Inclusion and Identity1

●In the film what happens to the group when
they are forced to spend time together?

●Do humans, by nature, seek belongingness or
inclusion in groups?
Movie Guide ●Why do people seek belongingness?
Questions ●What are some effects of ostracism you can
see or relate to in the movie?
●Discuss which character you relate to including
their personal experiences, traits, appearances
and perspective of the world.
Inclusion and Identity
GRN
“Man is by nature a social animal; and an unsocial
person who is unsocial naturally and not
The Need accidentally is either unsatisfactory or
to Belong superhuman”
-Aristotle
The Need to Belong
●The dispositional tendency to seek out and
join with other humans
Belongingness Theory
The Need ●Proposed by Roy Baumeister and Mark
Leary in 1995
to Belong ●Suggested that much of human behavior is
motivated by a basic need to belong.
●Solitude is sometimes rewarding, but most
adults prefer the company of others.
Abraham Maslow
Maslow noted that if these social needs were not met, it
could lead to illness, especially psychiatric disorders, such as
depression and anxiety. Even if you don't have a mental
illness, you may feel very lonely and unhappy when your love
and belonging needs aren't met and it will be harder to reach
The Need self-actualization
to Belong
The belongingness hypothesis was proposed by Baumeister
and Leary in 1995, who suggested that human beings have an
almost universal need to form and maintain at least some
degree of interpersonal relationships with other humans.
According to the theorists, belongingness is an innate quality
with an evolutionary basis, and would have clear survival and
reproductive benefits.
The Pain of
Exclusion
Inclusion-Exclusion Continuum By Mark Leary 1990

When individuals are actively sought out by groups they
experience maximal inclusion, and when groups actively
ostracize them people experience maximal exclusion.
Ostracism
●Excluding a person or group of people from a group,
usually by ignoring, shunning, or explicitly banishing
them.
The Pain of Cyberostracism

Exclusion ●The exclusion of one or more individuals from a
technologically mediated group interaction, such as a
computer-based discussion group.
Sociometer Theory
●Self-esteem as a psychological gauge
• Ostracism is extremely stressful. When asked, the excluded describe
themselves as frustrated, anxious, nervous, and lonely (Williams,
2007), sometimes using such intensely negative words as
heartbroken, depressed, and worthless (Barnett, 2006).
• people perceive that they are relationally valued and socially accepted
by other people.
• Brain imaging research even suggests that the pain of exclusion is

neurologically similar to pain caused by physical injury.
The Pain of
Exclusion • Self-esteem, then, is not an index of one’s sense of personal value,
but instead an indicator of acceptance into groups. Like a gauge that
indicates how much fuel is left in the tank, self-esteem indicates the
extent to which a person is included in groups.
• if the gauge drops, then exclusion is likely. So when we experience a
dip in our self-esteem, people search for and correct characteristics
and qualities that have put them at risk of social exclusion. The
sociometer model concludes that most people have high self-esteem
not because they think well of themselves but because they are
careful to maintain inclusion in social groups
Exclusion Stress Response:
●Fight
●Flight
The Pain of ● Tend
Exclusion ●Befriend.
●Freeze
Brain imaging research even suggests that the pain of exclusion is
neurologically similar to pain caused by physical injury.
fight-or-flight response to stress involves fighting back against the

exclusion or escaping the situation.
• They may confront group members directly, attempt to force
their way into the group, insist that the group exclude someone
The Pain of else, and derogate those who have excluded them.
Exclusion In more extreme cases they may respond violently.
• Others, in contrast, accept their rejection passively and withdraw
from the group

• Rather than fighting or fleeing the group, they nurture,
protect, and support others (tend)
• or they take steps to strengthen their interpersonal relations
(befriending); they express more interest in making new
friends, become more cooperative, and treat new
acquaintances more positively (Maner et al., 2007). Women
The Pain of are more likely than men to respond to exclusion by tending:
Exclusion they do things to help the group, such as working harder on
collective tasks, apologizing for previous behaviors, and
making sacrifices for others
In rare cases, ostracism can lead to a general shutdown in

behavioral and emotional reactivity
Individualism to
Collectivism
Individualism is based on the independence of each individual. This
perspective assumes that people are autonomous and must be free to
act and think in ways that they prefer, rather than submit to the
demands of the group.
Collectivism recognizes that human groups are not mere aggregations

of independent individuals, but complex sets of interdependent actors
who must constantly adjust to the actions and reactions of others
around them. E
Exchange Relationship Communal Relationship
Monitor their inputs into the Concerned with what their
group group receives than with their
own personal outcomes.
Maximize the rewards they Prefer to think of their work as
personally receive in the group a joint effort
Dissatisfied if their group Consider the consequences of
Social becomes too costly for them their actions for others
Relations Expect to receive rewards in Feel disappointed if other
exchange for their investment members insist on
of time, energy, and other reciprocating any help given
personal resources
Exchange Relationship An interpersonal association between individuals based on each
person’s desire to increase the rewards they receive from others in the relationship.
Communal Relationship An interpersonal association between individuals who are more

concerned with what others get rather than what they themselves receive.
Soul
Searching
●Self Serving – Egocentric
●Emphasizing one’s own needs, perspective,
and importance, particularly in contrast to
those of other individuals or the group
(egocentric).
Social
Obligations
●Group Serving –Sociocentric
●Emphasizing the group’s needs, perspectives,
and importance, particularly in contrast to
those of individual members or oneself
(sociocentric).
●Personal Identity - The “me” component of the self concept
that derives from individualistic qualities such as traits,
beliefs, and skills.
●Social Identity (or collective self ) - The “we” component
of the self-concept that includes all those qualities
attendant to relationships with other people, groups, and
society.
Social Self Independent, or idiocentric are emotionally detached from
their groups; they put their own personal goals above the
goals of the group
Interdependent, or allocentric in contrast, put their groups’
goals and needs above their own They are respectful of other
members of their groups, and they value their memberships
in groups, their friendships, and traditions.
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●In the film what happens to the group when

they are forced to spend time together?

Inclusion-Exclusion Continuum By Mark Leary 1990

The Pain of Cyberostracism

• Brain imaging research even suggests that the pain of exclusion is

fight-or-flight response to stress involves fighting back against the

from the group

In rare cases, ostracism can lead to a general shutdown in

Collectivism recognizes that human groups are not mere aggregations

Communal Relationship An interpersonal association between individuals who are more

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