HL Paper 3

a. Find ; [4]

b. Find . [7]

Consider the differential equation

, given that y = 1 when x = 0 .

The domain of the function y is .

a. By finding the values of successive derivatives when x = 0 , find the Maclaurin series for y as far as the term in . [6]

b. (i) Differentiate the function and hence show that [9]

(ii) Find an integrating factor for the differential equation and hence find the solution in the form .

a. (i) Show that is convergent if p > −1 and find its value in terms of p. [8]

(ii) Hence show that the following series is convergent.

b. Determine, for each of the following series, whether it is convergent or divergent. [11]

(i)

(ii)

The function f is defined by

(a) Write down the value of the constant term in the Maclaurin series for .

(b) Find the first three derivatives of and hence show that the Maclaurin series for up to and including the term is .
(c) Use this series to find an approximate value for ln 2 .
(d) Use the Lagrange form of the remainder to find an upper bound for the error in this approximation.
(e) How good is this upper bound as an estimate for the actual error?

The function f is defined on the domain .

a. Show that . [4]

b. (i) Find the Maclaurin series for up to and including the term in . [7]

(ii) Explain briefly why your result shows that f is neither an even function nor an odd function.
c. Determine the value of . [3]

The exponential series is given by .

a. Find the set of values of x for which the series is convergent. [4]

b. (i) Show, by comparison with an appropriate geometric series, that [6]

(ii) Hence show that , for .

c. (i) Write down the first three terms of the Maclaurin series for and explain why you are able to state that [4]

(ii) Deduce that , for .

d. Letting n = 1000, use the results in parts (b) and (c) to calculate the value of e correct to as many decimal places as possible. [2]

Determine whether or not the following series converge.

(a)

(b)

(c)

Find .
(a) Given that , show that the first two non-zero terms of the Maclaurin series for y are .

(b) Use this series to find an approximation in terms of .

Consider the differential equation where y =1 when x = 0 .

a. Use Euler’s method with step length 0.1 to find an approximate value of y when x = 0.4. [7]

b. Write down, giving a reason, whether your approximate value for y is greater than or less than the actual value of y . [1]

Consider the function and .

The function and its derivatives satisfy

where denotes the th derivative of and is .

a. Show that . [2]

b. Show that . [1]

c. For , show that the Maclaurin series for , up to and including the term, is [4]

d. Hence or otherwise, find . [2]

e. If is an odd integer, prove that the Maclaurin series for is a polynomial of degree . [4]

a. Given that  for  , use the comparison test to show that the series  is divergent. [3]

b. Find the interval of convergence for  . [7]

Let the Maclaurin series for be

where , and are constants.

a.i. Find series for , in terms of , and , up to and including the term [1]

by differentiating the above series for ;

a.ii.Find series for , in terms of , and , up to and including the term [2]

by using the relationship .

b. Hence, by comparing your two series, determine the values of , and . [3]

Consider the differential equation where and when .

a. Show that putting  transforms the differential equation into . [4]

b. By solving this differential equation in , obtain an expression for in terms of . [9]

Consider the infinite spiral of right angle triangles as shown in the following diagram.

The  triangle in the spiral has central angle , hypotenuse of length  and opposite side of length 1, as shown in the diagram. The first right
angle triangle is isosceles with the two equal sides being of length 1.

Consider the series .

a. [6]
Using l’Hôpital’s rule, find .

b. (i) Find and and hence write down an expression for . [3]
 (ii) Show that .

c. Using a suitable test, determine whether this series converges or diverges. [6]

The sequence is defined by , for .

a. Show that the sequence converges to a limit L , the value of which should be stated. [3]

b. Find the least value of the integer N such that  , for all n > N where [4]
(i) ;
(ii) .
c. For each of the sequences and , determine whether or not it converges. [6]

d. Prove that the series diverges. [2]

The function is defined by

where and are real constants.

Given that both and its derivative are continuous at , find the value of and the value of .

Let  be a function whose first and second derivatives both exist on the closed interval .

Let .

a. State the mean value theorem for a function that is continuous on the closed interval and differentiable on the open interval . [2]

b. (i)     Find . [9]

(ii)     Find .

(iii)     Apply the mean value theorem to the function  on the closed interval  to show that there exists in the open interval
 such that .

(iv)     Find .

(v)     Hence show that .

(vi)     Deduce that .

c. Hence show that, for  [5]

.
a. Given that , use the mean value theorem to show that, for , . [7]

b. Hence show that lies between and , where , are consecutive positive integers to be determined. [2]

a. Find the radius of convergence of the series . [6]

b. Determine whether the series is convergent or divergent. [7]

Solve the differential equation

(where x > 0 )
given that y = 2 when x = 1 . Give your answer in the form .

a. Find the set of values of k for which the improper integral converges. [6]

b. Show that the series is convergent but not absolutely convergent. [5]

Determine whether the series is convergent or divergent.

The diagram shows part of the graph of together with line segments parallel to the coordinate axes.

(a) Using the diagram, show that .

(b) Hence find upper and lower bounds for .

 Figure 1

Figure 2

a. Figure 1 shows part of the graph of together with line segments parallel to the coordinate axes. [9]

(i) By considering the areas of appropriate rectangles, show that

(ii) Hence find lower and upper bounds for .

b. An improved upper bound can be found by considering Figure 2 which again shows part of the graph of . [5]

(i) By considering the areas of appropriate regions, show that

(ii) Hence find an upper bound for .

The function f is defined by , where and are constants.

a. Find the exact values of and if is continuous and differentiable at . [8]

b. (i) Use Rolle’s theorem, applied to , to prove that has a root in the interval . [7]

(ii) Hence prove that has at least two roots in the interval .

(a) Using the Maclaurin series for , write down and simplify the Maclaurin series approximation for as far as the term in

(b) Use your result to show that a series approximation for arccos x is

(c) Evaluate .

(d) Use the series approximation for to find an approximate value for

giving your answer to 5 decimal places. Does your answer give the actual value of the integral to 5 decimal places?

(a) Using l’Hopital’s Rule, show that .

(b) Determine .
(c) Show that the integral is convergent and find its value.

a. By successive differentiation find the first four non-zero terms in the Maclaurin series for . [11]

b. Deduce that, for , the coefficient of  in this series is . [1]

c. By applying the ratio test, find the radius of convergence for this Maclaurin series. [6]

Find .
Let , .

a. Prove that f is continuous but not differentiable at the point (0, 0) . [7]

b. Determine the value of where . [3]

Consider the curve .

Let  .

a. By drawing a diagram and considering the area of a suitable region under the curve, show that for , [4]

b.i. Hence, given that is a positive integer greater than one, show that [3]

b.ii.Hence, given that is a positive integer greater than one, show that [3]

c.i. Hence, given that is a positive integer greater than one, show that [1]

c.ii.Hence, given that is a positive integer greater than one, show that [3]

d. Explain why these two results prove that is a convergent sequence. [1]

a. Find the value of . [3]

b. By using the series expansions for and cos x evaluate . [7]

A curve that passes through the point (1, 2) is defined by the differential equation
(a) (i) Use Euler’s method to get an approximate value of y when x = 1.3 , taking steps of 0.1. Show intermediate steps to four decimal places

in a table.

(ii) How can a more accurate answer be obtained using Euler’s method?
(b) Solve the differential equation giving your answer in the form y = f(x) .

The variables x and y are related by .

(a) Find the Maclaurin series for y up to and including the term in given that
when x = 0 .

(b) Solve the differential equation given that y = 0 when . Give the solution in the form .

Consider the differential equation   where  and   is a positive integer,  .

a. Solve the differential equation given that  when  . Give your answer in the form  . [8]

b.i. Show that the -coordinate(s) of the points on the curve where satisfy the equation . [2]

b.ii.Deduce the set of values for such that there are two points on the curve where . Give a reason for your answer. [2]

a. Use the limit comparison test to prove that converges. [5]

c. Using the Maclaurin series for , show that the Maclaurin series for is . [3]

In this question you may assume that is continuous and differentiable for .

a. Consider the infinite geometric series [1]

Show that the sum of the series is .

b. Hence show that an expansion of is [4]

c. is a continuous function defined on and differentiable on with on . [4]

Use the mean value theorem to prove that for any , if then .

d. (i)     Given , prove that , for . [4]

(ii)     Use the result from part (c) to prove that , for .
e. Use the result from part (c) to prove that , for . [5]

f. Hence show that . [4]

Consider the differential equation , given that when .

a. Show that  is an integrating factor for this differential equation. [5]

b. Hence solve this differential equation. Give the answer in the form . [6]

Consider the function .

a. Illustrate graphically the inequality, . [3]

b. Use the inequality in part (a) to find a lower and upper bound for . [5]

c. Show that . [2]

d. Hence show that . [4]

Use L’Hôpital’s Rule to find .

A function is given by .

a. Write down . [1]

b. By differentiating , obtain an expression for the derivative of with respect to . [3]

c. Hence obtain an expression for the derivative of  with respect to . [3]

The function is defined by .

The Maclaurin series is to be used to find an approximate value for .

a. By finding a suitable number of derivatives of , determine the Maclaurin series for as far as the term in . [7]

b. Hence, or otherwise, determine the exact value of . [3]

c. (i)     Use the Lagrange form of the error term to find an upper bound for the absolute value of the error in this approximation. [7]

(ii)     Deduce from the Lagrange error term whether the approximation will be greater than or less than the actual value of .

Consider the infinite series where .

a. Explain why the series is alternating. [1]

b. (i)     Use the substitution in the expression for to show that . [9]

(ii)     Show that the series is convergent.

c. Show that . [4]

The curves and both pass through the point and are defined by the differential equations and

respectively.

a. Show that the tangent to the curve at the point is normal to the curve at the point . [2]

b. Find . [6]

c. Use Euler’s method with steps of  to estimate to  decimal places. [5]

d. Explain why cannot cross the isocline , for . [3]

e. (i)     Sketch the isoclines . [4]

(ii)     On the same set of axes, sketch the graph of .

Use the integral test to determine whether the infinite series is convergent or divergent.
Let .

a. Use the limit comparison test to show that the series is convergent. [3]

b. Find the interval of convergence for . [9]

The mean value theorem states that if is a continuous function on and differentiable on then for some .

The function , defined by , satisfies the conditions of the mean value theorem on the interval .

a. For and , use the mean value theorem to find all possible values of for the function . [6]

b. Sketch the graph of on the interval and hence illustrate the mean value theorem for the function . [4]

Consider the infinite series .

a. Find the radius of convergence. [4]

b. Find the interval of convergence. [9]

Consider the differential equation , where x > −1 and y = 1 when x = 0 .

a. Use Euler’s method, with a step length of 0.1, to find an approximate value of y when x = 0.5. [7]

b. (i) Show that . [8]

(ii) Hence find the Maclaurin series for y, up to and including the term in .
 

c. (i) Solve the differential equation. [6]

(ii) Find the value of a for which as .

(a) Show that the solution of the differential equation

given that
(b) Determine the value of the constant a for which the following limit exists
and evaluate that limit.

a. Find the radius of convergence of the infinite series [7]

b. Determine whether the series is convergent or divergent. [8]

Consider the functions and given by .

a. Show that and . [2]

b. Find the first three non-zero terms in the Maclaurin expansion of . [5]

c. Hence find the value of . [3]

d. Find the value of the improper integral . [6]

A differential equation is given by , where x > 0 and y > 0.

a. Solve this differential equation by separating the variables, giving your answer in the form y = f (x) . [3]

b. Solve the same differential equation by using the standard homogeneous substitution y = vx . [4]

c. Solve the same differential equation by the use of an integrating factor. [5]

d. If y = 20 when x = 2 , find y when x = 5 . [1]

The function is defined by

where  and  are real constants

Given that both   and its derivative are continuous at  , find the value of   and the value of  .
a. The mean value theorem states that if is a continuous function on and differentiable on then for some [7]

(i)     Find the two possible values of for the function defined by on the interval .

(ii)     Illustrate this result graphically.

b. (i)     The function is continuous on , differentiable on and for all . Show that is constant on . [9]

(ii)     Hence, prove that for .

Use l’Hôpital’s rule to determine the value of

Solve the differential equation

given that y = 1 when x = 0. Give your answer in the form .

a. Prove by induction that , for . [5]

b. Hence use the comparison test to prove that the series converges. [6]

Consider the differential equation where when .

a. Show that is an integrating factor for this differential equation. [4]

b. Solve the differential equation giving your answer in the form . [6]

a. Show that , for . [2]

b. Hence use the comparison test to determine whether the series converges or diverges. [3]
a. Show that the series converges. [3]

b. (i)     Show that . [6]

(ii)     Using this result, show that an application of the ratio test fails to determine whether or not converges.

c. (i)     State why the integral test can be used to determine the convergence or divergence of . [8]

(ii)     Hence determine the convergence or divergence of .

The Taylor series of about x = 1 is given by

a. Find the values of and . [6]

b. Hence, or otherwise, find the value of . [3]

a. Use an integrating factor to show that the general solution for is , where  is a constant. [4]

The weight in kilograms of a dog,  weeks after being bought from a pet shop, can be modelled by the following function:

b. Given that is continuous, find the value of . [2]

c. Write down [2]

(i)     the weight of the dog when bought from the pet shop;

(ii)     an upper bound for the weight of the dog.

d. Prove from first principles that is differentiable at . [6]

a. Consider the power series . [10]

(i) Find the radius of convergence.

(ii) Find the interval of convergence.
b. Consider the infinite series . [5]
 (i) Show that the series is convergent.
(ii) Show that the sum to infinity of the series is less than 0.25.

(a) Show that the solution of the homogeneous differential equation

given that .
(b) (i) Determine the first three derivatives of the function .
(ii) Hence find the first three non-zero terms of the Taylor series for f(x) about x = 1.

The function   is defined by .

The function   satisfies the equation .

a. Show that  . [2]

b. By differentiating the above equation twice, show that [4]

where  and   denote the 3rd and 4th derivative of   respectively.

c. Hence show that the Maclaurin series for up to and including the term in  is . [3]

d. Use this series approximation for  with   to find an approximate value for  . [2]

A function is defined in the interval , where . The gradient function exists at each point of the domain of .

The following diagram shows the graph of , its asymptotes and its vertical symmetry axis.

 
(a) Sketch the graph of .
Let be the Maclaurin expansion of .
(b) (i) Justify that .
(ii) Write down a condition for the largest set of possible values for each of the parameters , and .
(c) State, with a reason, an upper bound for the radius of convergence.

Consider the differential equation

(a) Find an integrating factor for this differential equation.

(b) Solve the differential equation given that when , giving your answer in the forms .

The real and imaginary parts of a complex number are related by the differential equation .

By solving the differential equation, given that when x =1, show that the relationship between the modulus r and the argument of the
complex number is .

a. Consider the differential equation [3]

Use the substitution to show that the general solution of this differential equation is

b. Hence, or otherwise, solve the differential equation [10]

given that when . Give your answer in the form .

Solve the differential equation

given that y = −1 when x =1. Give your answer in the form .

Let .
a. Show that . [4]

b. By further differentiation of the result in part (a) , find the Maclaurin expansion of , as far as the term in . [6]

Find the exact value of .

Consider the differential equation , given that y = 2 when x = 0.

a. Use Euler’s method with a step length of 0.1 to find an approximation to the value of y when x = 0.3. [5]

b. (i) Show that the integrating factor for solving the differential equation is . [10]

(ii) Hence solve the differential equation, giving your answer in the form .

Let , where .

a. Using the result , or otherwise, calculate . [4]

b. Use the Maclaurin series of to show that [2]

c. Hence determine the minimum number of terms of the expansion of required to approximate the value of to four decimal [7]

places.

(a) Using the Maclaurin series for the function , write down the first four terms of the Maclaurin series for .

(b) Hence find the first four terms of the series for .

(c) Use the result from part (b) to find an approximate value for .

Consider the infinite series .

a. Find the radius of convergence. [4]

b. Find the interval of convergence. [3]

c. Given that x = – 0.1, find the sum of the series correct to three significant figures. [4]
Consider the differential equation , for .

(a) Use Euler’s method starting at the point , with interval , to find an approximate value of y when .
(b) Use the substitution to show that .

(c) (i) Hence find the solution of the differential equation in the form , given that when .
(ii) Find the value of when .

a. Show that is a solution of the differential equation [3]

b. Hence solve , given that when . [5]

Consider the differential equation

a. Show that this is a homogeneous differential equation. [1]

b. Find the general solution, giving your answer in the form . [7]

The function can be expanded as a power series in x, within its radius of convergence R, in the form .

(a) (i) Show that .

(ii) State the value of R.

(b) Determine the values of a and b for which the expansion of f(x) agrees with that of up to and including the term in .

(c) Hence find a rational approximation to .

a. Find the first three terms of the Maclaurin series for . [6]

b. Hence, or otherwise, determine the value of . [4]

The function f is defined by .

(a) Assuming the Maclaurin series for , show that the Maclaurin series for
is

(b) Hence or otherwise find the value of .

a. Determine whether the series is convergent or divergent. [5]

b. Show that the series is convergent. [7]

Find the general solution of the differential equation , for t > 0 .

Consider the infinite series

(a) Show that the series converges.

(b) Determine if the series converges absolutely or conditionally.

a. Find the value of  . [3]

b. Illustrate graphically the inequality  . [4]

c. Hence write down a lower bound for . [1]

d. Find an upper bound for . [3]

Consider the infinite series .

Use a comparison test to show that the series converges.

The general term of a sequence is given by the formula .

(a) Determine whether the sequence is decreasing or increasing.

(b) Show that the sequence is convergent and find the limit L.
(c) Find the smallest value of such that , for all .
Consider the series .

a. Find the radius of convergence of the series. [7]

b. Hence deduce the interval of convergence. [4]

Solve the differential equation

given that y = 2 when x =1. Give your answer in the form .

The function is defined by .

By finding a suitable number of derivatives of , determine the first non-zero term in its Maclaurin series.

Consider the differential equation for which y = −1 when x = 1.

(a) Use Euler’s method with a step length of 0.25 to find an estimate for the value of y when x = 2 .

(b) (i) Solve the differential equation giving your answer in the form .

(ii) Find the value of y when x = 2 .

a. Given that , show that . [5]

b. Hence, by repeated differentiation of the above differential equation, find the Maclaurin series for y as far as the term in , showing that [11]

two of the terms are zero.

Each term of the power series has the form , where and are linear functions of .

(a) Find the functions and .

(b) Find the radius of convergence.
(c) Find the interval of convergence.
Given that and y = 1 when x = 0, use Euler’s method with a step length of 0.1 to find an approximation for the value of y when x =

0.4. Give all intermediate values with maximum possible accuracy.

a. Consider the functions and . [5]

(i) Find .
(ii) Find .
(iii) Hence, show that is increasing on .
b. Consider the differential equation [12]

(i) Find the general solution of the differential equation in the form .
(ii) Show that the particular solution passing through the point with coordinates is given by .

(iii) Sketch the graph of your solution for , clearly indicating any asymptotes and any maximum or minimum points.

a. Using the integral test, show that is convergent. [4]

b. (i) Show, by means of a diagram, that . [4]

(ii) Hence find an upper bound for

a. Prove that exists and find its value in terms of . [3]

b. Use the integral test to prove that converges. [3]

c. Let . [6]

The diagram below shows the graph of .

  
(i) Shade suitable regions on a copy of the diagram above and show that
.

(ii) Similarly shade suitable regions on another copy of the diagram above and

show that .

d. Hence show that [2]

e. You are given that . [3]

By taking k = 4 , use the upper bound and lower bound for L to find an upper bound and lower bound for . Give your bounds to three
significant figures.

Consider the differential equation where .

a. Sketch, on one diagram, the four isoclines corresponding to where  takes the values  ,  ,  and . Indicate clearly where [2]

each isocline crosses the  axis.

b. A curve, , passes through the point  and satisfies the differential equation above. [3]

Sketch  on your diagram.

c. A curve, , passes through the point  and satisfies the differential equation above. [1]

State a particular relationship between the isocline and the curve , at their point of intersection.

d. A curve, , passes through the point  and satisfies the differential equation above. [4]

Use Euler’s method with a step interval of  to find an approximate value for  on , when .

Let the differential equation satisfying the initial conditions y = 1 when x = 1. Also let y = c when x = 2 .
a. Use Euler’s method to find an approximation for the value of c , using a step length of h = 0.1 . Give your answer to four decimal places. [6]

b. You are told that if Euler’s method is used with h = 0.05 then , if it is used with h = 0.01 then and if it is used [3]

with h = 0.005 then .

Plot on graph paper, with h on the horizontal axis and the approximation for c on the vertical axis, the four points (one of which you have
calculated and three of which have been given). Use a scale of 1 cm = 0.01 on both axes. Take the horizontal axis from 0 to 0.12 and the
vertical axis from 2.76 to 2.82.
c. Draw, by eye, the straight line that best fits these four points, using a ruler. [1]

d. Use your graph to give the best possible estimate for c , giving your answer to three decimal places. [2]