STRUCTURAL

ENGINEERING MECHANICS | STRENGTH OF MATERIALS | THEORY OF STRUCTURES | NSCP

ENGINEERING MECHANICS – branch of engineering; deals w external forces (rigid bodies)

STATICS – study of rigid bodies at rest before/after applied force

DYNAMICS – study of external forces applied to a body inducing motion
EQUILIBRIUM – state where resultant of force acts on a body vanishes; both resultant force and resultant couple is zero
FORCES – system of units

FOUR FUNDAMENTAL QUANTITIES

DIM. SI UNIT
QUANTITY
SYMBOL UNIT SYMBOL
MASS M Kilogram KG
LENGTH L Meter M
TIME T Second s
FORCE F Newton N

F = ma Mass x Acceleration N = Kg.m / s2

Mass x Gravity N = Kg.m / s2
W = mg
Gravity = 9.81 m/s2
1 Newton is the Force required to give
a Mass of 1kg an Acceleration of 1m/s 2

CHARATERISTICS OF A FORCE
MAGNITUDE – amount of force (e.g. 50KN)
DIRECTION – orientation of path where force will be imposed (e.g. 50KN going at 30 degrees etc.)
VECTOR UNIT – force with magnitude and direction
SCALAR UNIT – force with magnitude but with no direction

(4) FOUR TYPES OF FORCES

CONCENTRATED FORCE – unit in KN (Kilo-Newton) (e.g. Column, wire, truss)
LINEAR FORCE – at a line; uniformly/ linearly distributed load (e.g. Beam)
SURFACE FORCE – at an area; unit in KN/sqm. Or KPa (e.g. Slab)
BODY FORCE – to solve for weight (e.g. Slab Weight); W=density x volume

KINDS OF LOAD
POINT LOAD / CONCENTRATED FORCE – Concentrated load imposed at a point on a Free Body Diagram
UNIFORM LOAD / LINEAR FORCE – Series of concentrated loads with uniform magnitude
VARYING LINE LOAD – series of concentrated loads with varying magnitude (e.g. water, soil)
PARALLEL FORCES – same direction; do not converge at a common point
COPLANAR FORCES – set of forces on a single plane
CONCURRENT FORCES – set of forces having all its directions converge at a common point

OTHER DEFINITIONS
RESULTANT FORCE – representative force of the cumulative effects of forces
COMPONENT OF A FORCE – part of resultant force resolved at the direction of the coordinated axes
REACTION – reactive force developed by a body on which a force or system of force acts

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STRENGTH OF MATERIALS – Branch of Engineering; deals with internal effects of forces on the body

(5) FIVE EFFECTS OF INTERNAL FORCES / TYPES OF STRESS

COMPRESSION – act of shortening; state of pushing together
TENSION (Stretched) – act of stretching; state of pulling apart
SHEARING – deformation by slippage along plane/s parallel to imposed stress
BENDING – both tension & compression on the cross section of body
TORSION (Twisted) – twisting effect on to cross section
AXIAL LOADS
AXIAL FORCES – forces done along longitudinal axis of the length of material
AXIAL STRESSES – stress that develops to resist axial force
STRESS AND STRAIN RELATIONSHIP
STRESS – unit strength of element
Stress = Force / Area
STRAIN – unit deformation of material subjected to an applied load
Strain = Change in Length / Original Length
STRESS TRAJECTORIES – lines depicting the direction but not the magnitude of the principal stress of the beam
STRAIN GAUGE / EXTENSOMETER – instrument to measure a minute deformation
STRESS-STRAIN DIAGRAM

ELASTIC & PLASTIC RANGES

ELASTIC RANGE – region in stress-strain diagram from O-P;
PLASTIC RANGE – region in stress-strain diagram from P-R
MODULUS OF RESILLIENCE – ability to absorb energy without creating a permanent distortion
Work done on a unit volume of material as force is gradually increased from O-P, in N-m/m3;
Area under stress-strain curve from O-E (shaded in figure)
MODULUS OF TOUGHNESS – ability to absorb energy without causing it to break
Work done on a unit volume of material as force is gradually increased from O-R, in N-m/m3;
Area under entire stress-strain curve from O-R

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MATERIAL PROPERTIES
ELASTICITY – property that enables deformity on applied force and recovers after removing force
DUCTILITY – property that enables material to deform under tensile load

MALLEABILITY – ability to deform under compressive strength

TOUGHNESS – ability to absorb energy before rupturing

MODULUS OF ELASTICITY ( k ) – Young’s Modulus

Ratio between the unit stress and unit deformation caused by stress
For Tension, compression, bending
k = Shear Stress / Shear Strain
SHEAR MODULUS OF ELASTICITY ( G ) – Modulus of Rigidity / Modulus of Torsion
Ratio between shearing stress and shearing strain
For Shear and torsion
G = Shear Stress / Shear Strain
POISSON’S RATIO – ratio of transverse contraction strain to longitudinal extension strain in the direction of stretching force
v = € lat / € long
STRAIN RATE EFFECT – behavior of an increased rate of load application can cause in normally ductile material
TEMPERATURE EFFECT – brittle behavior low temperature can cause in a normally ductile material
ELASTIC DEFORMATION – temporary change in body shape produced by stress less than the elastic limit of the material
PERMANENT SET – inelastic strain in a material
CREEP – gradual permanent deformation produced by continuous application of loads
STRESS RELAXATION – time-dependent decrease in strength capacity in a constrained material
FATIGUE – failure to maintain elastic limit subjected to repeated series of stress

SECTION PROPERTIES
CENTER OF GRAVITY OF PLANE AREAS
CENTROID – center mass of a geometric object of uniform density; center of gravity of a plane area
Formula (Area Total) ATXT= A 1X1 + A 2X2 + A 3X3 + …
ATYT= A 1Y1 + A 2Y2 + A 3Y3 + …

THEORY OF STRUCTURES –
BEAM – bar; subject to forces or couples from a plane containing the longitudinal section of the bar;
a beam may be determinate or indeterminate

(3) METHODS OF BEAM SUPPORT – dictates the type of reaction forces from the supporting members
ROLLER – 1 reaction
PIN / HINGE CONNECTION – 2 reactions; Vertical & Horizontal
FIXED SUPPORT – 3 reactions; VL, HL, & Moment

(3) TYPES OF DETERMINACY OF BEAM

UNSTABLE BEAM – (reaction) R≤2
STABLE & DETERMINATE BEAM – R=3
STABLE & INDETERMINATE BEAM – R>3

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CANTILEVER BEAM – one end fixed; projecting beam; stable & determinate beam
SIMPLE BEAM – simple supports at both ends which are free to rotate and have no moment resistance
stable & determinate beam
OVERHANGING BEAM – simple beam extending beyond one of its supports; overhang reduces positive moment at
midspan while developing a negative moment at the base of the cantilever over the support
Stable & determinate beam
PROPPED BEAM – simply supported at one end and fixed at other end; stable & indeterminate beam (R > 3)
FIX END BEAM – both ends restrained against translation & rotation; stable & indeterminate beam (R > 3); used in actual
fixed ends transfer bending stresses, increase beam rigidity and reduce maximum deflection
CONTINUOUS BEAM – beam extending more than 2 supports; stable & indeterminate beam
develops greater rigidity and smaller moments

STATICALLY DETERMINATE BEAMS

Beams wherein the reaction of supports is determined by
static equilibrium equations (i.e. Cantilever, Simple, Overhang Beam)
STATICALLY INDETERMINATE BEAMS
(R > 3); (i.e. Propped, Fixed or Restrained, Continuous Beam)

SHEAR & MOMENT DIAGRAMS

SHEAR DIAGRAM – Graphic representation of the variation of
magnitude of external shears (forces in Kilo-Newton) present in structure
Positive Shear (left +up, right - down); Negative Shear (left - down, right +up)
MOMENT DIAGRAM – Graphic representation of magnitude of bending moment (in KN/m) present in structure
Positive Moment (Concave ∪); Negative Moment (Convex ∩)
INFLECTION POINT – point in which a structure changes curvature on convex to concave
or vice versa as it deflects under a transverse load
TYPES OF SLAB
ONE WAY SLAB – supported on two opposite sides only; structural action at one direction only
supported at beams in only 2 sides; main reinforcement provided in only one direction
L/B ≥ 2 ratio of longer span panel (l) to shorter span panel (b) is equal or greater than 2
TWO WAY SLAB – slabs supported on four sides; load carried and main reinforcement on both directions
L/B < 2
FLAT SLAB – reinforced concrete slab supported directly by concrete columns without the use of beams
Uses column heads and drop panels to prevent Punching Shear
WAFFLE SLAB – Ribbed Floors of equally spaced ribs, supported by columns
RIBBED SLAB – one way spanning systems (Waffle Slab – two way ribbed system)
TYPES OF COLUMN
SHORT COLUMN – Crushing Failure; ratio of its effective length to its least lateral dim. doesn’t exceed 12 (L/r=<12)
SLENDERNESS RATIO = effective length / least lateral dimension

LONG COLUMN – Buckling Failure; ratio of its effective length to its least lateral dimension exceeds 12 (L/r<12)

INTERMEDIATE COLUMN – Column that fails both on crushing and buckling

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TYPES OF FOOTING

ISOLATED FOOTING
commonly used; simple & most economic; independent footing;
support single column; used when columns are not closely spaced,
footing loads are less, & safe bearing capacity of soil is generally high
Pad Footing; Stepped Footing; Sloped Footing

COMBINED FOOTING
Two columns close together causing overlap of adjacent isolated footings; soil bearing capacity is low;
proximity of building line or existing building or sewer, adjacent to a building system; Rectangular Footing; Trapezoidal Footing

STRAP FOOTING – component of a building’s foundation; type of combined footing, 2-more column footings connected by beam
MAT FOOTING – For large buildings; one footing under building area, used when soil bearing capacity is low;
column loads are heavy and differential settlement for single footings are very large or must be reduced
TRUSSES
METHOD OF JOINTS – analyzing trusses by joint to joint method
METHOD OF SECTIONS – analyzing truss by cutting truss into two
CONCRETE DESIGN – Concrete is an artificial stone; mixture of proportioned hydraulic cement,
water, fine & coarse aggregates, with or without admixtures
WATER – main component that changes in concrete strength
REINFORCED CONCRETE – composite material; concrete’s ductility and low tensile strength
are countered by the inclusion of reinforcement (steel bars)
ADMIXTURE – added concrete ingredient before & during its mixing to modify its properties
ACCELERATOR – admixture that hastens hardening rate and/or initial setting time of concrete
RETARDER – admixture which slows setting rate of concrete
90 Minutes – time from batching plant to pouring
CONCRETE VOLUME – 38% Gravel; 33% Sand; 17% Water; 12% Portland Cement; 0-3% Chemical Admixture
Less than or equal to 3% the volume of concrete – to not affect concrete strength
RICH MIX CONCRETE – means more cement was used
TYPES OF SLUMP – Slump is a measurement of concrete’s workability and fluidity; consistency or stiffness – NOT Strength
Collapse Slump – more water was used; acceptable for beams & columns
True Slump – most acceptable
Shear Type of Slump – one sided; not allowed
SLUMP MOLD: Dimensions of Slump Cone
Top Diameter 120 mm / 4”
Base Diameter 203 mm / 8 “

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Height / Altitude 305 mm / 12”

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REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN
Ultimate Load = Load Factor x Load
Ultimate Capacity = Reduction Factor x Nominal Capacity

STRENGTH REDUCTION FACTORS

Flexure w/o Axial 0.9

Axial Tension & Axial Tension w/ Texture 0.9

Axial Compression & Axial Compression w/ Flexure

Spiral 0.75

Ties 0.70

Shear & Tension 0.85

Bearing On Concrete 0.70

BEAMS: ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

BALANCED SECTION – Concrete & Steel fails at the same time
Both concrete & steel reach the limiting values of strain simultaneously
UNDER REINFORCED SECTION – Steel fails before Concrete; used in ACTUAL DESIGN
Steel reach the limiting values of strain prior to concrete
OVER REINFORCED SECTION – Concrete fails before Steel, NOT ACCEPTABLE DESIGN
Concrete reach the limiting value of strain prior to steel; too much steel was used;
Since there is no concrete present to take the compression, the beam fails suddenly
SINGLY REINFORCED BEAM – main reinforcement is provided only in the tension zone;
Ultimate bending moment is less than the limiting bending moment
DOUBLE REINFORCED BEAM – occasionally, beams are restricted by space or aesthetic requirements to such extent
the compression concrete should be reinforced with steel to carry compression
T–BEAM – slab becomes part of the beam; where reinforced concrete floor usually consists of slabs and beams;
Beam will have an extra width at the top that is under compression called FLANGES.

SHEAR REINFORCEMENTS
SHEER FAILURE – another type of beam failure other than Bending Failure;
very dangerous especially before flexure failure – can occur without warning
EXCEPTIONS:
Sheer reinforcements shall be provided in all reinforced concrete flexural members except as follows:
● Slab & Footing
● Beams w/ any of the following: (Small Beams)
● w/ a total depth less than 250mm
● 2.5 times the flange thickness
● 1/2 the width of the web, thickness is greater
● In concrete joist construction

BAR DEVELOPMENT LENGTH – ( Ld ) the embedment necessary to assure that the bar
can be stressed to its yield point with some reserved to insure member toughness

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CLEAR COVER (407.8 Concrete Protection for Reinforcement)

MINIMUM COVER (mm) / CONCRETE REINFORCEMENT PROTECTION

CAST–IN–PLACE PRECAST
Concrete Cast against & permanently Concrete Cast against & permanently
75 75
exposed to earth exposed to earth
Concrete Exposed to Earth or Weather Concrete Exposed to Earth or Weather

50 20 Ø mm bar through 36 Ø mm bar Wall, Panels, Slabs, Joists 25

16 Ø mm bar, MW200 or MD200 wire and
40 Other Members 40
smaller
Concrete Not Exposed to Weather Concrete Not Exposed to Weather
or Not In Contact with Ground or Not In Contact with Ground
Slabs, Walls, Joists
Slabs, Walls, Joists 20
40 42 Ø mm & 58 Ø mm bars

20 36 Ø mm bars and smaller

Beams, Columns Beams, Columns

Primary reinforcement 40
40 Primary reinforcement, ties, stirrups, spirals
ties, stirrups, spirals 25
Shells, Folded Plate Members Shells, Folded Plate Members

20 20 Ø mm bar and larger 20 Ø mm bar and larger 20

16 Ø mm bar, MW200 16 Ø mm bar, MW200
12 10
or MD200 wire and smaller or MD200 wire and smaller

STANDARD HOOKS (407.2 & 407.1- Minimum Diameters of Bend)

MIN.
BAR SIZE
DIAMETER
Ø 10 mm through Ø 25 mm 6 db
Ø 28 mm, Ø 32 mm, and Ø 36 mm 8 db
Ø 42 mm and Ø 58 mm 10 db

180-Degree Bend, plus 4 db extension,

not less than 60 mm @ free end of bar
90-Degree Bend, plus 12 db extension,
not less than 60 mm @ free end of bar
135-Degree Bend, plus 6 db,
not less than 60 mm @ free end of bar

FOR STIRRUP & TIE HOOKS

Ø 16 mm bar and smaller,

90-degree bend, plus 6 db extension @ free end of bar
Ø 20 mm and Ø 25 mm bar and smaller,
90-degree bend, plus 12 db extension @ free end of bar
Ø 25 mm bar and smaller,
135-degree bend, plus 6 db extension @ free end of bar

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TIES: LONGITUDINAL BARS
150 mm below – maximum clear distance between bar to bar
More Than 150mm – add additional bars / support

SPACING OF LATERAL TIES

Shall Not Exceed:
● 16 longitudinal bar diameter
● 48 tie bar diameter or
● The least dimension of the compression member
LATERAL TIES AND STIRRUPS
10 mm – Longitudinal Bars with 32 mm or smaller
12 mm – Longitudinal Bars with 36 mm or larger and for bundled Longitudinal Bars

NSCP – NATIONAL STRUCTURAL CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES (2015)

CHAPTER 01: GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
EARTH MATERIAL – any rock, natural soil, or fill on any combination
BEDROCK – in-place solid or altered rock
BORROW – earth material from an off-site location for use in grading on a site
EROSION – wearing away of the ground surface as a result of the movement of wind and water
EXCAVATION – mechanical removal of earth material
FILL – deposit of earth material placed by artificial means
AS GRADED – extent of surface conditions on completion of grading
BENCH – relatively level step excavated into earth material on which fill is to be placed
COMPACTION – densification of a fill by mechanical or chemical means
GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING – application of the principles of soil and rock mechanics;
investigation, evaluation, and design of civil works involving the use of earth materials
and foundations and inspection or testing of the construction thereof
STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING – discipline of civil engineering; deals with the analysis and design of structures that
support on resist loads insuring the safety of the structures against natural forces
STRUCTURAL FAILURE – reduction of capability of a structural system or component to such a degree
that it cannot safely serve its intended purpose
CATEGORIES OF STRUCTURAL FAILURE – based on consequential damages that include:
a) Catastrophic Failure With Loss Of Life – most avoided
b) Catastrophic Failure In Which No Human Lives Are Endangered
c) Failure Resulting In Extensive Property Damage
d) Failure Resulting In Reduced Serviceability

(5) FIVE CATEGORIES OF NATURE OF OCCUPANCY – buildings are classified for applying wind and earthquake loads;
each assigned to the highest applicable occupancy category
I. ESSENTIAL Facilities
II. HAZARDOUS Facilities
III. SPECIAL Occupancy Structures
IV. STANDARD Occupancy Structures
V. MISCELLANEOUS Structures

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(5) FIVE CATEGORIES OF NATURE OF OCCUPANCY
I. ESSENTIAL FACILITIES
● Hospitals ● Tanks/Supporting Water Structures
● Fire & Police Stations ● Emergency Response/Communication Centers
● Aviation Control Towers ● Standby Power-Generating Equipment
● Designated Evacuation Centers ● Garages & Shelters for Emergency Vehicles and Aircraft
● Public School Buildings ● Other Fire Suppression Material/Equipment
II. HAZARDOUS FACILITIES
Building & Non-Building Structures Storing/Supporting/Containing Toxic or Explosive Chemicals / Substances
III. SPECIAL OCCUPANCY STRUCTURES
● Single-Storey School Buildings ● Institutional Buildings With 50+ Incapacitated Patients But Not
● Assembly Buildings – 1000+ Occupant Capacity Included In Category I
● Educational Buildings – Museums, Libraries, ● Mental Hospitals, Sanitariums, Jails, Prison, & Other
Auditorium (Pax. 300+ Students) Buildings W/ Personal Liberties Of Inmates Are Similarly
● Public Utility Facilities; Structures & Equipment In Restrained With 5,000+ Persons
Power-Generating Stations
IV. STANDARD Occupancy Structures – all housing occupancies or functions not listed in Category I, II, III, & V
V. MISCELLANEOUS Structures – Private Garages; Carports; Sheds; Fences Over 1.5m High

CHAPTER 02: MINIMUM DESIGN LOADS

LOADS – forces or other actions that result from weight (dead load) or all building materials,
occupants and their possessions (live load), environmental effects (wind load; seismic load),
differential movements, and restrained dimensional changes
PERMANENT LOADS – loads where variations over time are rare and of small magnitude,
all other loads are variable loads (e.g. Dead Loads- building weight materials)
DEAD LOAD – weight of all materials and fixed equipment in the building
Density or unit weight of materials (KN/m3)

NSCP – Table 204.1 Minimum Densities for Design Loads from Materials
DENSITY DENSITY
MATERIAL MATERIAL
(KN/m3) (KN/m3)
Aluminum 26.7 Ice 9.0
Brass 82.6 IRON (Cast) 70.7
Cast-Stone Masonry (Cement, Stone, Sand) 22.6 Iron (Wrought) 75.4
Cement, Portland, Loose 14.1 Lead 111.5
Ceramic Tile 23.6 Lime, Compacted 7.1
Concrete, Plain (Stone) 22.6 Masonry, Ashlar Stone, Marble 27.2
Concrete, Reinforced (Stone Including Gravel) 23.6 Masonry Grout 22.0
Earth, Not Submerged – Clay, Dry 9.9 Plywood 5.7
SAND
Earth, Not Submerged – Sand & Gravel, Dry, Packed 17.3 Clean And Dry 14.1
River Dry 16.7
Earth, Submerged – Clay 12.6 Steel, Cold-Drawn 77.3
Earth, Submerged – Sand Or Gravel & Clay 10.2 Tin 72.1
WATER
Glass 25.1 Fresh 9.8
Sea 10.1
Gravel, Dry 16.3

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LIVE LOADS – loads produced by use & occupancy of building that do not include dead loads
FURNITURE are considered Live Loads

NSCP – Table 205.1 Minimum Uniform & Concentrated Loads

Uniform Load Concentrated Load
USE OF OCCUPANCY
(KPa) (KN)
Basic Floor Area 1.9 –

Exterior Balconies 2.9 –

RESIDENTIAL
Decks 1.9 –

Storage 1.9 –

Classrooms 1.9

SCHOOLS Corridors & Ground Floor 3.8 4.5

Ground Floor Corridors 4.8

Call Centers & Business

2.9
Processing Offices

OFFICE Lobbies And Ground Floor 9.0

4.8
Corridors

Other Offices 2.4

OTHER MINUMUM LOADS

IMPACT LOADS – loads that involve unusual vibration and impact forces; similar to Live load with multiplier
ELEVATORS – all elevators shall be increased by 100% for impact
Machinery
Elevator Machinery 100%
Light Machinery, Shaft or Motor Driven 20%
Reciprocating Machinery or Power-Driven Units 50%
Hangers for Floors and Balconies 33%

Anchorage of Concrete & Masonry Walls – to be solved

Interior Wall Loads – considered separate load to be added to dead loads; compute for weight
Retaining Walls – separate load to be added to dead loads; compute for weight; can be considered dead load
Water Accumulations – can be a Live Load
Uplift on Floors & Foundations
Crane Loads
Heliport and Helistop Landing Area – consider height of helicopter; helicopter – also a machine (Impact Load)

WIND LOAD
IMPORTANCE FACTOR – factor that accounts for the degree of hazard to human life and damage to property
Types of Building:
OPEN BUILDING – having each wall at least 80% open (Ao ≥ 0.8 Ag)
ENCLOSED BUILDING – does not comply with the requirements for open or partially enclosed buildings
PARTIALLY ENCLOSED BUILDING – complies with both of the following conditions:
1) Total area of openings in a wall that receives positive external pressure exceeds the sum of the areas of
openings in the balance of the building envelope (walls and roof) by more than 1.0%; and
2) The total area of openings in a wall that receives positive external pressure exceeds 0.5 m2 or 1% of the
area of that wall, whichever is smaller, and the percentage of openings in the balance of the buildings
envelope that does not exceed 20%

NSCP 2010 – Table 207.3

Importance Factor Of Wind Loads (Lw)

OCCUPACY CATEGORY WIND IMPORTANCE FACTOR

I. Essential Facilities 1.15

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Ii. Hazardous Facilities 1.15

Iii. Special Occupancy Structures 1.15

Iv. Standard Occupancy Structures 1.00

V. Miscellaneous Structures 0.87

EARTHQUAKE LOAD – provisions to design seismic-resistant structures to safeguard against major structural damage
that may lead to loss of life and property; not intended to assure zero-damage structures nor
maintain functionality after a severe earthquake.
When code prescribes wind design produces greater effects, the wind design shall govern, but detailing
requirements and limitations prescribed in this section and referenced sections shall be made to govern.
NSCP – Table 208.1 – Importance Factor Of Wind Loads

OCCUPACY SEISMIC IMPORTANCE SEISMIC IMPORTANCE

CATEGORY FACTOR (I) FACTOR (IP)

I. Essential Facilities 1.50 1.50

Ii. Hazardous Facilities 1.25 1.50

Iii. Special Occupancy Structures 1.00 1.00

Iv. Standard Occupancy Structures 1.00 1.00

V. Miscellaneous Structures 1.00 1.00

NSCP – Table 208.4 – Seismic Source Types

SEISMIC SOURCE DEFINITION

SEISMIC
SEISMIC SOURCE DESCRIPTION
SOURCE TYPE (SA, SB, SC)
MAXIMUM MOMENT MAGNITUDE, M

Faults that are capable of producing large

A magnitude events and that have a high 7.0 ≤ M ≤ 8.4
rate of seismic activity

B All faults other than Type A & Type C 6.5 ≤ M ≤ 7.0

Faults that are not capable of producing

large magnitude of earthquakes and that
C M < 6.5
have a relatively low rate of seismic
activity

BEARING WALL SYSTEM – structural system without a complete vertical load-carrying space frame;
Wall that carries dead load and live load; Load Bearing Wall 150mm; Non-Load Bearing Wall 100mm
BRACED FRAME – essentially vertical truss system of the concentric or eccentric type
That is provided to resist lateral forces (wind load and live load)
BASE SHEAR – total design lateral force or shear at the base
STORY SHEAR – summation of design lateral forces above the story under consideration
STORY DRIFT – horizontal deflection at the top of the story relative to the bottom of the story
STORY DRIFT RATIO – story drift divided by the story height
P–DELTA – secondary effect on shears and moments of structural members due to the action of the vertical loads
induced by horizontal displacement of the structure, resulting from various loading conditions;
Not caused by earthquake or story drift or sideways (or horizontal) movement,
but by vertical loads; derived from the vertical form (looks like letter “P”)
SOFT STORY – less than 70% lateral stiffness of story above
WEAK STORY – less than 80% story strength of story above
LATERAL–FORCE RESISTING FRAMES – part of structural system designed to resist seismic forces
MOMENT RESISTING FRAMES – frame in w/c members and joints resist forces by flexure (or bending)
DIAPHRAGM – horizontal system (w/ horizontal bracing systems) that transmit lateral forces to vertical resisting elements

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SHEER WALL – wall designed to resist lateral forces parallel to the place of the wall; carries earthquake loads
down to the foundation; they provide large strength and stiffness to building in the direction of their orientation

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CHAPTER 03: EARTHWORKS and FOUNDATIONS
302.1 Excavation or fills for buildings or structures shall be constructed or protected such that
they do not endanger life or property
302.2.2 CUTS (Slopes) – slope of cut surfaces shall be no steeper than is safe for intended use and shall be no steeper
than 1 unit vertical in 2 unit horizontal (50% Slope) unless a geotechnical engineering report

1:2 Ratio of cutting or soil excavation

302.3 EXCAVATIONS
FOOTINGS – existing footings or foundation which may be undermined by any excavation
shall be underpinned adequately (fix/retrofit)
302.3.3 Support of Excavations and Open Cuts
Excavations or open cuts in excess of 1.50m in depth shall be adequately
designed shoring or support to protect against collapse
302.4 FILLS
COMPACTION – all fills shall be compacted in lifts not exceeding 20cm in thickness
to a minimum of 90% of maximum density as determined by ASTM Standard D–1557
Compaction by layers, every 20cm thick; take a FDT or Field Density Test – and compare to laboratory test result
Must be in 90% Maximum Dry Density before compacting next layer/level (which is the ASTM Standard D–1557)
303 FOUNDATION INVESTIGATION
Structures 2-storeys or higher must perform a geotechnical study to evaluate in-situ soil parameters
for foundation design and analysis

NSCP – Table 303.1 Min. Required No. of Boreholes per Structure

FOOTPRINT AREA MIN. REQD.
OF STRUCTURE NO. OF BOREHOLES
A ≤ 50 sqm. 1
50 < A ≤ 500 sqm. 2
2 + (A/1000)
500 > A
(Rounded up to the nearest integer)

304 ALLOWABLE FOUNDATION AND LATERAL PRESSURES

NSCP – Table 304 – Allowable Foundation and Lateral Forces

Allowable Lateral Bearing
Foundation (Sideways) Below
Class of Materials
Pressure (Kpa) Natural Grade
(Strength of Soil) (kPa/m of Depth)
Intact Tuffaceous Sandstone 1000 300
Lightly Weathered Tuffaceous Sandstone 500 150
Sandy Gravel And/or Gravel 100 30
Well-Graded Sand, Poorly-Graded Sand, Silty Sand, Clayey Sand, Silty Gravel 75 25
Clay, Sandy Clay, Silty Clay, And Clayey Silt 50 15

305 FOOTINGS

NSCP 2015 – Table 305 Footings

No. of Floors Thickness Depth Below
Width of Thickness
Supported by the of Foundation Wall (mm) Undisturbed Ground
Footing of Footing
Foundations Concrete Unit Masonry Surface (mm)
1 150 150 300 150 300

2 200 200 375 175 450

3 250 250 450 200 600 (800 Actual)

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 STRUCTURAL
ENGINEERING MECHANICS | STRENGTH OF MATERIALS | THEORY OF STRUCTURES | NSCP

CHAPTER 04 (REINFORCED CONCRETE); CHAPTER 05 (STEEL); CHAPTER 06 (WOOD)

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