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    Third Generation

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    yami adi
    The third generation of computers (1964-1971) saw the development of integrated circuits, where transistors were miniaturized and placed on silicon chips, drastically increasing speed and efficiency. Users interacted through keyboards and monitors and interfaced with operating systems allowing multiple applications simultaneously. Computers became accessible to the mass market by being smaller and cheaper. The fourth generation (1971-present) brought microprocessors, with thousands of integrated circuits on a single chip. What once filled rooms could now fit in the hand. Microprocessors also moved into everyday products, leading to networks and the internet. The fifth generation (present and beyond) involves artificial intelligence through technologies like parallel processing, with goals of natural language input and learning.

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    Third Generation

    Uploaded by

    yami adi
    21 views2 pages
    The third generation of computers (1964-1971) saw the development of integrated circuits, where transistors were miniaturized and placed on silicon chips, drastically increasing speed and efficiency. Users interacted through keyboards and monitors and interfaced with operating systems allowing multiple applications simultaneously. Computers became accessible to the mass market by being smaller and cheaper. The fourth generation (1971-present) brought microprocessors, with thousands of integrated circuits on a single chip. What once filled rooms could now fit in the hand. Microprocessors also moved into everyday products, leading to networks and the internet. The fifth generation (present and beyond) involves artificial intelligence through technologies like parallel processing, with goals of natural language input and learning.

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    The third generation of computers (1964-1971) saw the development of integrated circuits, where transistors were miniaturized and placed on silicon chips, drastically increasing speed and efficiency. Users interacted through keyboards and monitors and interfaced with operating systems allowing multiple applications simultaneously. Computers became accessible to the mass market by being smaller and cheaper. The fourth generation (1971-present) brought microprocessors, with thousands of integrated circuits on a single chip. What once filled rooms could now fit in the hand. Microprocessors also moved into everyday products, leading to networks and the internet. The fifth generation (present and beyond) involves artificial intelligence through technologies like parallel processing, with goals of natural language input and learning.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    21 views2 pages

    Third Generation

    Uploaded by

    yami adi
    The third generation of computers (1964-1971) saw the development of integrated circuits, where transistors were miniaturized and placed on silicon chips, drastically increasing speed and efficiency. Users interacted through keyboards and monitors and interfaced with operating systems allowing multiple applications simultaneously. Computers became accessible to the mass market by being smaller and cheaper. The fourth generation (1971-present) brought microprocessors, with thousands of integrated circuits on a single chip. What once filled rooms could now fit in the hand. Microprocessors also moved into everyday products, leading to networks and the internet. The fifth generation (present and beyond) involves artificial intelligence through technologies like parallel processing, with goals of natural language input and learning.

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    Third Generation (1964-1971) Integrated Circuits

    The development of the integrated circuit was the hallmark of the third generation of computers. Transistors were

    miniaturized and placed on silicon chips, called semiconductors, which drastically increased the speed and efficiency

    of computers.

    Instead of punched cards and printouts, users interacted with third generation computers

    through keyboardsand monitors and interfaced with an operating system, which allowed the device to run many

    differentapplications at one time with a central program that monitored the memory. Computers for the first time

    became accessible to a mass audience because they were smaller and cheaper than their predecessors.

    Fourth Generation (1971-Present) Microprocessors


    The microprocessor brought the fourth generation of computers, as thousands of integrated circuits were built onto a

    single silicon chip. What in the first generation filled an entire room could now fit in the palm of the hand. The Intel

    4004 chip, developed in 1971, located all the components of the computer—from the central processing unit and

    memory to input/output controls—on a single chip.

    In 1981 IBM introduced its first computer for the home user, and in 1984 Apple introduced the Macintosh.

    Microprocessors also moved out of the realm of desktop computers and into many areas of life as more and more

    everyday products began to use microprocessors.

    As these small computers became more powerful, they could be linked together to form networks, which eventually

    led to the development of the Internet. Fourth generation computers also saw the development ofGUIs,

    the mouse and handheld devices.

    Fifth Generation (Present and Beyond) Artificial Intelligence


    Fifth generation computing devices, based on artificial intelligence, are still in development, though there are some

    applications, such as voice recognition, that are being used today. The use of parallel processing and

    superconductors is helping to make artificial intelligence a reality. Quantum computation and molecular

    andnanotechnology will radically change the face of computers in years to come. The goal of fifth-generation

    computing is to develop devices that respond to natural language input and are capable of learning and self-

    organization.
    The major characteristics of computers are the following: 

     Speed : A powerful computer is capable of executing about 3 million calculations per second.
     Accuracy : A computer's accuracy is consistently high; if there are errors, they are due to errors in
    instructions given by the programmer.
     Reliability : The output generated by the computer is very reliable as long as the data is reliable.
     Memory/Storage Capacity : The computer can store large volumes of data and makes the retrieval
    of data an easy task.
     Versatility: The computer can accomplish many different things. It can accept information through
    various input-output devices, perform arithmetic and logic operations, generate a variety of
    outputs in a variety of forms, etc.
     Automation: Once the instructions are fed into computer it works automatically without any human
    intervention.
     Diligence: A computer will never fail to perform its task due to distraction or laziness. 
     Convenience: Computers are usually easy to access, and allow people to find information easily
    that without a computer would be very difficult. 
     Flexibility: Computers can be used for entertainment, for business, by people who hold different
    ideals or who have varied goals. Almost anyone can use a computer, and computers can be used
    to assist with almost any goal. 

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