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0-2. Java DCC Book

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Introduction to Java 14.1 Introduction to Java Java is a programming language created by James Gosling from Sun Microsystems (Sun) in 1991. The target of Java is to write a program once and then run this program on multiple operating systems. The first publicly available version of Java (Java 1.0) was released in 1995. C (1969) > C++ (1979) > Java (1995) Sun Microsystems was acquired by the Oracle Corporation in 2010. It is owned by Oracle, and more than 3 billion devices run Java. In 2006 Sun started to make Java available under the GNU General Public License (GPL). Oracle continues this project called OpenJDK Over time new enhanced versions of Java have been released. Currently Java 1.8 is the latest version, but within a month Java 1.9 will release. As of March 2019, Javal2 is the latest version of Java. It includes new String features and a new Switch expression among other changes. Java is defined by a specification and consists of a programming language, a compiler, core libraries and a runtime (Java virtual machine) The Java runtime allows software developers to write program code in other languages than the Java programming language which still runs on the Java virtual machine. The Java platform is usually associated with the Java virtual machine and the Java core libraries. The Java language was designed with the following properties: . Platform independent: Java programs use the Java virtual machine as abstraction and do not access the operating system directly. This makes Java programs highly portable. A Java program (which is standard-compliant and follows certain rules) can run unmodified on all supported platforms, e.g., Windows or Linux. . Object-orientated programming language: Except the primitive data types, all elements in Java are objects. ° Strongly-typed programming language: Java is strongly-typed, e.g., the types of the used variables must be pre-defined and conversion to other objects is relatively strict, e.g., must be done in most cases by the programmer. 350 In . terpreted and compiled | Introduction to Java bytecode format which do ‘Anguage: Java source code is transfe i instructions will be interpre wr abend on the 7 Thea bat target platfc F eted by . Platform. These bytecod contains a so called Hotspot-Conry Java Virtual machine (VM). ne WM bytecode instructions into native aa er which translates performance critical inst ee a ructions. utomatic mi " ‘i 12 emory management: Java manages th allocation for creating new obj ges the memory allocation and de- the memory. ‘The so-call ‘ Jects. The program does not have direct access to : 3 called garbage coll i , ° which no active pointer exists, gi ‘ctor automatically deletes objects to The Java syntax i imi i eee y is similar to C++ Java is case-sensitive, e.g., variables called myvalue and myvalue are treated as different variables, Itis used for: ¢ Mobile applications (specially Android apps) ¢ Desktop applications ° Web applications © Web servers and application servers « Games © Database connection Hello world Java program h a class name, and that class must match the led MyClass.java, which can be done in any e, which is egins with Java file, ca! eh file should contain a "Hello World" messag In Java, every application b filename. Let's create our firs text editor (like Notepad). The Written with the following code: MyClass java Public class MyClass { s) { Public static void main(String a System.out. printin("Hello World"), } } Output: : | eae Sem 2 RS 14.2 Java Virtual Machine(JVM) Ve The Java virtual machine (JVM) is a software implementation of a computer that executes programs like a real machine, The Java virtual machine is written specifically for a specific operating system, e.g, for Linux a special implementation is required as well as for Windows. Java programs are compiled by the Javacompiler into bytecode. The Java virtual machine interprets this bytecode and executes the Java program. 352 i Int jc ava Runtime Environment VS. Java Developme: t Kit eee int Kit istribution typical i Java distri pi 'Y comes in two flavors, th : ees : » the Java Runtime Environment JRE a va i scones Kit JDK).The JRE Consists of the JVM and the rove jiavies. e necessary functionality to start Java programs. the JDK additionally contains the development tools neces ram . : the JDK therefore consists of a Java hte ache tae fe Jon iss libraries compiler, the Java virtual machine and the Java dass libraries. Development Process Java ka source files are written as plain text documents. The Programmer typically writes hava source code in an Jntegi rated Development Environment (IDE) for programming. An IDE supports the programmer in the task of writing code, e.g., it provides auto-formating ofthe source code, highlighting of the important keywords, ete, Atsome point the programmer (or the IDE) calls the Java compiler ( javac ). The Java compiler creates the bytecode instructions. These instructions are stored in .class files ad can be executed by the Java Virtual Machine. Before going into the detail, first you have to understand what is the mean of platform? Platform ave of the computer hardware (mainly architecture of the microprocessor) and Os, = e + Operating System : ‘ayting oo sa eiapsaa can run on any operating system and hardware. is pl i ; Wn any operating system and hardware. ‘va is platform independent so jaya can run on any op : ion i iti independent? i ; i (an se now th a of Byte Code which is OS independent. When java ecause of ie de not the machine native code ‘ompi : it generate the byte co: 3 me compile any code vat ae need an interpreter to execute ona deand i ge, Compiler). Now this vir ad that byte code (that is machine indepen fe) and beats et : Pee Peis for different OS and byte code is able to .. “le it. Different JVM is Aten Os erent ©; Introduction to Java 14.3 Comparison between Java and C++ wie Java C++ 1. | Java is a true and complete object oriented language. C++ is an extension of C with object oriented behavior. C++ is not a complete object oriented language as that of Java. 2. | Java does not support global variables, pointers, templates, unions, operator overloading, structures etc. C++ supports global variables, structures, unions, templates, operator overloading, pointers and pointer arithmetic. 3. | Java support automatic garbage collection. It does not support destructors as C++ does. C++ support destructors, which is automatically invoked when the object is destroyed. 4.| Java does not ~— support Conditional inclusion (#ifdef -#ifndef | - conditional compilation and | type) is one of the main features of inclusion. C/C++. 5. | Java does not support default | C++ supports default arguments. arguments. 6. | There is no goto statement in Java. The keywords const and goto are reserved, even though they are not used. C++ has goto statement. However, it is not considered good practice to use of goto statement. 7. | Java doesn't provide multiple inheritance, at least not in the same sense that C++ does. CH does support multiple inheritance. The keyword virtual .is used to resolve ambiguities during multiple inheritance if there is any. 8. | Exception handling in Java is different because there are ‘no destructors. Also, in Java, try/catch must be defined if the function declares that it may throw an exception. While in C++, you may not include the try/catch even if the function throws an exception, 9. | Java is interpreted for the most part” and hence _ platform C++ generates object code and the same code may not run on different independent._* latforms, 354 OBJECT C44 24-8, comparison of Java and C44. using Basic p, "Introduction to Java ic Progra : 5 mming: java le CH This isa simple Java Program | a this file "Example java", class Examiple { // Your Program begins with a call to main(). public static void main(String args[]) { System.out.printIn("This is a simple Java program."); } } #include void main() cout<<” This is a simple Java Pprogram."; } se 2 Here is another short example. Call this file "Example2.java". */ class Example2 { public static void main(String args[]) { / int num; // this declares a variable called num. -num = 100; // this assigns num the value 100 . System.out printin("This is num: +num); num = num * 2; System.out.print("The value of num * 2 is"); System.out.printin(aum)s #include void main() int num; // this declares a variable called num num = 100; // this assigns num the value 100 cout<<"This is num: ", num); num = num * 2; cout<<"The value of num * 2 is", num; 3 LL 355 Introduction to Java } Output: This is num: 100 The value of num * 2 is 200 3.1 #include Demonstrate the if. Call this file "IfSample.java". */ class IfSample { public static void main(String args[}) { int x, y; cout<<"x is less than y"; x=10; x=x*2; y =20; if(x == y) if(x < y) System.out.printin("x is cout<<"x now equal to y"; less than y"); x=x*2; x=x*2: if(x > y) if(x == y) System.out.printin("x cout<<"x now greater than y"; now equal to y"); //this won't display anything x=x*2; if(x == y) if(x > y) System.out.printin("x cout<<"you won't see this"; now greater than y"); } // this won't display anything if(x == y) System.out.printin("'you won't see this"); } } Output: x is less than y x now equal to y x now greater than-y alr #include 356 of — (| Demonstrate the for loop. ~ Call this file "ForTest jaya" +/ : class ForTest { public static void main(String args[]) { int x; for(x = 0; x<10; x = x+1) System.out.println("This is xi" x). } } Output: This is x: This is x: This is x: This is x: This is x: This is x: This is x: This is x: This is x: This is x: 9 OIDAHDAWNHO void main() int x; for(x = 0; x<10; x= xt1) Cout<<""This is x: %q" x); } 1 Compute distance light travels using long variables. class Light { Public static void main(String args[]) '{ int lightspeed; long days; long seconds; long distance; i / approximate speed of light in Miles per second lightspeed = 186000; i f days = 1000; // specify number © #include void main() { int lightspeed; long days; long seconds; long distance; // approximate speed of light in miles per second ightspeed = 186000; ia : 1000; // specify number of days here 357 Introduction to Java days here seconds = days * 24 * 60 * 60; // convert to seconds distance = lightspeed * seconds; // compute distance System.out.print("In " + days); System.out.print(" days light will travel about "); . System.out.printin(distance + " miles."), } } Output: In 1000 days light will travel about 16070400000000 miles. seconds = days * 24 * 60*60;// | convert to seconds distance = lightspeed * seconds; // compute distance cout<<"In %ld", days); cout<<" days light will travel about "); : cout<<(“%ld miles.",distance); } // Compute the area of a circle. class Area { public static void main(String args[]) { double pi, r, a; , r= 10.8; // radius of circle pi = 3.1416; // pi, approximately a=pi*r*r;// compute area System.out.printin("Area of circle is" +a); } } Output: #include void main() { double pi, r, a; t= 10.8; // radius of circle pi = 3.1416; // pi, approximately a=pi*r*r, // compute area cout<<"Area of circle is %d", a); } Introduction to Java 14.4 Java Packages and APT a package in Java is used to roup related cl; girectOFY- We use packages to avoid name cod Packages are divided into two catego asses. Think of it as a folder ina file conflicts, and to write a better maintainable les: «Built-in Packages (packages from the Java API) « User-defined Packages (create your own packages) Built-in Packages The Java APLis a library of prewritten classes, that are free to use, included in the Java Development Environment. The library contains components for managing input, database programming, and much much more. The library is divided into packages and classes. Meaning you'can either import a single class (along with its methods and attributes), or a whole package that contain all the classes that belong to the specified package. Touse a class or a package from the library, you need to use the import keyword: Syntax import package.name.Class; // Import a single class import package.name.*, // Import the whole package Import a Class Ifyou find a class you want to use, for example, the Scanner class, which is used to ge User input, write the following code: Example Import java.util.Scanner; i i f Ih the example above, java.util is @ package, while Scanner is a class 0! Oe eg ee To use the Scanner class, create an object of the class and use ay of the ee methods found in the Scannerclass documentation. In our example, we will use the nextLine() method, which is used to read a complete line: Example Using the Scanner class to get user input: import java.util.Scanner, class MyClass { public static void main(String[] args) { Scanner myObj-= new Scanner(System.in); System.out.printin("Enter username"); String userName = myObj.nextLine(); System.out.println("Username is: "+ userName); 3 3 Import a Package There are many packages to choose from. In the Previous example, we used the scanner class from the java.util package. This package also contains date and time facilities, random-number generator and other utility classes. To import a whole package, end the sentence with an asterisk sign (*). The following example will import ALL the classes in the java.utii package: Example import java.util; User-defined Packages To create your own package, you need to understand that Java use a file system directory to store them. Just like folders on your computer: Example L— root L— mypack L— MyPackageClass.java To create a package, use the package keyword: yyPackageClass java Introduction to Java poskage mypack; cless MyPackageClass { public static woud main(String[] args) { The 5 system.out.println("This is my package!"), } ee the file as MyPackageClass java, and compile it: CAUsers\Y our Name>javac MyPackageClass java Then compile the package: C\Users\Your Name>javac -d . MyPackageClass.java This forces the compiler to create the "mypack" package. The -d keyword specifies the destination for where to save the class file. You can use any directory name, like c:/user (windows), or, if you want to keep the package within the same directory, you can use the dot sign ".", like in the example above. Note: The package name should be written in lower case to avoid conflict with class names, When we compiled the package in the example above, a new folder was created, called “mypack", . following: Torun the MyPackageClass.java file, write the p lowing: ClUsers\Your Name>java mypack.MyPackageClass The output will be: This is my package! Javautil Package in Java ; legacy collection classes, event model, date an¢ at I ue : onizan, ‘ peas ie cca framework miscellaneous utility classes (a string tokeniz On ein, and time facilities, jnternationalization, i array). 4tandom-number generator, and 4 il package : inkedLi so Some Important Classes in-Javatil PRET vo, Enumset ee Curren' AbstractCollection, Arrays Timer Java.lang package in Java Provides classes that are fundamental to the design of the Java programming language. The most important classes are Object, which is the root of the class hierarchy, and Class, instances of which represent classes at run time. : Some Important Classes in Java.lang package are Boolean, Byte, Character, Double. Float, Package, Thread etc. Java.io Package in Java This package provides for system input and output through data streams, serialization and the file system. Unless otherwise noted, passing a null argument to a constructor or method in any class or interface in this package will cause a NullPointerException to be thrown. Some important classes in Java.io package are: ¢ _ BufferedInputStream, BufferedOutputStream, BufferedReader, FileInputStream, FileOutputStream etc. 14.5 Applet and Servlet in Java Definition of Applet Applet is a small Java program that is embedded in an HTML code for its execution, and it is executed on the client-side machine. Java ‘s API library contain a package called “applet”, which contains a class called “Applet”, Any applet you create should be a subclass of the class Applet, and that subclass must be declared “4 i Public” as its code will be accessed by the code that lies outside the program. Now, let us understand the creation of applet with the help of a siniple example. 1. import java.awt.*; import java.applet.*; 3 public class Hello extends Applet { 4, _ public void paint(Graphics g) { 5, g.drawString("Hello Applet", 20, 20); 6. 3 1. 3 In above code, two import Statements are package “awt” and package “applet” which are required in the creation of any applet. The paint( ) method in the code is defined in the cage awt, which is overridden by the applet created. As you can see the class Hello, packag' 362 jos extended the class Applet, which j ; Introduction to Java . Execute applet in a Java-compatible web browser. Execute using appletviewer whi , , . cae ich is also the fastest method of executing the the first method of executing an applet in a Java- ‘compatible web browser requires creating an HTML program that embeds the applet created in Hello.java file. ‘ 1. //htm! code 2. 3. 6 ¥ i 7. public class Hello extends sore 8 public void paint(Graphics 8) om, 9. _ gdrawString("Hello Applet”, 20“ 10, 3 LL. } 363 Introduction to Java To execute the applet you have to pass the command: 1. >javac Hello.java 2. >appletviewer Hello.java The lifecycle method in the Applet class are, init( ), service( ),.and destroy( ). The -init( ) method is invoked when an applet is initialized. The start( ) method is invoked when an applet is started or restarted, The stop( ) method is invoked when an applet is terminated. The: paint(Graphics). method is invoked when an applet needs to be repainted. The destroy( ) method is invoked when an applet is being destroyed. Note: You can notice that the applet class does not contain main( ) method.Instead, the execution of the applet begin when the name of the applet is passed to the appletviewer or the HTML file containing applet name is loaded in the web browser. Definition of Servlet Like Applets, Servlets are also the small Java programs that get execute on the server side. The performance issues in the platform-dependent CGI programs let to the introduction of Servlets. Servlets are platform-independent. The main purpose of a servlet is to collect the request from the client and generate the requested web page dynamically for a corresponding request and send it back to the client. Servlets can be created using the package javax.servlet and java.servlet.http. The lifecycle methods of the servlets are init( ), service( ), and destroy( ). These methods are invoked by the server when they are required. init(): This method is invoked by the server when the servlet is initially loaded into the memory. service( ): This method is invoked to process the HHTP request t which is sent by the client: destroy(.): This method is invoked to release the resources that were allocated to the servlet. BASIS FOR COMPARISON Execution Packages Lifecycle methods User interface Requirement Resources Bandwidth tilization APPLET Applet is always executed on the client side. import java.applet.*; import java.awt.*; init(), stop), __paint(), start(), destroy(). Applets use user interface classes like AWT and Swing. Requires java compatible browser for execution. As it arrives at the client, it uses the resources of the Client to produce graphical interface and run ‘complex computation. utilize more ndwidth as it the client 265 Applets network ba executes on SERVLET Servlet is always executed on the server side. import javax.servlet.*; import java.servlet.http.*; init( ), service( ), and destroy( ). No User interface required. It processes the input from client side and generates the response in terms of the HTML page, . Javascript, Applets. It utilizes the resources of the server to process request and response of the client. Sérvlets are executed on the servers and hence require less bandwidth. eee ee BASIS | FOR SERVLET comparison APPLET machine. Security More prone to risk as it is It is under the server on the client machine. security. Applet and serylet both are the small java program where servlet may generate the applet in response to the client request. i Chapter-14 Important Questions . Write down the properties of Java language . Discuss about JVM. Write the comparison between Java and C++ . What do you know about Java packages and API? Explain Applet and Servlet in Java. . Distinguish between Applet and Servlet. Aupune 366

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