Gastrulation in Frogs

In the previous morphogenetic movement, it already forms the wall of the archenteron.
(As you can see

in the previous illustration wala pang archenteron, right?) There is no archenteron yet. Nagbui-build up
npa lang siya and it is already flattening para magkaroon ng wall ang ating archenteron. As these layers
are thinning it cause the expansion of the blastopore lip.
Here, the blastopore start to extend around both sides of the embryo. As you can see here in the
illustration, makikita mo ang movement ng blastopore na galling siya dito sa may dorsal side ng embyo
nag e-extend ssiya dito papunta sa ventral side as more cells invaginate. The dorsal portion extends
more rapidly toward the blastopore than the ventral portion, thus causing the blastopore lips to move
toward the ventral side. When the ends meet, the blastopore forms a circle. Kapag nakarating na sad
dulo yung blastopore mapapansin natin na nagkakaroon na ng parang circle-like shape. Then, refer here
sa surface view ng ating embryo dito left side. The blastopore becomes smaller as ectoderm spreads
downward over the surface. Ang movement naman ng ectoderm ay from animal pole to vegetal pole, it
continues to move hanggang sa lumiit na ang blastopore. Sa loob ng embryo, there is a continued
involution which expands the endoderm and mesoderm. Look at the arrows, it continues to involute
inside the embryo. So in mid-gastrulation the archenteron forms and grows as the blastocoel shrinks
and eventually disappears.
Late in gastrulation, the cells remaining on the surface make up the ectoderm which is the blue one. The
endoderm is the innermost layer, and the mesoderm lies between the ectoderm and endoderm. The
circular blastopore surrounds a plug of yolk-filled cells.
During gastrulation, yung animal cap and ectoderm expand by epiboly to cover the entire embryo. As
what I have said kanina yung movement ng ectoderm is from animal pole to vegetal pole as represented
by the arrows sa illustration. While involution is occurring at the blastopore lips dun sa dorsal part ng
embryo, the ectodermal precursors naman are expanding over the entire embryo.
Ang major mechanism ng epiboly in frog gastrulation appears to be an increase in cell number. Kasi
during early stage palang og embryonic development, there are cell division na which increase the
number of the cell layers in the animal hemisphere. At the same time, mayroong complete integration
of the numerous cells into one layer occurs. The most superficial layer expands by cell division and
flattening.
The spreading of cells in the dorsal and ventral marginal zones appears to proceed by the same
mechanism, yung pag increase ng cell number. The result of these expansions is the epiboly of the
superficial and deep cells of the animal cap and non-involuting cells over the surface of the embryo.
Most of the marginal zone cells, as previously mentioned, involute to join the mesodermal cell stream
within the embryo. With the formation of the ventral lip, the blastopore has formed a ring around the
large endodermal cells that remain exposed on the vegetal surface. This remaining patch of endoderm is
called the yolk plug.
As the ectoderm epibolizes over the entire embryo, it eventually internalizes all the endoderm within it.
At this point, the ectoderm covers the embryo, the endoderm is located within the embryo, and the
mesoderm is positioned between them.
When everything isa already positioned and in place we have now the GASTRULA. This is the product of
the gastrulation that will now undergo the process of neurulation which will be reported by the next
group.
Frog malformations are the result of environmental factors affecting development during early tadpole
stages. The variations in malformation suggest multiple causes are involved in this worldwide problem;
four major causes that have been identified include injuries from predators, a specific parasite (fluke),
nutritional deficiencies, and contaminants.
Amphibians are good indicators of significant environmental changes. Amphibians, unlike people,
breathe at least partly through their skin, which is constantly exposed to everything in their
environment. Consequently, their bodies are much more sensitive to environmental factors such as
disease, pollution, toxic chemicals, ultraviolet radiation, and habitat destruction.
Multiple limbs, missing limbs, and facial abnormalities are the main malformations seen.
Now that the process of Gastrulation in Human and Frog are already covered, let’s move on to their
comparison.
First let us look at blastula and blastocyst. Blastula is an animal embryo at the early stage of the
development when it is a just a hollow ball of cells na may cavity sa gitna which isa what we call the
blastocoel. On the other hand, in humans it is the mammalian blastula in which some differentiation of
cells has occurred.
Next, Blastomeres and Trophoblast. The outer cell layer of the animal embryo is blastomere while in
[ into the three primary germ cell layers of the early embryo
The primitive streak is a structure that forms in the blastula during early stages of mammalian embryos,
and appears as an elongating groove at the caudal or posterior end of the embryo.
Yolk sac and Yolk plug. Yolk plug is the remaining patch of endodermal cells that is created during the
formation of the dorsal lip of the blastopore in the amphibian. A yolk sac is a structure that develops
inside your uterus during early pregnancy. It provides an embryo with nourishment (food).
Pluripotent capable of giving rise to several different cell types. Pluripotency describes the ability of a
cell to develop into the three primary germ cell layers of the early embryo
Totipotent stem cells can divide into all cell types in an organism. A totipotent cell has the potential to
divide until it creates an entire, complete organism.
Pluripotent stem cells can divide into most, or all, cell types in an organism, but cannot develop into an
entire organism on their own.
Multipotent stem cells can differentiate into the various cell types in a family of related cells, such as
blood cells. Sometimes, they divide into oligopotent cells as an intermediate step. Oligopotent cells are
similar to multipotent cells, but become less able to differentiate.

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In the previous morphogenetic movement, it already forms the wall of the archenteron.

(As you can see

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