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Bragg reflectors for cylindrical

waves
a a b
M. A. Kaliteevski , R. A. Abram , V. V. Nikolaev & G. S.
b
Sokolovski
a
Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road,
Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
b
Ioffe Physicotechnical Institut of Russian Academy of
Science, 26, Polytechnicheskaya, St.-Petersburg, Russia
Published online: 03 Jul 2009.

To cite this article: M. A. Kaliteevski , R. A. Abram , V. V. Nikolaev & G. S. Sokolovski (1999)

Bragg reflectors for cylindrical waves, Journal of Modern Optics, 46:5, 875-890

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 JOURNAL. O F MODERN OPTICS, 1999, VOL. 46, NO. 5, 875-890

Bragg reflectors for cylindrical waves

M. A. KALITEEVSKI, R. A. ABRAM
Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, Durham,
D H l 3LE, U K

V. V. NIKOLAEV and G. S. SOKOLOVSKI

Ioffe Physicotechnical Institut of Russian Academy of Science, 26,
Polytechnicheskaya, St.-Petersburg, Russia
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(Receiued 20 October 1998)

Abstract. A transfer matrix method is developed to calculate the electro-

magnetic field in a dielectric structure with circular cylindrical symmetry. The
equations for the reflection and transmission coefficients of cylindrical waves
from a single cylindrical boundary between two dielectrics and from a cylin-
drical multilayered structure are obtained. For a single dielectric interface,
enhanced reflection at small interface radii and the analogue of the Brewster
effect are predicted and investigated. The design of an optimized cylindrical
Bragg reflector (CBR) for cylindrical waves is proposed and its optical proper-
ties are studied. I t is found that the thicknesses of the layers in the CBR must be
different, to provide the adjustment of the phase of the waves, that are reflected
from the interfaces at different radii.

1. Introduction
Bragg reflectors (BR) [l], in the form of a periodic arrangement of pairs of
quarter-wave dielectric plane layers are well established optical components and
find application in semiconductor devices, for example, as the mirrors in vertical
cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs) [2]. I n a BR the reflection band corre-
sponds to the frequencies at which electromagnetic waves cannot propagate in the
structure-the so-called photonic band gap. T h e existence of the photonic band
gap can be used to confine the light, as in the case of a VCSEL. During recent
years, interest has grown significantly in materials capable of confining light in two
dimensions (e.g. two-dimensional photonic honeycomb-type crystals [3, 41).
However, an alternative method of producing two-dimensional confinement is a
multilayered cylindrical structure where the refractive index is a function of the
distance from the axis of symmetry as illustrated in figure 1.
A straightforward way of calculating the electromagnetic field in a linear
multilayered structure is to use the transfer matrix method in which the electro-
magnetic fields at any point can be obtained from their values at another point by
the process of multiplication by a matrix-the transfer matrix [5, 61. Recently the
transfer matrix method has been used t o obtain various theoretical results [7-91
concerning the propagation of electromagnetic waves through cylindrical inter-

Journal of Modern Opfics I S S N 0 9 5 0 3 4 0 print/lSSN 1362-3044 online 0 1999 Taylor & Francis Ltd
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 876 M . A . Kaliteevski et al.
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Figure 1. An illustration of a multilayered dielectric structure with circular cylindrical

symmetry.

faces and in multilayered cylindrical structures, while the scattering of the plane
waves from these structures has been investigated for many years; see for example
[lo]. However, some interesting features of the results require further investiga-
tion, such as the reflection properties at an interface with small radius and the
behaviour of the phase of the waves in multilayered systems [8]. Also the
polarization-dependent properties of cylindrical waves have not been considered
in previous work.
T h e aim of this work is to give a detailed description of the transfer matrix
method for structures of circular cylindrical symmetry (as illustrated in figure 1).
T h e method is applied to the investigation of the propagation of electromagnetic
cylindrical waves of different polarization through a cylindical interface, to the
design of the structure with the highest reflection coefficient for cylindrical waves,
and to the study of the properties of such a structure. However, the method could
also be used in a wide range of other problems including, for example, the study of
non-diffracting Bessel-beam generation [l 11 and the calculation of the modes of
cylindrical lasers [ 121.

2. Basic equations
2.1. Transfer matrix in the bases of electric and magnetic field components tangential
to the interface
T o obtain the transfer matrix for the fields varying at angular frequency w in
the structure of figure 1, we start by considering the matrix for one of the coaxial
layers. For a layer of permeability p and permittivity E , two of the Maxwell
equations are:
W
V x E = ip-H,
C

W
V x H = -i&-E.
C

Written in component form in circular cylindrical coordinates these become

 Bragg reflectors for cylindrical waves 877
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Consider the propagation of cylindrical waves diverging from or converging to the

axis of symmetry p = 0. In this case, the derivatives of the fields with respect to z
vanish and equation (3) can be rewritten as follows:

In a similar way equation (4)gives:

1 dH, W
- -iE-Ep,
P acp C

aH, - iE-E,,
-- w
aP c

It is possible to find solutions of equations (5) and (6) with only components
E,, H,, Hp non-zero (the E-polarization), or only H,, E,, Ep non-zero (the H-
polarization). This can be seen from the independence of the field components
(E,,H,,H,) and (H,E,,E,) from each other in equations (5) and (6) and the
independence of the boundary conditions for the tangential and normal field
components at the cylindrical interface with an adjacent layer. Cylindrical waves
of arbitrary polarization can be represented as the sum of waves with an electric
components E and a magnetic component H parallel to z axis.
We shall consider the case of E-polarization (results for the H-polarization can
be simply obtained by a substitution rule [4],i.e. by substitution of the magnetic
 878 M . A. Kuliteevski et al.

field for the electric field and --E for p). In this case the electromagnetic field
(Ez,H,, H p ) ,obeys the relations:

Eliminating the magnetic components H,, H p from (7) we obtain:

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8 dE, d2E, 1a p a E ,
p-/I-+-- p + &p-p2EZ
W
= 0. (8)
ap ap a92 p a p ap c2

T h e solution of (8) can be found by the method of separation of variables.

Substituting E, = V ( p ) @ ( pin
) (8) and using (7) we obtain:

Ez = V(P)exp (imp), (9

where m is a positive or negative integer or zero, and the functions U ( p ) and V ( p )

obey
av
-= -ip-
W
U,
aP C

a(PU) -
(lob)
aP
Equations 10 ( u ) and ( b ) can be combined to give a single equation for V :

V=O,

which is Bessel's equation with the solution

= AJln(kp) + BYm(kp),
where A and B are constant, Jmis a Bessel function, Y , is a Neumann function
and k = ( ~ p ) ' / ~ ( w c ) .
U ( p ) follows from equation (1O u ) as

U = ip(AJk(kp) + BYA(kp)), (13)

where p = ( ~ / p ) ' /and
~ , the primes represent differentiation by the whole argu-
ment of the function (not just by p).
In the transfer matrix formalism we form the column vector ( V ( p ) ,U ( p ) ) at
radial position p from the above solutions and relate it to the corresponding vector
 Bragg reflectors for cylindrical waves 879

at some other point po by matrix multiplication:

where i6’is the transfer matrix from point po to p. T h e elements of the transfer
matrix can be found by considering the relations produced by the equations (12)-
(14) when the vector ( V ( p o ) , U ( p 0 ) ) has the special values ( 1 , O ) and ( 0 , l ) . Solving
the equation with the help of the identity

J m ( x )YL(X) - JL(X) Y m ( x )= 2 / n x , (15)

the elements of the transfer matrix are found to be
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In the case of the H-polarization the form of the transfer matrix is the same but
with p = ( ~ L / E ) ’ ’ ~ .
Note that the determinant of the transfer matrix in both cases is given by the
ratio of the inital and final radii:

This result reflects the decrease in field amplitude with radius which is required by
the conservation of energy.
T h e transfer matrix for a region containing two or more different layers is
simply the product of the transfer matrices of all the layers. This follows from the
continuity of the tangential components of the field at the interfaces of cylindrical
layers. Hence the determinant of the transfer matrix for a multilayered cylindrical
shell is given by the ratio of its external and internal radii.

2.2. Transfer matrix in the basis of propagating waves

Sometimes, it is convenient to consider the electromagnetic field as the sum of
two contrary propagating waves. An electromagnetic field of cylindrical symmetry
can be considered as a superposition of ingoing (converging) and outgoing
(diverging) waves. T h e monochromatic E-polarized outgoing cylindrical wave
can be represented as:

where A is a constant and H i ) is the Hankel function of the first kind. T h e ingoing
 880 M. A. Kaliteevski et al.

wave is given by changing the Hankel function to the second kind:

where B is a constant. For a field with azimuthal variation specified by m the field
component E, and Hv can be written as

E, = + E;, (20 a )

Hv= ip[Cg)E: + Cg)Ei], (20 b)

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where Cii2)= H ~ i 2 ) ' ( k p ) / H ~ i 2 ) (When k p ) . it is necessary to refer to the layer in

which the field exists, the layer label is given as a second subscript on the
coefficient Ci>2), and as a subscript of the 'wavevector' k, for example: C2i2)=
H ~ ~ 2 ) ' ( k r p ) / H ~ i 2 )in
( k the
r p ) case of layer 1.
Within a single layer of the structure the transfer matrix relating the electric
field in the form of the column vector (Ez(p),E i ( p ) )to the corresponding vector at
po is :

T= j
At the interface between two layers there is continuity of the tangential
component of the electric and magnetic fields (H,, Hv). T o express the interface
conditions in terms of (E:,E;) it is convenient to define a matrix l$' for the
conversion from the basis (E:,E;) to ( Ez , H v),which is given by

T h e subsequent analysis also requires the inverse conversion matrix, which is

given by the ratio of transpose of the cofactors of l$'and its determinant. Using the
Hankel function equivalent of equation (1 S), the determinant of W can be written
as

Hence

where K = c/w, which is the free space wavevector.

T h e condition of continuity of the tangential field components at the interface
 Bragg reflectors f o r cylindrical waves 881

of two layers labelled 1 and 2 can be written as:

Hence

Therefore, the transfer matrix fi through the interface of layers 1 and 2 is the
product l@;' x W1 and for an interface at radial position p has components given
by:
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2.3. Rejection and transmission coeficients for cylindrical interfaces

Consider a diverging wave incident on the interface between layers 1 and 2
from layer 1. T h e transfer matrix N can be used to calculate the reflection and
transmission coefficients at the cylindrical interface. T h e amplitudes of the
reflected and transmitted waves rd and td relative to the incident amplitude must
obey the equation:

(:)=N(r:)
It follows that the amplitude reflection and transmission coefficients are given by:

T h e amplitude reflection and transmission coefficients rc and t, for a converging

wave can be obtained in a similar way:
 882 M. A. Kaliteevski et al.

Using equations ( 2 9 a ) and (300) one can show analytically (taking into
account that C:) is the complex conjugate of C g ) ) that the power reflection
coefficients for the different sequences of the same two layers are equal, even when
the aximuthal number m is non-zero.

2.4. Reflection and transmission coeficients for cylindrical layered structure

T h e reflection and transmission coefficients of the cylindrical multilayered
structure in figure 1 are also of interest for certain applications, including the
cylindrical Bragg reflector. Consider an outgoing wave incident on the interface
between 0 and 1, which we take to have radius p = po, and propagating to the
medium f , which extends from p = pj to p = 00. T h e amplitudes of the electric and
magnetic fields at po and pf can be written in terms of the amplitude reflection and
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transmission coefficient rd and t d and are related by the transfer matrix defined
in equation (14) and subsequent discussion:

T h e amplitude reflection and transmission coefficients for an incoming wave can

be obtained in a similar way.

2.5. Cylindrical Bragg reflector

It is interesting to determine the parameters of a multilayer cylindrical
structure consisting of two kinds of layer with different values of refractive
index which will be the most efficient reflector for a cylindrical monochromatic
wave of frequency w . In the case of a plane wave in a structure consisting of plane
layers, the desired structure is the well-known Bragg reflector, which has a
periodic series of pairs of layers with thickness di = KC/2niW (where ni is the
refractive index of the layer and c is the light velocity). T h e expression for the layer
thickness derives from the condition that the reflectivity is a maximum when the
wave reflected from all of the dielectric interfaces are in phase. However, as
pointed out in [6], in the cylindrical case, the thickness of any layer of the optimum
structure depends on its position (coordinate p) because the phases of the reflection
and transmission depend on the radius p, as apparent in equations ( 2 9 ) and (30).
Consider an outgoing wave of unit amplitude incident on the cylindical inter-
face between layers 0 and 1 at radius PO. T h e problem is to find the radius pi of the
next boundary (between layers 1 and 2 ) to maximize the reflectivity. Denoting by
tld and ?‘Id the transmission and reflection coefficients for the waves propagating
through the second boundary and by tod, toc,rod, roc, the coefficients of the first
 Bragg reflectors f o r cylindrical waves 883

boundary for outgoing and incoming waves respectively, we can write (by taking
the sum of the series of multiple reflections, for instance) the expression for the
reflection coefficient r for the layer confined with boundaries at p~ and p1 as

and for the transmission coefficient:

where
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@ = f q ’ ( k p o )fQ(kp1)
H i ) ( k p o )HF(kp1)
and k is the wave vector in the layer.
T h e required p1 is that which gives the maximum value for the reflection
coefficient of equation (33a). T h e maximum occurs when the terms in the
numerator have the same phase. Hence p1 and the coordinates of the other
boundaries can be obtained by numerical calculation. In the limit of infinite radius
p, equation (33) predicts the quarter-wave thickness that is well known for plane
layers.

3. Results and discussion

Figures 2 and 3 show the dependences on the interface radius of the phase and
square modulus of the amplitude reflection coefficient of an outgoing E-polarized

m=5 a

m=O

0 0.5 1 1.5

p0/27rc
Figure 2. (a) Dependence of the phase and ( b ) the square modulus of amplitude
reflection coefficient of an E-polarized cylindrical wave from the cylindrical interface
of t\vo media with refractive indices 1 (internal media) and 3 (external media) as a
function of interface radius p for the azimuthal numbers WI = 0 , 2 , 5 .
 884 M . A. Kaliteevski et al.
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0 0.5 1 1.5

Figure 3. (a) Dependence of the phase and (b) the square modulus of amplitude
reflection coefficient of an E-polarized cylindrical wave from the cylindrical interface
of two media with refractive indices 3 (internal media) and 1 (external media) as a
function of interface radius p for the azimuthal numbers m = 0 , 2 , 5 .

wave at the interface of two dielectric cylindrical media with refractive index
values 1 and 3. Figure 2 refers to the structure where the layer with refractive
index 1 is innermost while figure 3 gives the results for the reverse order. T h e
three curves correspond to azimuthal number m = 0, 2 and 5. Figures 4 and 5 show
the correspnding results for H-polarized wave.
One can see that all of the curves exhibit similar asymptotic behaviour. When p
is sufficiently large, the power reflection coefficient approaches 25%, and the phase
approaches either 0 or x depending on the arrangement of the layers. It is also
apparent that the behaviour of the power reflection coefficients for the same
polarization but opposite arrangements of the layer is identical.
We can explain this phenomenon using simple physical arguments. When the
number m defining the azimuthal variation of the field is equal to 0 the energy flow
of the cylindrical wave is radially directed. However, when m is non-zero the
Poynting vector of the cylindrical wave has both radial and azimuthal components,
and the azimuthal component is proportional to the ratio m l p . One can say that a
cylindrical wave propagates through a cylindrical boundary like a plane wave
through a plane boundary with an angle of incidence 8 given by:
mc
sin 8 = - (34)
nQP

When p approaches infinity, 8 goes to zero so that the wave is at normal

incidence, and also the interface curvature is negligible. As a result, the reflection
and transmission coefficients for infinite p correspond to the case of the plane wave
propagation through a plane boundary. It also follows from equation (34) that after
transmission the angle between the Poynting vector of the cylindrical wave and the
 Bragg reflectors f o r cylindrical waves 885

n:

'Tc 12
I

d
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(
0.5 1 1.5

pw2nc
Figure 4. (a) Dependence of the phase and (b) the square modulus of amplitude
reflection coefficient of a H-polarized cylindrical wave from the cylindrical interface
of two media with refractive indices 1 (internal media) and 3 (external media) as a
function of interface radius p for the azimuthal numbers rn = 0 , 2 , 5 . Note the
fundamentally different behaviour in the rn = 0 reflectivity for small radii compared
to the E-polarized case (figure 2). Note also the shallow minima in the reflectivity
which correspond to the Brewster effect.

'Tc

m=S
a
8

b
d

0 0.5 1 I .5
pW2nc
Figure 5. (a) Dependence of the phase and (6) the square modulus of amplitude
reflection coefficient of a H-polarized cylindrical wave from the cylindrical boundary
of two media with refractive indices 3 (internal media) and 1 (external media) as a
function of interface radius p for the azimuthal numbers rn = 0 , 2 , 5 . Note the
fundamentally different behaviour in the rn = 0 reflectivity for small radii compared
to the E-polarized case (figure 3). Note also the shallow minima in the reflectivity
which correspond to the Brewster effect.
 886 M . A. Kaliteevski et al.

normal to the cylindrical boundary does not depend on the refractive index of the
layer in which the wave is incident.
When p goes to zero, the power reflection coefficient of waves with m = 0
decreases for E-polarized waves and increases for H-polarized waves. For waves
with non-zero m , the reflection coefficient approaches unity. I n [8] this phenom-
enon was called ‘total reflection at small radii’ and it was concluded that the value
of amplitude reflection coefficient was (-l)m+’i. However, we show in the
Appendix that total reflection does not occur for any non-zero radius, but the
reflection coefficient asymptotically approaches unity from below as the interface
curvature increases.
In contrast to the case of reflection of a plane wave from a plane interface, total
internal reflection does not occur for cylindrical waves propagating in the plane
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perpendicular to the axis of symmetry z. Instead there is enhanced reflection at

small radii. When the interface radius approaches zero, the reflection coefficient of
a cylindrical wave of non-zero azimuthal number becomes close to unity whatever
the value of the refractive indices of the internal and external media. T h e absence
of total internal reflection of cylindrical waves can also be explained in physical
terms by considering the energy flow near the interface. In the case of total internal
reflection of a plane wave from a plane interface, the energy flows enters the low
refractive index medium, but turns back to the high index medium. I n the
cylindrical case, the energy flow cannot turn back because the curvature of the
interface is greater than the curvature of energy flow.
Figures 4 and 5 show that for the H-polarized case there is a shallow minimum
in the reflection coefficient plotted against the interface radius when m # 0. These
minima are evidence of the equivalence of the Brewster effect in the cylindrical
geometry. Here the value of the reflection coefficient in the minimum is not zero,
but the minimum is more pronounced for m = 5 than for m = 2.
This can be explained by considering that the Brewster effect is a consequence
of the orthogonality of the electromagnetic field and the wavevector, and should be
less pronounced in the case of a cylindrical wave, where the orthogonality of the
Poynting vector and the field is the only local property. Further, the radius at
which the Brewster effect takes place increases with azimuthal number and for
larger m , the interface can be considered to be approximately the plane for which
the ‘perfect’ Brewster effect occurs.
Figure 6 shows the reflection spectra of the outgoing cylindrical wave for two
different kinds of cylindrical multilayer reflector: one with layers of uniform
‘quarter-wave’ thickness and one with optimized layer thicknesses which depend
on the radius p. T h e uniform layer thickness would in a planar structure
correspond to a Bragg wavelength of 1 pm. T h e quarter-wave cylindrical structure
produces a maximum in the reflection spectrum for cylindrical waves which is very
close to unity but located at a wavelength of 0.982 pm, which also corresponds to a
discontinuity in the phase of reflection. T h e difference from the Bragg wavelength
of 1 pm is caused by the mismatch of the phases of waves reflected by the different
interfaces. In contrast, the maximum of the reflection spectrum for the optimized
structure corresponds to the predetermined wavelength due to phase matching of
the waves reflected from all the structure interfaces. With increasing radius of the
first interface the phase mismatch in the quarter-wave structure decreases and
become negligible in the case of structures with weak modulation of the refractive
index, where the reflection occurs on a length scale much larger than a wavelength.
 Bragg reflectors f o r cylindrical waves 887
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2nclm (nm)
Figure 6. ( a ) Spectral dependence of the phase and ( b ) the square modulus of amplitude
reflection coefficient of the quarter-wavelength cylindrical Bragg reflector (dashed
line) and of a cylindrical Bragg reflector optimized according to the procedure,
described in section 2.5. The azimuthal number m of the incident wave is equal to
zero. The refractive indices of the materials forming the reflector are 1 and 3. The
radius of the first interface is 400nm. Number of the pairs of the layers is 8.

However, this phase mismatch can still have a significant effect on the eigenmode
frequencies of the structure [13].
Finally, we note that the method developed makes possible the treatment of the
two-dimensional problem of the propagation of electromagnetic waves in a cylin-
drical structure, using an essentially one-dimensional approach. Consequently, the
probability of numerical instabilities [14] arising is much reduced, even for large
systems or in the presence of absorbing materials.
In summary, the transfer matrix method developed for cylindrical waves is a
simple and effective method for describing light propagation through multilayer
cylindrical structures and an aid to the design of such structures with predeter-
mined properties. T h e method has allowed us to obtain an expression for the
transmission and reflection coefficients of cylindrical waves at a single cylindrical
interface, and to show that, instead of total internal reflection, cylindrical systems
exhibit the phenomenon of enhanced reflection at small radii. We have studied the
analogue of the Brewster effect for the cylindrical geometry. We have also shown
how to determine the parameters of the cylindrical equivalent of a Bragg reflector,
which possesses the maximum reflection coefficient at a defined wavelength.

Acknowledgments
T h e authors would like to thank E. L. Portnoi, S. Brand, T. F. Krauss, R. M.
De La Rue for useful discussions. T h e work was partly funded by an E P S R C
research grant and partly by the RFBR.
 888 M . A . Kaliteevski et al.

Appendix
Behaviour of the rejection coeficient at small radii
T h e value of the reflection coefficient for a diverging E-polarized wave incident
on the interface between layers 1 and 2 is give? by equation ( 2 9 a ) : r =
(n2C;j - nl C;,))/(nlCtin2Cij), where C;;') = Hi1>')( k l p ) / H i V 2 ) ( k l p ) .
T h e discussion of the behaviour r given here refers to the cases m # 0 unless
otherwise specified. T h e Hankel function in the expression for Ci92) can be written
in terms of Bessel and Neumann functions:
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T h e approximations in equations (A 1) and (A 2) are valid for p + 0, whenthe

Neumann functions approach infinity while the Bessel functions approach zero (or
unity for m = 0).
+
We can write C;,'2) in the form CGv2)(x)= F ( x ) iG(x). For m = 1 F ( x ) and
G(x) can be expressed in the form

1
F ( x ) = - - X- x I n x + o ( x I n x ) , (A 3 a )
x
G(x) = - x
2
+ -x4 (2 In (x/2) - 1 + 2y)x3 + O(xs), (A 3 b)

where y is Euler constant.

For m 2 2

x
G(x) =
( m - 1)!222m-'
+
x2m-1 O(x2"f').

For E-polarized waves the reflection coefficient can be written in the form

which for m = 1 gives

and for the power reflection coefficient

 Bragg re3ectors for cylindrical waves 889

. x ( m - I)nim
r=-1+1 (Kp)2m-
( m - 1)!222"-3(ni - n i )

and
x 2 ( m- 1)2n:mnim
R=l-
( m - 1)!424m-6(4 - nil'
(Kp)4m-4 O((Kp)8m-8).+
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For H-polarized waves

r= -
+
( n ; ' F ( n l K p ) - n ~ ' F ( n 2 K p ) ) i(ni'G(n1Kp) - n z ' G ( n 2 K p ) )
+
(n;'F(nlKp) - n ; ' F ( n z K p ) ) - i ( n i ' G ( n 1 K p ) n ; ' G ( n z K p ) )
and when m = 1

and
2 4 4
R = l - +
n1n2 (Kp)4 O ( ( K p y ) .
(ni -
For m 2 2

and the power reflection coefficient is

I t is also interesting to note that for an E-polarized wave with m = 0:

(A 1 1 a )

while for an H-polarized wave:

lim ( r ) = -1. (Allb)
0-0

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