CPr

ogr
ammi
ng
AnI
ntr
oduct
ion

 AboutC

Asapr ogrammi nglanguage,Cisratherli

kePascal orFor
tran.
.Val
uesarestoredin
variables.
Pr ogramsar estruct
uredbydef i
ningandcal l
i
ngfuncti
ons.Pr
ogram fl
owi scontr
oll
ed
usingl oops, i
fstatementsandf uncti
oncalls.I
nputandoutputcanbedirect
edt othetermi
nalor
tofiles.Relateddat acanbestoredtogetherinarray
sorstructur
es.
Ofthethreelanguages,
C
all
owst hemostpr ecisecontr
olofinputandout put
.

Cisalsorat
hermor et
ersethanFort
ranorPascal.Thiscanresul
ti nshorteffici
entprogr
ams,
wheretheprogr
ammerhasmadewi seuseofC' srangeofpower fuloperators.I
talsoall
owsthe
progr
ammert oproduceprogramswhichareimpossibletounderstand.Programmer swhoare
famil
iarwi
ththeuseofpointers(
orindi
rectaddressi
ng,tousethecor rectterm)will
welcome
theeaseofusecompar edwithsomeotherlanguages.

Undiscipl
ineduseofpoi nterscanleadtoerrorswhichar everyhardtotr
ace.Thiscourseonl
y
dealswi t
ht hesimplestappli
cationsofpointers.I
tishopedt hatnewcomerswillfi
ndCauseful
andfriendlylanguage.Caremustbet akeninusingC. Manyoft heext
rafaci
li
ti
eswhi chi
toff
ers
canleadt oext r
atypesofpr ogramminger r
or.Youwi llhav
etol ear
ntodealwit
ht heseto
successfull
ymaket hetransit
iontobeingaCpr ogrammer .

 CommonC

Unt i
lrecentl
ytherewasonedomi nantf
orm oftheCl anguage.Thiswasthenati
veUNI Xf
orm,
whi chforhi
stori
calreasonsisknownaseitherBellLabsC, af
terthemostpopularcompil
er,or
K.R.C, af
tert
heaut horsofthemostpopulartextbookont helanguage.I
tisnowoftencal
led
"ClassicC"

 ANSIC

TheAmer i
canNat i
onalStandar
dsI nst
it
utedefi
nedast andar
df orC,el
iminat
ingmuch
uncert
aint
yabouttheexactsynt
axoft helanguage.Thisnewcomer ,
call
edANSIC, proclai
ms
i
tsel
fthestandardver
sionofthelanguage.Assuchi twil
li
nevi
tablyover
take,andeventuall
y
repl
acecommonC.

Thiscour
seint
roducesANSICsi
nceiti
ssuppor
tedbytheSUNwor
kst
ati
oncompi
l
ers.MostC
pr
ogrammingtext
sarenowavail
abl
einANSIedi
ti
ons.

Thiscour
seint
roducesANSICsi
nceiti
ssuppor
tedbytheSUNwor
kst
ati
oncompi
l
ers.MostC
pr
ogrammingtext
sarenowavail
abl
einANSIedi
ti
ons.
 ASi
mpl
epr
ogr
am ofC
Thef
oll
owi
ngpr
ogr
am i
swr
it
teni
ntheCpr
ogr
ammi
ngl
anguage.

#i
ncl
ude<st
dio.
h>

mai
n()

{pr
int
f("
Progr
ammi
ngi
nCi
seasy
.\n"
);
}

Anot
eaboutCPr
ogr
ammi
ng

I
nC,l
owercaseandupper
casechar
act
ersar
everyimpor
tant
!Al
lcommandsi
nCmustbe
l
ower
case.
TheCpr ogr
amsstar
ti
ngpoi
ntisi
dent
ifi
edbythewor
dmain(
).

Thisinf
ormsthecomput
erast
owher
ethepr
ogr
am act
ual
l
yst
art
s.Thebr
acket
sthatf
oll
ow
thekeywordmain

i
ndicatethatt
herearenoargumentssuppli
edtothi
sprogr
am (t
hiswi
llbeexami
nedl
ater
on).Thetwobraces,
{and},signi
fythebegi
nandendsegmentsoftheprogr
am.Thepurposeof
thestat
menti ncl
ude<stdi
o.h>istoall
owtheuseofthepri
ntf
.

statementt
oprov
idepr
ogr
am out
put
.Textt
obedi
spl
ayedbypr
int
f()mustbeencl
osedi
n
doublequot
es.

Thepr
ogr
am hasonl
yonest
atement:

pr
int
f("
Progr
ammi
ngi
nCi
seasy
.\n"
);

pri
ntf(
)isact
ual
lyafunct
ion(
procedur
e)inCt
hatisusedforpr
int
ingv
ari
abl
esandt
ext
.Wher
e
t
extappear
sindoubl
equotes""
,iti
spri
ntedwi
thoutmodi
fi
cati
on.

Therearesomeexcept i
onshowev er.
Thishastodowitht
he\and%character
s.These
char
acter
saremodi fi
er'
s,andforthepresentt
he\f
oll
owedbythenchar
acterrepr
esent
sa
newl
inecharact
er.Thustheprogram pri
nts

Pr
ogr
ammi
ngCi
sesi
aly:

Thecursori
ssettothebegi
nni
ngofthenextl
i
ne.Asweshal lseelat
eron,whatf
ollowsthe
\
charact
erwil
ldet
erminewhati
sprint
ed,
ie,at
ab,clearscr
een,cl
earli
neet
c.Anotherimpor
tant
t
hingt
orememberisthatal
lCstat
ementsaret
erminatedbyasemi -
colon;

Summar
yofmaj
orpoi
nts:
  pr
ogr
am execut
ionbegi
nsatmai
n()

 key
wor
dsar
ewr
it
teni
nlower
-case

 st
atement
sar
eter
minat
edwi
thasemi
-col
on

 t
extst
ri
ngsar
eencl
osedi
ndoubl
equot
es

 Ci
scasesensi
ti
ve,
usel
ower
-caseandt
rynott
ocapi
tal
i
sev
ari
abl
enames

 \nmeansposit
iont
hecursoront
hebegi
nni
ngoft
henextl
i
nepr
int
f()canbeusedt
o
di
spl
aytextt
othescreen.

 Thecur
lybr
aces{
}def
inet
hebegi
nni
ngandendofapr
ogr
am bl
ock.

#EXERCI
SEC1:

Whatwi
l
lthef
oll
owi
ngpr
ogr
am out
put
?

#i
ncl
ude<st
dio.
h>

mai
n()

{pr
int
f("
Progr
ammi
ngi
nCi
seasy
.\n"
);

pr
int
f("
Andsoi
sPascal
.\
n")
;}

 @ Pr
ogr
ammi
ngi
nCi
seasy
.Andsoi
sPascal
Andt
hispr
ogr
am?

#i
ncl
ude<st
dio.
h>

mai
n()

{pr
int
f("
Thebl
ackdogwasbi
g."
);

pr
int
f("
Thecowj
umpedov
ert
hemoon.
\n"
);
}

Thesy
mbol
soft
heast
hmat
icoper
ator
sar
e:
Oper
ati
onOper
ator
Comment
Val
ueofSum bef
oreVal
ueofsum af
ter

Mul
ti
ply
*sum.=sum *2;
48

Di
vi
de/
sum. =sum /2;
42

Addi
ti
on+sum.=sum +2;
46
Subt
ract
ion-
sum =sum -
2;42

I
ncr
ement
++++ =sum;
45

Decr
ement
--
-- =sum;
43

Modul
us%sum.=sum %3;
41

Thef
oll
owi
ngcodef
ragmentaddst
hev
ari
abl
es

 l
oop

 count

t
oget
her
,leav
ingt
her
esul
tint
hev
ari
abl
esum

Sum=l
oop+cout
:

CTokens

Ther
ear
eCTokens:

Al
phabet
s at
oz,
AtoZ

Numer
ic 0,
1to9

Speci
alsy
mbol
s (
),!,
?,@,
$,*,
+,/,
=

Theset
okensrepresent
sini
ndiv
idualent
it
yofl
anguage.
Thefol
l
owingdiff
erentt
ypesoftokensar
eusedinC:

I
dent
if
ier
s

Key
wor
ds
Const
ant
s
Oper
ator
s
Punct
uat
ionsy
mbol
s

Thanky
ou