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LAGUNA STATE POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY (MAIN CAMPUS)
COLLEGE OF NURSING AND ALLIED HEALTH

SANTA CRUZ, LAGUNA
A.Y. 2021-2022
Human Anatomy Physiology Laboratory Manual

Main Version by Elaine Marieb
Submitted by:
Jasmine Nicole V. Enriquez
BSN – 1A
Submitted to:
Dr. Gilmore Becina
Anatomy and Physiology Instructor
Exercise 35
The Lymphatic System and Immune Response
Pre-Lab Quiz
1. Lymph is:
a. excess blood that has escaped from veins
b. excess tissue fluid that has leaked out of capillaries
c. excess tissue fluid that has escaped from arteries
2. which serve as filters for the lymphatic system, occur at various points along the
lymphatic vessels.
a. Glands b. Lymph nodes c. Valves
3. Circle True or False. The immune response is a systemic response that occurs
when the body recognizes a substance as foreign and acts to destroy or neutralize
it.
4. Three characteristics of the immune response are the ability to

distinguish self from nonself, memory, and:
a. autoimmunity b. specificity c. susceptibility
5. Circle the correct underlined term. T cells mediate humoral / cellular immunity
because they destroy cells infected with viruses and certain bacteria and parasites.
REVIEW SHEET
The Lymphatic System

1. Match the terms below with the correct letters on the diagram.
J .1. appendix
L. 2. axillary lymph nodes m
B. 3. cervical lymph nodes
K. 4. cisterna chyli
G. 5. inguinal lymph nodes
H. 6. lymphatic vessels
F. 7. Peyer's patches (in small intestine)
I. 8. red bone marrow
M.9. right lymphatic duct
E.10. spleen
C.11. thoracic duct
D.12. thymus
A.13. Tonsils
2. Explain why the lymphatic system is a one-way system, whereas the blood
vascular system is a two-way system.
Blood vessels form a complete circuit from and to the heart. The lymphatic
system lacks arteries and begins with blind-ended lymph capillaries. Thus, it
is a “return” system only.
3. How do lymphatic vessels resemble veins?

They are thin walled and have valves.
How do lymphatic capillaries differ from blood capillaries?

Lymph capillaries are more permeable and blind terminated; they do not
have "feeder" arterioles.
4. What is the function of the lymphatic vessels?

To collect and restore excessive tissue fluid (as well as leaky proteins) to the
blood vascular system.
5. What is lymph?
Leaked plasma (but contains fewer proteins). Tissue fluid that has entered
lymphatic vessels.
6. What factors are involved in the flow of lymphatic fluid?

“Milking” action of skeletal muscles; pressure changes in the thorax.
7. What name is given to the terminal duct draining most of the body?
Thoracic Duct
8. What is the cisterna chyli?

The cisterna chyli is a tiny, dilated sac located in the lumbar part of the body's
abdominal cavity at the lower section of the thoracic duct. It is a lymphatic
system sac that obtains and briefly retains lymph, the clear fluid from the
body's tissues, as it travels from the lower to upper body.
9. Which portion of the body is drained by the right lymphatic duct?

Right half of upper torso and head; right arm.
10. Note three areas where lymph nodes are densely clustered:
axillary region, cervical region, inguinal region (groin)
11. What are the two major functions of the lymph nodes?
To remove debris from the lymph and to provide a site for cloning and
multiplication of lymphocytes.
The Immune Response

12. Describe the effector cells involved in humoral immunity.
Effector cells are activated cells in the immune system that are generally
short-lived and defend the body during an immunological response. Plasma
cells are effector B cells that release antibodies, whereas activated T cells
comprise cytotoxic T cells and helper T cells that carry out cell-mediated
responses.
13. Describe the effector cells involved in cell-mediated immunity. What is the
function of T cells in the immune response?
T cells are a kind of immune cell that targets certain foreign particles. Rather
than attacking any antigen, T cells circulate until they come into contact with
their particular antigen. As a result, T cells play an important role in foreign
substance immunity.
14. Define the following terms related to the operation of the immune system.
immunological memory: Response that recognizes and mounts an attack on

antigens previously encountered
specificity: Ability to distinguish between closely related antigens.
Self-tolerance: Ability to recognize proteins on own tissue cells as “self” and

not attack them.
Studying the Microscopic Anatomy of a Lymph Node, the Spleen, and a Tonsil
15. In the diagram of a lymph node below, label the following: afferent lymphatic
vessel, efferent lymphatic vessel, lymphoid follicle, trabeculae, subcapsular sinus,
capsule, and hilum
Afferent
lymphatic
vessels Lymphoid follicle
Subcapsular sinus
Capsule
Efferent lymphatic
Trabeculae vessel
Hilum
16. What structural characteristic ensures a slow flow of lymph through a lymph
node?
Afferent vessels are greater in number than efferent vessels.
Why is this desirable?

Allows time for the macrophages in the node to remove antigens and other
debris, and for activation of immune cells.
Antibodies and Tests for Their Presence

17. Distinguish between antigen and antibody.
An antigen is a molecule capable of provoking an immune response. An
antibody is a protein produced by plasma cells that interacts with a particular
antigen to form a complex.
18. Describe the four protein chains that make up the immunoglobulin monomer,
and draw a typical monomer immunoglobulin in the box below. Label the variable
regions and constant region
Four polypeptide chains, two “heavy” and two “light,” held together by
disulfide bonds to form a Y-shaped molecule. Each chain has constant (c) and
variable (v) regions.
19. In the Ouchterlony test, what happened when the antibody to horse serum
albumin mixed with horse serum albumin?
A white precipitate formed (between wells 1 and 2).
20. If the unknown antigen contained bovine and swine serum albumin, what
would you expect to happen in the Ouchterlony test, and why?
Antigen-antibody complexes would form a white precipitate between bovine
serum albumin and the antibody to bovine serum albumin (between wells 1
and 3), and between swine serum albumin and antibody to swine serum
albumin (between wells 1 and 4).
21. Lymphedema is a condition characterized by insufficient movement of lymph
in the lymphatic vessels. Fluid builds up in the tissues and in the lymphatic vessels
of the limbs. Explain why exercise would have a positive effect on this condition.
Exercise promotes the movement of lymph through the lymphatic system.
This may aid in the reduction of edema. Exercise causes muscles to contract
and lymph to flow through lymphatic channels (aka Skeletal Muscle Pump).
22. Buboes are a key sign for diagnosing bubonic plague. Buboes are swollen
lymph nodes that can become necrotic and turn black. Predict where on the body
buboes would be most likely to develop in cases of the bubonic plague.
It would be most likely to develop in the groin, armpits, and neck.

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LAGUNA STATE POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY (MAIN CAMPUS)

COLLEGE OF NURSING AND ALLIED HEALTH

Human Anatomy Physiology Laboratory Manual

4. Three characteristics of the immune response are the ability to

The Lymphatic System

3. How do lymphatic vessels resemble veins?

How do lymphatic capillaries differ from blood capillaries?

4. What is the function of the lymphatic vessels?

6. What factors are involved in the flow of lymphatic fluid?

8. What is the cisterna chyli?

9. Which portion of the body is drained by the right lymphatic duct?

The Immune Response

immunological memory: Response that recognizes and mounts an attack on

specificity: Ability to distinguish between closely related antigens.

Self-tolerance: Ability to recognize proteins on own tissue cells as “self” and

Why is this desirable?

Antibodies and Tests for Their Presence

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