ISO 23306 2020 (En)
ISO 23306 2020 (En)
ISO 23306 2020 (En)
ae)
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INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 23306
First edition
2020-10
Reference number
ISO 23306:2020(E)
© ISO 2020
Licensed to Aries Marine & Engg Services / Parvez Mohammed (admindn@ariesgroup.ae)
ISO Store Order: OP-637869 / Downloaded: 2022-10-21
Single user licence only, copying and networking prohibited.
ISO 23306:2020(E)
Contents Page
Foreword......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... iv
Introduction...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................v
1 Scope.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1
2 Normative references....................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
3 Terms and definitions...................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
4 General requirements...................................................................................................................................................................................... 2
5 Sampling......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3
6 Requirements, limit values and related test methods................................................................................................... 3
7 Main compounds removed by liquefaction process......................................................................................................... 4
Annex A (normative) Propane knock index: Methane number calculation method........................................... 6
Annex B (informative) Examples of LNG composition......................................................................................................................12
Annex C (informative) Methane number (knock resistance) and Wobbe index (thermal
input through a restriction)....................................................................................................................................................................15
Annex D (informative) LNG ageing along the bunkering chain...............................................................................................17
Annex E (informative) Particles...............................................................................................................................................................................18
Annex F (informative) Melting and boiling points of pure components and impurities that
can be present in different LNG..........................................................................................................................................................19
Bibliography.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 21
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
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ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to
the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see
www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 28, Petroleum and related products, fuels
and lubricants from natural or synthetic sources, Subcommittee SC 4, Classifications and specifications,
in collaboration with the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) Technical Committee
CEN/TC 408, Natural gas and biomethane for use in transport and biomethane for injection in the natural
gas grid, in accordance with the Agreement on technical cooperation between ISO and CEN (Vienna
Agreement).
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
Introduction
Due to numerous economic and environmental factors, the use of liquefied natural gas (LNG) as fuel
for marine applications has increased. The 0,10 % sulfur limit, in the sulfur emission controlled areas
in Europe and the US, which entered into force on 1 January 2015 has been one of the major driving
forces for using LNG as fuel for marine applications. The decision for the 0,50 % global sulfur limit from
1 January 2020 by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) might further increase the interest
in LNG. The International Code of Safety for Ships using Gases or other Low-flashpoint Fuels (IGF Code)
was a response to the need of guidance in this emerging market. Since LNG-fueled vessels are likely
to bunker LNG in different parts of the world, a common specification is needed for ship owners, ship
operators and LNG suppliers. It would help engine manufacturers and ship designers and it is beneficial
for the development of this new alternative marine fuel market.
In 2018, IMO adopted an initial strategy on reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from ships.
The strategy includes the objective to peak GHG emissions from international shipping as soon as
possible, whilst pursuing efforts towards decarbonizing the sector as soon as possible in this century.
It also includes the objectives to reduce the CO2 emissions per transport work and total annual GHG
emissions from international shipping by 2050, with an interim target in 2030. Thus, LNG produced
from renewable sources as biomethane that can reduce CO2 emissions when used as marine fuel is also
addressed in this document.
LNG is produced in different locations in the world in liquefaction plants. Large scale production
facilities are often dedicated to specific markets such as natural gas grids and large power plants
that use their own standards. This document takes into consideration this major constraint for any
adaptation to marine applications specificities/requirements.
1 Scope
This document specifies the quality requirements for Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) used as a fuel for
marine applications. It defines the relevant parameters to measure as well as the required values and
the test reference methods for all those parameters.
This document applies to LNG from any source, e.g. gas from conventional reservoirs, shale gas, coalbed
methane, biomethane, synthetic methane. LNG described in this document can come from synthesis
process out of fossil fuels or renewable sources.
This document identifies the required specifications for fuels delivered at the time and place of custody
transfer (at the delivery point).
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 6578, Refrigerated hydrocarbon liquids — Static measurement — Calculation procedure
ISO 6974 (all parts), Natural gas — Determination of composition and associated uncertainty by gas
chromatography
ISO 6976, Natural gas — Calculation of calorific values, density, relative density and Wobbe indices from
composition
ISO 8943, Refrigerated light hydrocarbon fluids — Sampling of liquefied natural gas — Continuous and
intermittent methods
EN 16726, Gas infrastructure — Quality of gas — Group H
3.2
liquefied natural gas
LNG
natural gas that has been liquefied after processing
[SOURCE: ISO 14532:2014, 2.1.1.12, modified — Definition has been shortened, note to entry has been
deleted.]
3.3
methane number
MN
rating indicating the knocking characteristics of a fuel gas
Note 1 to entry: It is comparable to the octane number for petrol. One expression of the methane number is the
volume percentage of methane in a methane-hydrogen mixture, that in a test engine under standard conditions
has the same tendency to knock as the fuel gas to be examined.
4 General requirements
4.1 The LNG at the delivery point shall conform with the characteristics and limits given in Table 1
when tested in accordance with the specified methods.
The components listed in Table 1 and Table 2 shall be measured to enable the calculation of the physical
properties of the LNG at the delivery point.
4.2 The LNG delivered shall be free from any material at a concentration that causes the LNG to be
unacceptable for use, i.e. material not at a concentration that is harmful to personnel, jeopardizes the
safety of the ship, or adversely affects the performance of the machinery.
It is not practical to require detailed chemical analysis for each delivery of fuels beyond the
requirements listed in Table 1 or Table 2. Instead, a liquefaction plant, LNG terminal or any other supply
facility, including supply barges and truck deliveries, shall have in place adequate quality assurance
and management of change procedures to ensure that the resultant LNG is in conformance with the
requirements of this document.
Examples of LNG compositions are given in Annex B.
Information on ageing of LNG can be found in Annex D and information on particles can be found in
Annex E.
4.4 The reference conditions shall be 288,15 K, 101,325 kPa (see ISO 13443:1996, Clause 3) in the
gaseous phase.
5 Sampling
Samples for quality verification are not mandatory but can be taken at various locations as agreed
among the parties concerned. Samples, if any, can also be taken at multiple moments in time, as LNG
has distinct different ageing characteristics than traditional hydrocarbon maritime fuels (with regards
to ageing reference is made to Annex D). In order to ensure a representative sample, proper sampling
procedures should be followed.
When sampling of LNG for analysis is carried out, it shall be in accordance with the procedures
provided in ISO 8943 or an equivalent national standard agreed between the parties concerned. Where
specific sampling requirements are documented, the relevant parties should agree on the reference
test methods. The LNG collected in liquid state shall be instantly conditioned to gaseous state without
any partial vaporization or loss of molecular components to ensure a representative sample.
There are two methods for sampling LNG as defined in ISO 8943, continuous and intermittent. Both
methods obtain LNG from the LNG cargo/bunker line and then it is gasified in a vaporizer. The
continuous method collects the gasified LNG in a sample holder at a constant flow rate for offline
analysis. The intermittent method collects gasified LNG and directs it to an on-line analyzer at
predetermined intervals. Please refer to ISO 8943 for more details on these methods.
The requirements for sampling LNG for marine applications can vary throughout the industry,
depending on availability and equipment. Load port samples can be used for quality determination if
the sampling equipment is not available and if it is agreed between the parties.
The fuel supplier shall calculate the actual MN at the delivery point and provide this information to the
user (see Clause 5 for sampling location). This information shall be given as MN (PKI) or MN (EN 16726).
For guidance on the MN applicability to a specific application, Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM)
specifications should be considered.
Annex A
(normative)
The MN of a gaseous fuel can be calculated from its composition according to several different methods,
all of which can give different results. The methodology described in this Annex shall be employed to
calculate MN (PKI).
For components listed in Table 3, the mole fraction can be taken as equal to "0".
DNV GL®1) developed a MN method (“PKI MN”) that characterizes gases for their knock resistance
based on the combustion properties of the fuel mixtures themselves. The PKI MN method is based on a
methane-propane scale (PKI, Propane Knock Index)[8] where the knock resistance of gas composition is
compared to the knock resistance of a methane-propane gas mixture under identical engine conditions.
To calculate the PKI values a polynomial, Formula (A.1) is used:
where
i = CH4, C2H6, C3H8, i-C4H10, n-C4H10, n-C5H12, i-C5H12, neo-C5H12, CO2, CO, H2 and N2;
j = C2H6, C3H8, i-C4H10, n-C4H10, n-C5H12, i-C5H12, neo-C5H12, CO2, CO, H2 and N2;
n = 1 to 4;
m = 1, 2;
1) DNV GL is a trademark of DNV GL AS. This information is given for the convenience of users of this document
and does not constitute an endorsement by ISO.
To account for the presence of C6+ and H2S in the gas mixture scaling factors are derived based on
autoignition measurements in a rapid compression machine at DNV GL®1). These scaling factors are
used in the algorithm to translate the effect of C6+ and H2S on the knock resistance of a gas mixture
to an equivalent fraction of n-C5H12. The factors are used to correct the methane and n-pentane mole
fractions as in Formulae (A.2) and (A.3).
XCH 4 ,new = XCH 4 in gasmixture − 0 , 3× XC 6+ (A.2)
Where X denotes the mole fraction. Here we note that the results of the algorithm are only valid if the
total mole percentages of the gas mixture is 100 %.
To put the method on a scale analogous to the currently used methane number methods, the propane-
based scale (PKI) has been converted to a 0 - 100 scale, referred to as MN (PKI)in Formula (A.4):
MN (PKI)= a1 PKI+ a2 PKI^2+ a3 PKI^3+ a4 PKI^4+ a5 PKI^5+ a6 PKI^6+b (A.4)
By using Formula (A.4) and the coefficients presented in Table A.3, the PKI values calculated by using
Formula (A.1) are converted to a MN (PKI).
EXAMPLE
In general, α values are for the individual components and β values are for the interaction between individual
components.
For example, if we consider a mixture of 90 % CH4 and 10 % C2H6 then the PKI can be calculated using
Formula (A.1) in the document.
XCH4 = 0,9
XC2H6 = 0,1
0,9*569,285 536 016 002 0 + (0,9*0,9)* −650,854 339 490 7 + (0,9*0,9*0,9)* 64,359 575 257 386 2 +
(0,9*0,9*0,9*0,9)* 17,214 959 222 053 6+ 0,1*−645,099 966 662 855 0 + (0,1*0,1)* 694,229 376 857 102 0 +
(0,1*0,1*0,1)* −675,381 075 231 165 0 + (0,1*0,1*0,1*0,1)* 1 474,790 791 373 33 +
0,1*0,9*201,788 909 592 169 = 3,4
Next, using Formula (A.4), we can calculate the MN (PKI) using the values from Table A.3:
Please note that 0,9*0,9 is mathematically equal to (0,9)2. In Formula (A.1), this is shown as (for example in this
case with XCH4 = 0,9) XCH4^2 or (XCH4)2.
Annex B
(informative)
The examples given in Table B.1 of LNG composition are given by GIIGNL (International Group of LNG
Importers) in its annual report[9]. They are only coming from fossil sources. The data have last been
updated in 2012. The average composition is chosen as being representative among compositions
reported by the different receiving terminals. Additional information on the energy quantity of LNG
can be found in the GIIGNL LNG Custody Transfer Handbook[8].
Columns have been added for Methane Number, Net Calorific Value, Gross Calorific Value and Wobbe
index in the ISO reference conditions. The column on the expansion ratio was removed.
Egypt - 0,02 95,31 3,58 0,74 0,34 437,38 0,76 41,76 39,51 49,6 54,61 51,68 83 83
Idku
Egypt - 0,02 97,25 2,49 0,12 0,12 429,35 0,74 40,87 38,67 49,8 54,12 51,21 90 91
Damietta
Equatorial 0,00 93,41 6,52 0,07 0,00 439,64 0,76 41,95 39,69 49,7 54,73 51,79 85 84
Guinea
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Indonesia - 0,08 91,86 5,66 1,60 0,79 450,96 0,79 43,29 40,96 49,4 55,42 52,44 75 74
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Arun
Indonesia - 0,01 90,14 5,46 2,98 1,40 461,07 0,82 44,63 42,23 49,3 56,17 53,15 69 69
Badak
Indonesia 0,13 96,91 2,37 0,44 0,15 431,22 0,74 41,00 38,79 49,7 54,14 51,23 88 89
Licensed to Aries Marine & Engg Services / Parvez Mohammed (admindn@ariesgroup.ae)
- Tangguh
Malaysia - 0,14 91,69 4,64 2,60 0,93 454,19 0,80 43,67 41,32 49,3 55,59 52,60 73 72
Bintulu
a Calculated according to ISO 6578 [T = −160 °C].
b Calculated according to ISO 6976 [0 ºC / 0 °C, 1,013 25 bar].
c Calculated at 15 °C / 15 °C, 1,013 25 bar.
d Calculated by method in EN 16726.
ISO 23306:2020(E)
13
14
Meth-
Nitro- Meth- Pro- LNG Gas Wobbe Wobbe
Ethane Gas NCV ane Methane
Origin gen ane pane
C2 % MJ/m3(n) MJ/m3(s) (MJ/kg) num-
Gas GCVb Gas GCVc
N2 % C1 % C3 % kg/m3 kg/m3(n) 3
MJ/m (n) MJ/m3(s)
C4+ % Densitya Densityb indexb indexc
numbere
berd
Nigeria 0,03 91,70 5,52 2,17 0,58 451,66 0,79 43,41 41,07 49,5 55,50 52,52 75 74
ISO 23306:2020(E)
Norway 0,46 92,03 5,75 1,31 0,45 448,39 0,78 42,69 40,39 49,2 54,91 51,96 77 77
Oman 0,20 90,68 5,75 2,12 1,24 457,27 0,81 43,99 41,62 49,2 55,73 52,74 72 71
Peru 0,57 89,07 10,26 0,10 0,01 451,80 0,79 42,90 40,59 49,1 55,00 52,04 77 78
Qatar 0,27 90,91 6,43 1,66 0,74 453,46 0,79 43,43 41,09 49,3 55,40 52,42 74 74
Russia - 0,07 92,53 4,47 1,97 0,95 450,67 0,79 43,30 40,97 49,4 55,43 52,45 75 74
Sakhalin
Trinidad 0,01 96,78 2,78 0,37 0,06 431,03 0,74 41,05 38,84 49,8 54,23 51,32 88 89
USA - Alas- 0,17 99,71 0,09 0,03 0,01 421,39 0,72 39,91 37,76 49,8 53,51 50,63 99 99
ka
Yemen 0,02 93,17 5,93 0,77 0,12 442,42 0,77 42,29 40,01 49,6 54,91 51,96 80 81
a Calculated according to ISO 6578 [T = −160 °C].
b Calculated according to ISO 6976 [0 ºC / 0 °C, 1,013 25 bar].
c Calculated at 15 °C / 15 °C, 1,013 25 bar.
d Calculated by method in EN 16726.
e Calculated by PKI method in Annex A.
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Annex C
(informative)
While the methane number decreases, and the Wobbe index increases, with an increasing fraction of
higher hydrocarbons (ethane, propane, butanes, etc.), the methane number, which depends upon the
detailed composition of the fuel, is not reliably predicted by the Wobbe index. For LNG compositions,
the methane number can vary by 5-10 points for fuels having similar Wobbe index, as illustrated in
Figure C.1, below, showing the methane number for the 2018 GIIGNL list as a function of Wobbe index.
NOTE The different methods to calculate the methane number show similar results when plotted vs. Wobbe
index; the results shown reflect the MWM method.
Since specifications for MN are given to whole numbers, using a correlation with Wobbe index does not
possess enough predictive power for this purpose.
Key
X Wobbe index [MJ/m3] (15 °C/15 °C)
Y methane number [-] (EN 16726)
The data come from Table B.1.
Annex D
(informative)
D.1 Ageing
Ageing of LNG throughout the supply chain is the gradual change in the molecular composition caused
by differential evaporation because LNG has components with different boiling points. The components
in the LNG with lower boiling points (Nitrogen, Methane) evaporate preferentially and produce boil off
gas (BOG). This reduces the proportion of the most volatile components and increases relatively the
less volatile molecules (C2+) in the LNG, thus changing the overall molecular composition. This change
in the composition has a direct impact on the LNG properties usually increasing the density and heating
values and decreasing Methane Number.
Annex E
(informative)
Particles
LNG is a homogenous liquid, which does not contain particles after the liquefaction process. However,
contamination can occur in shipyards during construction or maintenance, during bunkering and in
storage. Solid contaminants, e.g. metal shavings, welding debris, insulation (i.e. perlite), dust, sand,
cloth and oil, which are solid at cryogenic temperatures, should be removed since these could block fuel
filters, and ultimately damage equipment on-board if in large concentrations.
It is important to note that the quality and degree of contamination can vary among the suppliers due
to differences in handling and the type of bunkering/transfer process (e.g. terminal tank to vessel,
truck to vessel, vessel to vessel, portable tank transfer). Hence it is important that the supplier and the
end-user agree on, and utilize industry-best practices to ensure that particles and debris are removed
from the LNG fuel system.
Proper cleaning procedures are especially important for new installations, e.g. new barges, loading
lines, pipes, tanks and valves, etc. Particle contamination should be monitored when commissioning
new parts and/or replacing malfunctioning equipment.
More detailed information on cleaning procedures, filters and maintenance should be available from
equipment suppliers.
Annex F
(informative)
The following table is a non-exhaustive list of some of the components (e.g. methane, ethane) and
impurities (e.g. siloxanes, ammonia) which could be present in LNG originating from natural gas
and biomethane, with their respective melting point and boiling points. Additional information on
biomethane components can be found in EN 16723-2[7].
LNG is stored at around −160 °C and at atmospheric pressure and exists in equilibrium with its vapour.
During the operation of an LNG facility non-equilibrium conditions can exist transiently but the liquid
and vapour phases will ultimately return to equilibrium. Since LNG is a multi-component mixture
the vapor phase, or flash gas, will contain a greater percentage of the more volatile compounds (e.g.
nitrogen) and a lower percentage of the less volatile components relative to the liquid phase with which
it is in thermodynamic equilibrium.
Melting and boiling points are taken from References [11] and [12].
Table F.1 — Boiling and melting points for pure components and impurities that can be present
in different LNG, ordered according to boiling point in descending order.
Compound Molecular Boiling Melting Remarks
formula point, °C point, °C
Hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane (D3) C6H18O3Si3 134 64,5 In biomethane
Water H 2O 100 0 Can cause ice-blockages
Benzene C6H6 80 6 Solubility in LNG (abt.
−160 °C at 1 bar) is around
1 ppm. Can cause ice
blockages.
Methyl ethyl ketone (2-butanone) C4H8O 79 −86 In biomethane
Pentane C5H12 36 −130 Could be present in LNG in
very low concentrations up
to 0,1 %
Dichloromethane CH2Cl2 40 −95 In biomethane
Methylmercaptan CH3SH 6 −123 Sometimes present in
natural gas
Butane C4H10 −1 −138 Could be present naturally
in LNG in low concentra-
tions up to 1,5 %[8]
Ammonia NH3 −33 −78 Corrosive, toxic, In
biomethane
Propane C3H8 −42 −188 Could be naturally present
in LNG, low concentrations
up to 3,3 %[8].
Hydrogen sulfide H2 S −60 −86 Referred to as acid gas,
extremely toxic.
Carbon dioxide CO2 −78 −57 −78 °C is the sublimation
temperature. −57 °C is
at 5,1 bar. Referred to as
acid gas
Bibliography
ICS 75.160.30
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