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• The Internet is not a network at all, but a vast collec�on of

diﬀerent networks that use certain17common protocols and
provide certain common services. It is an unusual system in
that it was not planned by anyone and is not controlled by
anyone Cancel Download
• ARPHANET the DoD wanted a commandandcontrol

network that could survive a nuclear war. At that �me, all
military communica�ons used the public telephone
network, which was considered vulnerable
• Around 1960�es Paul Baran from RAND Corpora�on
proposed using digital packetswitching technology
throughout the system but when the Pentagon asked AT&T
to build a prototype, they dismissed the idea
3 / 33
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Buttons: 1 Example Networks
2 Example Networks The Internet

Connection-Oriented Networks: X.25, Frame Relay, and ATM
Ethernet
17
Wireless LANs: 802:11
3 The Internet Cancel Download

The Internet is not a network at all, but a vast collection of di�erent
networks that use certain common protocols and provide certain
common services. It is an unusual system in that it was not planned by
anyone and is not controlled by anyone
ARPHANET - the DoD wanted a command-and-control network that could
survive a nuclear war. At that time, all military communications used the
public telephone network, which was considered vulnerable
Around 1960-ties Paul Baran from RAND Corporation proposed using
digital packet-switching technology throughout the system but when the
Pentagon asked AT&T to build a prototype, they dismissed the idea
4 The Internet - ARPANET

US created a single defense research organization, ARPA, the Advanced
Research Projects Agency – it had no scientists or laboratories but did its
work by issuing grants and contracts to universities and companies whose
ideas looked promising to it
In 1967 a conference paper described a system for packet-switched
subnet that consists of minicomputers called IMPs (Interface Message
Processors) connected by 65-Kbps transmission lines
The software was split into two parts: subnet and host. The subnet
software consisted of the IMP end of the host-IMP connection, the IMP-
IMP protocol, and a source IMP to destination IMP protocol designed to
improve reliability
5 The ARPANET (a) Structure of the telephone system.

(b) Baran’s proposed distributed switching system.
6 The original ARPANET design
7 The ARPANET (3)

Growth of the ARPANET (a) December (b) July 1970.
(c) March (d) April (e) September 1972.
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8 ARPANET, DNS
During the 1980s, additional networks, especially LANs, were connected 
to the ARPANET. As the scale increased, �nding hosts became increasingly
expensive, so DNS (Domain Name System) was created to organize
machines into domains and map host names onto IP addresses
DNS has become a generalized, distributed database system for storing a
variety of information related to naming
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9 NSFNET
In 1970s, NSF (the U.S. National Science Foundation) saw the enormous
impact the ARPANET and went for design of a successor to the ARPANET
that would be open to all university research groups 17
NSF decided to build a backbone network to connect its six
supercomputer centers, in San Diego, Boulder, Champaign, Pittsburgh,
Ithaca, and Princeton Cancel Download
NSF also funded some (eventually about 20) regional networks that
connected to the backbone to allow users at thousands of universities,
research labs, libraries, and museums to access any of the
supercomputers and to communicate with one another - the complete
network was called NSFNET
10 NSFNET
The NSFNET backbone in 1988.
11 NSFNET
NSF awarded contracts to four di�erent network operators to establish a
NAP (Network Access Point) – went from governmental to commercial
�nancing
During the 1990s, many other countries and regions also built national
research networks, often patterned on the ARPANET and NSFNET. These
included EuropaNET and EBONE in Europe, which started out with 2-Mbps
lines and then upgraded to 34-Mbps lines. Eventually, the network
infrastructure in Europe was handed over to industry as well
12 Internet
The number of networks, machines, and users connected to the ARPANET
grew rapidly after TCP/IP became the only o�cial protocol on January 1,
1983
When NSFNET and the ARPANET were interconnected, the growth became
exponential. Many regional networks joined up, and connections were
made to networks in Canada, Europe, and the Paci�c
The glue that holds the Internet together is the TCP/IP reference model
and TCP/IP protocol stack
To be on the Internet - a machine is on the Internet if it runs the TCP/IP
protocol stack, has an IP address, and can send IP packets to all the other
machines on the Internet
3 of 9 06/08/22, 09:13
13 Internet
Up until the early 1990s, the Internet was largely populated by academic,
government, and industrial researchers
WWW (World Wide Web) changedpresentation
all that and brought millions of new, 
Download
nonacademic users to the net
Much of this growth during the 1990s was fueled by companies called ISPs
(Internet Service Providers). These are companies that o�er individual
users at home the ability to call up one of their machines and connect to
the Internet
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14 Architecture of the Internet
15 Internet
ISP have POP (Point of Presence), where converted digital signals from17
the
computer to analog signals (by modem) are removed from the telephone
system and injected into the ISP’s regional network, from this point on,
the system is fully digital and packet switched Cancel Download
The ISP's regional network consists of interconnected routers in the
various cities the ISP serves. If the packet is destined for a host served
directly by the ISP, the packet is delivered to the host. Otherwise, it is
handed over to the ISP's backbone operator
At the top of the chain are the backbone operators (big companies like
AT&T, Sprint, etc). They operate large international backbone networks,
with thousands of routers connected by high-bandwidth �ber optics
16 Connection-Oriented Networks: X.25, Frame Relay, and ATM

�rst example of a connection-oriented network is X.25, which was the �rst
public data network, deployed in the 1970s at a time when telephone
service was a monopoly
In the 1980s, X.25 networks were largely replaced by a new kind of
network called frame relay. The essence of frame relay is that it is a
connection-oriented network with no error control and no �ow control
ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) - merging voice, data, cable television,
telex, telegraph, etc into a single integrated system that could do
everything for everyone (did not actually happen)
17 ATM Virtual Circuits

A virtual circuit.
18 ATM Virtual Circuits (2)

The basic idea behind ATM is to transmit all information in small, �xed-
size packets called cells - an ATM cell.
19 The ATM Reference Model
20 The ATM Reference Model (2)

The ATM layers and sublayers and their functions.
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21 Ethernet
Both the Internet and ATM were designed for wide area networking
The most popular LAN is Ethernet
Up to 256 machines Download
could be attached to the system via transceivers 
presentation
screwed onto the cable. A cable with multiple machines attached to it in
parallel is called a multidrop cable
A computer �rst listened to the cable to see if someone else was already
transmitting, if so, the computer held back until the current transmission
�nished
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22 Ethernet
Architecture of the original Ethernet.
17
23 Ethernet
If two or more computers start transmitting at once - each computer
listens during its own transmission and if it detects interference,Cancel
jam the Download
ether to alert all senders
Then the station/computer backs o� and waits a random time before
retrying
If a second collision happens, the random waiting time is doubled, and so
on, to spread out the competing transmissions and give one of them a
chance to go �rst
In 1978 Xerox drew the 10-Mbps Ethernet standard – became IEEE
standard in 1983
24 Wireless LANs:
IEEE committee that standardized the wired LANs was given the task of
drawing up a wireless LAN standard – result
Common known as WiFi
The proposed standard had to work in two modes:
In the presence of a base station
In the absence of a base station
In the �rst case, all communication go through the base station, called an
access point
In the second case, the computers would just send to one another directly
- ad hoc networking. A typical example is two or more people sitting down
together in a room not equipped with a wireless LAN and having their
computers just communicate directly
25 Wireless LANs (a) Wireless networking with a base station.

(b) Ad hoc networking.
26 Wireless LANs
Ethernet had already come to dominate local area networking, so the
committee decided to make compatible with Ethernet above the data link
layer
Possible to send an IP packet over the wireless LAN the same way a wired
computer sent an IP packet over Ethernet
But unlike in Ethernet, where computer listens before transmitting, for
5 of 9 06/08/22, 09:13
wireless a computer may be out of the radio range of another computer
that is transmitting
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27 Wireless LANs
The range of a single radio may not cover the entire system.
28 Wireless LANssystem. Share buttons are a little bit lower. Thank you!
Another problem that had to be solved is that a radio signal can be
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re�ected o� solid objects, so it may be received multiple times (along
multiple paths). This interference results in what is called multipath fading
Next problem is if a notebook computer is moved away from the ceiling-
mounted base station it is using and into the range of a di�erent base
station, some way of handing it o� is needed 17
the network envisioned consists of multiple cells, each with its own base
station, but with the base stations connected by Ethernet
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29 Wireless LANs
A multicell network.
30 Network Standardization
Who’s Who in the Telecommunications World
Who’s Who in the International Standards World
Who’s Who in the Internet Standards World
31 ITU Main sectors Classes of Members Radiocommunications

Telecommunications Standardization
Development
Classes of Members
National governments
Sector members
Associate members
Regulatory agencies
32 IEEE 802 Standards

The 802 working groups. The important ones are marked with *. The ones
marked with � are hibernating. The one marked with † gave up.
33 Metric Units
The principal metric pre�xes.
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• The Internet is not a network at all, but a vast collec�on of

• ARPHANET ­ the DoD wanted a command­and­control

 Embed  Download presentation

R.S. Brothers Sravanam Kg Sale

Buttons: 1 Example Networks

2 Example Networks The Internet

3 The Internet Cancel Download

4 The Internet - ARPANET

5 The ARPANET (a) Structure of the telephone system.

6 The original ARPANET design

7 The ARPANET (3)

14 Architecture of the Internet

16 Connection-Oriented Networks: X.25, Frame Relay, and ATM

17 ATM Virtual Circuits

18 ATM Virtual Circuits (2)

19 The ATM Reference Model

20 The ATM Reference Model (2)

25 Wireless LANs (a) Wireless networking with a base station.

31 ITU Main sectors Classes of Members Radiocommunications

32 IEEE 802 Standards

Download ppt "Example Networks."

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• ARPHANET the DoD wanted a commandandcontrol