Basic Vibration Analysis ?

Basic Vibration Analysis
With Common Causes and their Signatures

Handling Vibration in
Reciprocating Pumps
Eyo Etim [Production Maintenance (Mechanical)]

1/1/2022
Copyright of SIEP
Objectives
• Re-Introduce the concept of Vibration in machines
• Present a Business Case for Vibration Analysis
• Present the concepts of:
• how Vibration is measured
• how measured values are interpreted
• common causes of vibration & their signatures
• Arouse the interest of Mechanical Maintenance Engineers
Copyright of Shell Brands International AG Basic Vibration Analysis 1/1/2022

Introduction
➢ Vibration is simply the oscillating motion of an object or dynamic
system about its position of rest.
➢ Can be desirable: for hearing, Pacemakers, etc.
➢ Or Undesirable: in structures and machines
➢ In this context, ‘Vibration’ refers to the excess of it – the undesirable

Business Case (Why Bother?)
➢ Growing concern for more efficient use of Machines, Materials and Money
➢ Improving emphasis on Condition Based Maintenance (which):

— Reduces Maintenance Costs — Improves Plant Reliability
— Optimizes use of resources
➢ Vibration Analysis is at the heart of Condition Based Maintenance
Temp. Analysis Pressure Flow Analysis Oil Analysis Vib. Analysis
Unbalance
Misalignment
Roller Bearing Damage
Gear Damage
Mechanical Looseness
Noise
Cracking

Basic Model
• All Machines can be broken down to Mass and Stiffness
• Mass is represented by an object that can move about its neutral position
• Stiffness is represented by a Spring that constrains that movement

Displacement
Time
• A Vibrating body moves about its reference position at the frequency of

its exciting force
Vibration Measurement
⎯ To determine the level of Vibration of a body, you can measure the:
➢ Displacement of the body from its rest position (mils or micrometer).
Commonly used for low frequency phenomena
➢ Velocity: the rate of change of Displacement – the ‘speed’ of the Vibration
(in/sec or mm/sec). Used for vibration in the range of 10 – 10000Hz
➢ Acceleration: rate of change of the Velocity – change in Vibration ‘speed’
(G or in/sec2 or mm/sec2). Commonly used for high frequency vibration
phenomena e.g. Gear Mesh
➢ Others: Enveloped Acceleration, Spike Energy, etc.

Sensor Relationships
➢ Velocity has a uniform response over a wide range of machine frequencies and is
generally used to measure and evaluate machine integrity in relation to balance,
tightness, alignment and the like.

Overall Vibration
Machine components vibrate

at different frequencies
Individual Vibration signals

combine to form a complex
time waveform showing overall
Vibration
A model of a Real Machine comprises a complex

network of ‘Mass’ – ‘Spring’ connections

Time Domain Plot
➢ Typically derived from the signal
from an accelerometer or velocity

probe
➢ Displays a short time sample of the
‘raw’ vibration
➢ Includes a combination of all
Vibration signals within the probe’s

frequency range
➢ Gives a clue but not as useful as
other analysis formats

Frequency Spectrum
➢ Data is converted from the Time
Domain to the Frequency

Domain using a Fast Fourier
Transform
➢ The Amplitude indicates the
severity (of the problem)
➢ The Frequency indicates the
source (of the problem)

Water Fall Plots
➢ A 3D Plot of the Vibration Spectra against a Third Variable such as

Speed, Time, etc.

Common Terms
➢ 1x: the running speed of the machine. The fundamental frequency.
➢ Critical Speed: rotating speed associated with high vibration amplitude.
Often the speeds corresponding to the natural freq.
➢ CPM: cycles per minute. 60cpm = 1cycle per second (cps) = 1Hz.
➢ FFT: Fast Fourier Transform for converting a time waveform to a spectrum
➢ Harmonics: integer multiple of the fundamental frequency. E.g. 2x, 3x, 4x.
➢ Sidebands: evenly spaced peaks centered around a major peak.
➢ Spectrum: a display of evenly spaced frequencies and their amplitudes
➢ Spectrum (baseline): reference spectrum, taken on a good machine

Common Causes & Signatures
Angular Misalignment
• Indicated as axial vibration at the running

speed frequency (1x)
• Causes fatigue failure of the bearing by

loading it above design limits
• Overall Vibration, FFT & Phase Measurement

used to diagnose misalignment problems

Parallel Misalignment
• Indicated as radial vibration at twice the

running speed frequency (2x)
• Most misalignment is a combination of angular

and offset
• Misalignment forces are seldom the same in

both horizontal and vertical positions

Imbalance
• Single Frequency Vibration whose amplitude is

the same in all Radial directions
• Occurs at 1x the running speed and generally

does not contain harmonics of 1x running speed
• Amplitude increases with speed up to the first

critical speed of the machine

Looseness
• Abnormally high running speed (1x) amplitude
• Long string of peaks at rotating frequency

harmonics or ½ rotating frequency harmonics
(range 2x to 10x) with amplitude greater than
20% of 1x amplitude

Enveloping
• Enveloping filters out low frequency noise
• Aids in analysis of high frequency Vibration phenomena like gear

mesh or repetitive ball bearing signals

Standards for Vibration Measurement

Others
➢ ISO 13373-1:2001 – Condition Monitoring and Diagnostics of Machines: General
Procedures
➢ ISO 17359:2003 – Condition Monitoring and Diagnostics of Machines: General
Guidelines
➢ ISO 18436-2:2003 – Condition Monitoring and Diagnostics of Machines:
Requirements for Training and certification of personnel
➢ American Petroleum Institute Standards:

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Basic Vibration Analysis

With Common Causes and their Signatures

Eyo Etim [Production Maintenance (Mechanical)]

• Re-Introduce the concept of Vibration in machines

• Present a Business Case for Vibration Analysis

• Present the concepts of:

• how Vibration is measured

• how measured values are interpreted

• common causes of vibration & their signatures

• Arouse the interest of Mechanical Maintenance Engineers

Copyright of Shell Brands International AG Basic Vibration Analysis 1/1/2022

➢ Vibration is simply the oscillating motion of an object or dynamic

system about its position of rest.

➢ Can be desirable: for hearing, Pacemakers, etc.

➢ Or Undesirable: in structures and machines

➢ In this context, ‘Vibration’ refers to the excess of it – the undesirable

Copyright of Shell Brands International AG Basic Vibration Analysis 1/1/2022

➢ Improving emphasis on Condition Based Maintenance (which):

➢ Vibration Analysis is at the heart of Condition Based Maintenance

Temp. Analysis Pressure Flow Analysis Oil Analysis Vib. Analysis

Roller Bearing Damage

Copyright of Shell Brands International AG Basic Vibration Analysis 1/1/2022

• All Machines can be broken down to Mass and Stiffness

• Stiffness is represented by a Spring that constrains that movement

• A Vibrating body moves about its reference position at the frequency of

⎯ To determine the level of Vibration of a body, you can measure the:

➢ Displacement of the body from its rest position (mils or micrometer).

Commonly used for low frequency phenomena

➢ Velocity: the rate of change of Displacement – the ‘speed’ of the Vibration

(in/sec or mm/sec). Used for vibration in the range of 10 – 10000Hz

➢ Acceleration: rate of change of the Velocity – change in Vibration ‘speed’

(G or in/sec2 or mm/sec2). Commonly used for high frequency vibration

phenomena e.g. Gear Mesh

➢ Others: Enveloped Acceleration, Spike Energy, etc.

generally used to measure and evaluate machine integrity in relation to balance,

tightness, alignment and the like.

Copyright of Shell Brands International AG Basic Vibration Analysis 1/1/2022

Machine components vibrate

Individual Vibration signals

A model of a Real Machine comprises a complex

Copyright of Shell Brands International AG Basic Vibration Analysis 1/1/2022

➢ Typically derived from the signal

from an accelerometer or velocity

➢ Displays a short time sample of the

➢ Includes a combination of all

Vibration signals within the probe’s

➢ Gives a clue but not as useful as

other analysis formats

Copyright of Shell Brands International AG Basic Vibration Analysis 1/1/2022

➢ Data is converted from the Time

Domain to the Frequency

➢ The Amplitude indicates the

severity (of the problem)

➢ The Frequency indicates the

source (of the problem)

Copyright of Shell Brands International AG Basic Vibration Analysis 1/1/2022

➢ A 3D Plot of the Vibration Spectra against a Third Variable such as

Copyright of Shell Brands International AG Basic Vibration Analysis 1/1/2022

➢ 1x: the running speed of the machine. The fundamental frequency.

➢ Critical Speed: rotating speed associated with high vibration amplitude.