 0.384 𝑚

Or 𝑎 = 0.9 m
Hence, 𝒂 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟔 𝐦 . . . governs

The effective tributary width of a roof joist is defined in NSCP 2017A.2 as the larger of

be = joist spacing = 1.20 m

or
be = 1/3 = 9/3 = 3 m . . . . governs

The effective wind area attributed to the roof joist is then

𝐴 = 𝑏𝑒 ℓ = 3 𝑥 9 = 𝟐𝟕 𝐦𝟐

The negative external pressure coefficient for roof interior zone 1 is obtained from NSCP 2015
Figure 207E.4-2A as

(𝐺𝐶𝑝𝑖 ) = −0.9

The negative design wind pressure on a roof joist for interior zone 1 is obtained from NSCP 2015
Equation 207E.4-1 as

𝑝 = 𝑞ℎ [(𝐺𝐶𝑝 ) − (𝐺𝐶𝑝𝑖 )]
𝑝 = 963.24[(−0.9) − (0.18)]
𝑝 = − 𝟏𝟎𝟒𝟎. 𝟖𝟕 𝐍⁄𝐦𝟐
upward load on the roof joist over interior zone 1 is

𝑤 = 𝑝𝑠
𝑤 = − 1040.87 𝑥 1.2
𝑤 = − 𝟏𝟐𝟒𝟗 𝐍/𝐦
The positive external pressure coefficient for roof interior zone 1 is obtained from NSCP 2015
Figure 207E.4-2A as

(GCp) = 0.2

The positive design wind pressure on a roof joist for interior zone 1 is obtained from NSCP 2015
Equation 207E.4-1 as

𝑝 = 𝑞ℎ [(𝐺𝐶𝑝 ) − (𝐺𝐶𝑝𝑖 )]
𝑝 = 963.24[(0.2) − (−0.18)]
𝑝 = 𝟑𝟔𝟔 𝐍⁄𝐦𝟐

The downward load on the roof joist over interior zone 1 is

𝑤 = 𝑝𝑠
𝑤 = 366 𝑥 1.2
𝑤 = 𝟒𝟑𝟗. 𝟐𝟒 𝐍/𝐦

The wind loading acting on the roof joist is shown in Fig. 2.35.
TABLE 207A.8-1 TOPOGRAPHIC MULTIPLIERS FOR EXPOSURE C

K1 Multiplier K2 Multiplier K3Multiplier

H /Lh 3-D x/Lh 2-D All z/Lh 3-D

2-D 2-D 2-D 2-D
Axisym. Other Axisym.
Ridge Escarp. Escarp. Ridge Escarp.
Hill Cases Hill
0.2 0.29 0.17 0.21 0 1 1 0 1 1 1
0.25 0.36 0.21 0.26 0.5 0.88 0.67 0.1 0.74 0.78 0.67
0.3 0.43 0.26 0.32 1 0.75 0.33 0.2 0.55 0.61 0.45
0.35 0.51 0.3 0.37 1.5 0.63 0 0.3 0.41 0.47 0.3
0.4 0.58 0.34 0.42 2 0.5 0 0.4 0.3 0.37 0.2
0.45 0.65 0.38 0.47 2.5 0.38 0 0.5 0.22 0.29 0.14
0.5 0.72 0.43 0.53 3 0.52 0 0.6 0.17 0.22 0.09
3.5 0.13 0 0.7 0.12 0.17 0.06
4 0 0 0.8 0.09 0.14 0.04
0.9 0.07 0.11 0.03
1 0.05 0.08 0.02
1.5 0.01 0.02 0
2 0 0 0

Example 3.4

Calculate the external wind forces based on NSCP 2015 wind load calculation for main wind force
resisting system of the rigid enclosed building with dimension of 18 m in width, 81 m in length,
ridge height of 8.85, and the height of wall is 6.6 m. The building has a fundamental frequency of
greater or equal to 1 Hz.

Note: Refer to Section 207C discussion about Envelope Procedure for Enclosed & Partially
Enclosed Low-Rise Building in NSCP 2015 Method 2.

Also, see NSCP 2015 Method 1 for MWFRS applicable to the MWFRS of enclosed simple
diaphragm building less than 18m in height.

Solution:
PARAMETERS
Wind Speed, V 150 kph
total height, z 8.85 m
height bottom of roof 6.6 m
horizontal dim. Parallel to wind dir., L 81 m
horizontal dim. Normal to wind dir., B 18 m
mean roof height , h 7.725 m
Roof Angle, θ 14 degrees
 Figure 3.7 Wind directions normal to the face of the building

Figure 3.8 Wind directions parallel to the length of the building

From Section 207C.3.2 Velocity Pressure

𝑞𝑧 = 0.613𝐾𝑧 𝐾𝑧𝑡 𝐾𝑑 𝑉 2 (at full height)

Exposure Category: Exposure C

α = 9.5 zg = 274.32
Getting the value of Kz at a height of total height above ground, z (m) = 8.85 m
 2⁄𝛼
𝐾𝑧 = 2.01(𝑧⁄𝑧𝑔 )
𝐾𝑧 = 2.01(8.85⁄274.32)2⁄9.5
Getting the value of Kh at a mean height above ground, z (m) = 7.725 m
2⁄𝛼
𝐾ℎ = 2.01(𝑧⁄𝑧𝑔 )
𝑞ℎ = 0.613K z K zt K d V 2 (at mean roof height)

Convert Wind Speed, V from kph to m/s:

𝑘𝑚 1 ℎ𝑟 1000 𝑚
𝑉 = 150 𝑘𝑝ℎ = 150 𝑥 𝑥 = 41.667 𝑚/𝑠
ℎ𝑟 3600 𝑠𝑒𝑐 1 𝑘𝑚

To find the value of Kzt, topographic factor, shall see Section 207A.8 and Figure 207A.8-1. Since
the location of the project is not specified the terrain, let us consider the location as flat terrain and
the value of Kzt = 1.0.

As for wind directionality factor, Kd stated in NSCP 2015 Section 207A.6 and Table 207A.6-1

Kd = 0.85 (Main Wind Resisting Frame Systems)

Table 207 A.6-1 Wind Directionality Factor, Kd

Structural Type Directionality Factor Kd*
Buildings
Main Wind Force Resisting Systems 0.85
Components and Cladding 0.85
Arched Roofs 0.85
Chimneys, Tanks, and Similar Structures
Square 0.9
Hexagonal 0.95
Round 0.95
Solid Freestanding Walls and Solid Freestanding and Attached
0.85
Signs
Open Signs and Lattice Framework 0.85
Trussed Towers
Triangular, square, rectangular 0.85
All other cross sections 0.95
*Directionality Factor Kd has been calibrated with combinations of loads specified in Section 203.
This factor shall only be applied when used in conjunction with load combinations specified in
Sections 203.3 and 203.4.

Now let us solve the Velocity Pressure:

At Total Height above ground, z (m) = 8.85 m

𝑞𝑧 = 0.613𝐾𝑧 𝐾𝑧𝑡 𝐾𝑑 𝑉 2
 𝑞𝑧 = 882.45 𝑃𝑎

For Velocity Pressure at mean roof height, qh = 7.725 m

𝑞ℎ = 0.613𝐾𝑧 𝐾𝑧𝑡 𝐾𝑑 𝑉 2
𝒒𝒉 = 𝟖𝟓𝟕. 𝟓𝟓 𝑷𝒂

LOW-RISE BUILDING

Alternatively, design wind pressures for the MWFRS of Low-Rise Building shall be determined by
the following equation:

𝑝 = 𝑞ℎ [(𝐺𝐶𝑝𝑓 ) − (𝐺𝐶𝑝𝑖 )] Equation 207C. 4 − 1

𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒:
qh = velocity pressure evaluated at mean roof height as defined in Section 207A.3
(𝐺𝐶𝑝𝑓 ) = external pressure coefficient from Figure 207C. 4 − 1
(𝐺𝐶𝑝𝑖 ) = internal pressure coefficient from Table 207A. 11 − 1

Note: ROOF OVERHANGS

The positive external pressure on the bottom surface of windward roof overhangs shall be
determined using Cp = 0.7 in combination with the top surface pressures determined using figure
207C.4-1

Table 207A.11-1 Internal Pressure Coefficient, (𝑮𝑪𝒑𝒊 )

Main Wind Force Resisting System and All Heights
Components and Cladding
Enclosed, Partially Enclosed, and Open Walls & Roofs
Buildings
Enclosure Classification (𝐺𝐶𝑝𝑖 )
Open Buildings 0.00
+0.55
Partially Enclosed Buildings
-0.55
+0.18
Enclosed Buildings
-0.18

Example 3.5
From the example 3.5, calculate the external pressure coefficient.
To find the roof angle, θ = tan-12.25/9 , θ = 14.036º
The external pressure coefficient shall then be calculated by interpolation

The external pressure coefficient, GCpf calculated is then tabulated below:

External Pressure Coefficient, GCpf on Low-Rise Walls & Roofs Enclosed, Partially Enclosed
Building <= 18 m, (LOAD CASE A)

ROOF BUILDING SURFACE LOAD CASE A

ANGLE,
θ 1 2 3 4 1E 2E 3E 4E
5 0.4 -0.69 -0.37 -0.29 0.61 -1.07 -0.53 -0.43
14.036 0.48 -0.69 -0.44 -0.37 0.72 -1.07 -0.63 -0.56
20 0.53 -0.69 -0.48 -0.43 0.8 -1.07 -0.69 -0.64

Now, we will calculate the wind pressure based on the calculated external pressure coefficient.

1. For surface 1, apply equation 207C.4-1

𝑝 = 𝑞ℎ [(𝐺𝐶𝑝𝑓 ) − (𝐺𝐶𝑝𝑖 )]
𝑝 = 566 N⁄m2 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 (𝑠𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)
𝑝 = 257.3 N⁄m2 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒

2. For surface 2

𝑝 = 𝑞ℎ [(𝐺𝐶𝑝𝑓 ) − (𝐺𝐶𝑝𝑖 )]
𝑝 = −437.4 N⁄m2 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 (𝑠𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)
𝑝 = −746.1 N⁄m2 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒

3. For surface 3

𝑝 = 𝑞ℎ [(𝐺𝐶𝑝𝑓 ) − (𝐺𝐶𝑝𝑖 )]
𝑝 = −223 N⁄m2 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 (𝑠𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)
𝑝 = −531.7 N⁄m2 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒

4. For surface 4

𝑝 = 𝑞ℎ [(𝐺𝐶𝑝𝑓 ) − (𝐺𝐶𝑝𝑖 )]
𝑝 = −162.9 N⁄m2 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 (𝑠𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)
𝑝 = −471.7 N⁄m2 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒
 5. For surface 1E,

𝑝 = 𝑞ℎ [(𝐺𝐶𝑝𝑓 ) − (𝐺𝐶𝑝𝑖 )]
𝑝 = 771.8 N⁄m2 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 (𝑠𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)
𝑝 = 463.08 N⁄m2 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒

6. For surface 2E:

𝑝 = −763.22 N⁄m2 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 (𝑠𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)

𝑝 = −1071.93 N⁄m2 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒

7. For surface 3E:

𝑝 = −385.90 N⁄m2 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 (𝑠𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)

𝑝 = −694.62 N⁄m2 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒
8. For surface 4E:

𝑝 = −325.87 N⁄m2 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 (𝑠𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)

𝑝 = −634.59 N⁄m2 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒

Tabulated Calculated Wind Pressure (in kPa) based on LOAD CASE A

BUILDING SURFACE LOAD CASE A
GCpi 1 2 3 4 1E 2E 3E 4E
0.18 0.257 -0.746 -0.532 -0.472 0.463 -1.072 -0.695 -0.635
-0.18 0.566 -0.437 -0.223 -0.163 0.772 -0.763 -0.386 -0.326
External Pressure Coefficient, GCpf on Low-Rise Walls & Roofs Enclosed, Partially Enclosed
Building <= 18 m, (LOAD CASE B)
LOAD CASE B
ROOF BUILDING SURFACE
ANGLE,
1 2 3 4 5 6 1E 2E 3E 4E 5E 6E
θ
- -
0-90 -0.45 -0.45 0.40 -0.29 -0.48 -1.07 -0.53 -0.48 0.61 -0.43
0.69 0.37

Now, we will calculate the wind pressure based on the calculated external pressure coefficient of
Load Case B.

1. For surface 1, apply equation 207C.4-1

𝑝 = 𝑞ℎ [(𝐺𝐶𝑝𝑓 ) − (𝐺𝐶𝑝𝑖 )]
𝑝 = −231.5 N⁄m2 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 (𝑠𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)
𝑝 = −540.3 N⁄m2 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒

2. For surface 2

𝑝 = 𝑞ℎ [(𝐺𝐶𝑝𝑓 ) − (𝐺𝐶𝑝𝑖 )]
𝑝 = −437.4 N⁄m2 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 (𝑠𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)
𝑝 = −746.1 N⁄m2 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒

3. For surface 3

𝑝 = 𝑞ℎ [(𝐺𝐶𝑝𝑓 ) − (𝐺𝐶𝑝𝑖 )]
𝑝 = −162.9 N⁄m2 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 (𝑠𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)
𝑝 = −471.7 N⁄m2 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒

4. For surface 4

𝑝 = 𝑞ℎ [(𝐺𝐶𝑝𝑓 ) − (𝐺𝐶𝑝𝑖 )]
𝑝 = −231.5 N⁄m2 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 (𝑠𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)
𝑝 = −540.3 N⁄m2 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒

5. For surface 5

𝑝 = 𝑞ℎ [(𝐺𝐶𝑝𝑓 ) − (𝐺𝐶𝑝𝑖 )]
𝑝 = 497.4 N⁄m2 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 (𝑠𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)
 𝑝 = 188.7 N⁄m2 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒

6. For surface 6
𝑝 = 𝑞ℎ [(𝐺𝐶𝑝𝑓 ) − (𝐺𝐶𝑝𝑖 )]
𝑝 = −94.3 N⁄m2 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 (𝑠𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)
𝑝 = −403 N⁄m2 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒

7. For surface 1E,

𝑝 = 𝑞ℎ [(𝐺𝐶𝑝𝑓 ) − (𝐺𝐶𝑝𝑖 )]
𝑝 = −257.3 N⁄m2 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 (𝑠𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)
𝑝 = −566 N⁄m2 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒

8. For surface 2E:

𝑝 = −763.22 N⁄m2 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 (𝑠𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)

𝑝 = −1071.93 N⁄m2 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒

9. For surface 3E:

𝑝 = −300.1 N⁄m2 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 (𝑠𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)

𝑝 = −608.9 N⁄m2 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒

10. For surface 4E:

𝑝 = −257.3 N⁄m2 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 (𝑠𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)

𝑝 = −566 N⁄m2 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒

11. For surface 5E:

𝑝 = 677.5 N⁄m2 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 (𝑠𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)

𝑝 = 368.7 N⁄m2 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒

12. For surface 4E:

𝑝 = −214.4 N⁄m2 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 (𝑠𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)

𝑝 = −523.1 N⁄m2 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒
Tabulation of Calculated Wind Pressure (in kPa) on LOAD CASE B
LOAD CASE B
BUILDING SURFACE
GCpi
1 2 3 4 5 6 1E 2E 3E 4E 5E 6E
0.18 -0.54 -0.75 -0.47 -0.54 0.19 -0.40 -0.26 -1.07 -0.61 -0.57 0.37 -0.52
-0.18 -0.23 -0.44 -0.16 -0.23 0.50 -0.09 -0.57 -0.76 -0.30 -0.26 0.68 -0.21

Design Wind Pressure for Signs.

If the structure reperesnts an above-groud sign, the wind will produce a resultant force acting on the
face of the sign which is determined from
𝑭 = 𝒒𝒉 𝑮𝑪𝒇 𝑨𝒔 (𝑵) (𝟐𝟎𝟕𝑫. 𝟒 − 𝟏)
Where
qh = velocity pressure evaluated at height h (defined in Figure 207D.4-1) as determined in
accordance with Section 207D.3.2
G = gust effect factor from Section 207A.9
Cf = net force coefficients from Figure 207D.4-1
As = the gross area of the solid freestanding wall or freestanding solid sign, m2

Example 3.6:
Determine the resultant force acting perpendicular to the face of the billboard and through its center
if it is located in Coastal Road near Asian Mall in Paranaque, Manila which is an open flat terrain.
The sign is rigid and has a width of 12 m and a height of 3 m. Its top side is 15 m from the ground.

Solution:

𝑞ℎ = 0.613𝐾𝑧 𝐾𝑧𝑡 𝐾𝑑 𝑉 2
Since z = h = 15 m,
kz = 1.09 (Exposure Category C for an open flat terrain, see Table 207D.3-1)
Kzt = 1.0 Kd = 1.0 V = 75 m/s

Figure 3.9 Billboard or signboard wind resisting frame

𝑞ℎ = 3758.46 𝑃𝑎

To calculate the value of Net Force Coefficient, Cf, refer to Figure 207D.4-1

B/s = 12 m/3 m = 4; s/h = 3/15 = 0.2

Cf = 1.80
G = 0.85 as per Section 207A.9.1 where Gust Effect Factor of 0.85 is permitted for a
rigid building or other structure

𝐹 = 𝑞ℎ 𝐺𝐶𝑓 𝐴𝑠
𝐹 = 𝟐𝟎𝟕. 𝟎𝟐 𝐤𝐍
References:

1. National Structural Code of the Philippines 2015, Vol. 1, 7th Edition

2. American Society of Civil Engineers Standard 2010, [ASCE/SEI 7-10] (Minimum Design Loads
for Buildings and Other Structures)
3. Steel Structures Design ASD/LRFD, Alan Williams
4. Steel Structures Design and Behavior, 5th Edition, Charles G. Salmon, John E. Johnson, Faris A.
Malhas