Analysis Of Phonology

Group 2

1. Khofifah Midelia Putri (20210613016)

2. Nurhayati (20210613018)
3. Raja Fitria Hermawati (20210613002)

Islamic Religion Institute Of Muhammad Azim

1
 PREFACE
Praise be to God Almighty for the blessings of his grace , and that we were given the opportunity
to be able to compile a working paper entitled ‘Analysis Of Phonology’ is properly and correctly,
and on time.

We hope that this paper can add knowledge and experience to readers. In fact, we hope that this
paper can be practiced by readers in their daily lives.

For us as authors, we feel that there are still many shortcomings in the preparation of this paper
due to our limited knowledge and experience. For this reason, we sincerely hope for constructive
criticism and suggestions from readers for the perfection of this paper.

2
 Table Of Contents
PREFACE…………………………………………………………………………………………1

CHAPTER I

1.1. Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………..4

1.2. Purpose of the paper………………………………………………………………….………5

1.3. Problem formulation………………………………………………………………………….5

CHAPTER II

2.1. Literature review……………………………………………………………………………...6

Pure vowels………………………………………………………………………………..6

Gliding vowels…………………………………………………………………………….7

Triple vowels……………………………………………………………………………...7

2.2. Result and Discussion……………………………………………………...………………....7

Result………………………………………………….…………………………………..7

Discussion ………………………………………………….……………………………..8

CHAPTER III

3.1.Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………………………9

3
 CHAPTER I

1.1.Introduction

The ability to speak is synonymous with knowing the language since the speaking is
the most basic means of communication (Celce-Murcia, 2001). The elements of oral
communication including pronunciation, grammar, vocabulary, fluency, and comprehension
are the most important basic of speaking (Ambalegin et al., 2017). While involving
conversation, every language has its own way to pronounce in order to have the message
easily. Poor pronunciation could make the meaning conveyed different and cause errors.
Good pronunciation might support the good communication, and good communication brings
the good quality of a language. However, the sound of phoneme is not the same throughout
languages. A sound might be a phoneme in a language but might not be so in another
language (Ambalegin & Arianto, 2020). In some languages, there is a same relationship
between spelling and pronunciation, and there is the same number of phonemes used in the
language as there are letters in the alphabet (Kelly, 2004, p. 7). It is known as a phonetic
language due to a one-to-one relationship between spelling and pronunciation. In Indonesian,
every letter in the alphabet represents one sound and each letter would be a phonetic symbol
and each sound has its appropriate symbol. The only the letter e has fortis e and lenis e. For
example, the letters b,u,k, and u form the word buku (book). The word buku is pronounced as
the letters of the alphabet as /bUkU/. The letter e is pronounced in the word bebek as /bebek/.
The letter sound in the alphabet is as the same as in the word when is pronounced. In other
words, Indonesian has consistent sound while pronouncing, for example, the letter u is
pronounced as /U/ and does not change at any place, and so do the other letters.

Some linguistic developments, along with the advent of technology through the
internet, a higher demand of global position of English for native and non-native speakers
serves a wider scope of communication (Porras-Piorac, 2019). Since English could not be
separated from the technology, English has been plodding along to the other languages. On
behalf of the development of technology, English interferes Indonesian. Undeniably, English
has been welcomed as an additional language by Indonesian native speakers. According to
Kachruvian Circle related to the use of English in communication, there are three circles;
inner, outer, and expanding circle (Kilickaya, 2009), and Indonesia is circled in expanding
circle (non-dependent) where English is learnt as EFL (Crystal, 2003). As a foreign language,
English is also much closer to the people as they can see, read, and listen because English is a
global language with reference to the roles and users of English worldwide (Low, 2015).
However, English is everywhere, and it is familiar in Indonesia. English is said anywhere
nowadays in the society. Unfortunately, there was some English mispronunciation indicated
in society. Some of the mispronunciation made were influenced by the L1 because all non-
English native speakers bring their mother tongue-like accent to the English pronunciation
(Ambalegin & Suryani, 2018)

The phenomena of English mispronunciation occur in society. Ambalegin & Arianto

(2019, p. 107) captured some English mispronunciation such invite, examine,

4
 paste,entrepreneur, mild,paradise,online, mouse, finger, support, and orchid were pronounced
as /InfIt/, /eks@maIn/, /p2ste/, /enterpren@r/, /mIl/, /p2r2dIs/, /6nlen/, /m6s/, / fIn jer /,
/sUp6rt/, and /6rCIt/. Seidlhofer (as cited in Carter & Nunan, 2001, p. 61) formulated that the
errors of non-English native speakers' English pronunciation from different language
backgrounds made are systematic and not accidental. Moreover, people just learn new words,
but they do not want to learn how to say it correctly. In fact, English is learnt in formal
schools since lower high school level. Then, teaching pronunciation is the most
fundamentally important for the EFL learners (Ambalegin & Hulu, 2019). The ability of
speaking English embodies the correctness of pronunciation and intonation and directly
affects the intelligible communication in conversation (Zhang & Yin, 2009). But many
English teachers do not count on it, then many teaching materials still do not make clear,
finally pronunciation is just one tiny piece of the whole course credits (Ambalegin & Hulu,
2019).

The alphabet is universal. There are enough symbols so that every sound in every
human language could be represented. The alphabet is unambiguous. Every sound would
have one symbol, and every symbol one sound (Fasold & Connor-Linton, 2006). There are 5
vowel and 21 consonant letters when writing, but contrarily, there are 12 vowel sounds, 8
diphthong sounds, 5 triphthong sounds, and 24 consonant sounds when speaking English
(Kelly, 2004; Kreidler, 1993; Roach, 2012). English pronunciation does not have a fixed
pattern. Ladefoged, (2006) stated that most of the sound symbols are the same letter used in
spelling in the English words, but there are a few different. English shows the inconsistency
of pronunciation (Ambalegin & Arianto, 2019). Pronunciation book for EFL learners showed
only the phonetic symbols but does not show the appearance of a sound in different letters. It
is very important to know how one sound exists in different letters. Thus, this study
investigated the appearance of vowel sounds in different letter by grouping some letter into
one single vowel sound. Learning to pronounce a language is a very complex task and, as
with any other complex learning tasks, the learning process can be facilitated if the task is
structured in some way and if the learners aware of what is involved (Kenworthy, 1987).

1.2.Purpose of the paper

a. Knowing the kinds of phonology

b. Knowing the reason why phonology is important in speaking English
c. Knowing how compare the sounds produced and differentiate the English alphabet
letters.

1.3.Problem formulation

a. What the kinds of pronology?

b. Why phonology is important in speaking English ?
c. compare the sounds produced and differentiate the English alphabet letters.

5
 CHAPTER II
2.1. Literature review

Human speech is like the playing of a wind instrument. Different speech sounds, in any
language, are made by moving a column of air through part of the upper body and creating
various kinds of vibration and noise as the air moves. Different kinds of speech sounds, different
manners of articulating, are different ways of manipulating the air stream. It is recognized six
kinds of speech sounds: vowels, glides, nasals, liquids, fricatives, and stops (Bauer, 2012;
Kreidler, 2004).

In the production, or articulation, of a segment the vocal organs have some particular
configuration; the lips are rounded or stretched, the tongue is low in the mouth or not, it has a flat
surface or not, air is escaping through the mouth or through the nose or not escaping at all, the
vocal cords are vibrating or not, etc. Each such position or movement is an articulatory feature.
These features always occur in simultaneous bundles; no segment can consist of a single feature
(Kreidler, 2004). Segmentally, there are 12 monophthongs, 8 diphthongs, and 5 triphthongs in
British English pronunciation (Low, 2015).

Pure vowels

Kreidler, 2004) defined vowels as;

• , capable of carrying stress and pitch

• , made without impeding the air flow
• , articulated with air going continuously out from the mouth
• , made with regular patterns of vibration
• , produced with vocal cords vibrating
• , produced with a flat tongue surface.

Vowels or monophthongs have an open vocal tract, in which the tongue does not touch the upper
surface of the vocal tract at any particular place and the term place of articulation isn't really
appropriate (Katamba, 1989). There is no obstruction to the flow of air as it passes from the
larynx to the lips when vowels are produced (Finegan, 2015; Roach, 2012). Vowels differ from
consonants in that they do not have “places of articulation,” that is, points of major constriction
in the vocal tract. Rather, the vocal tract as a whole act as a resonating chamber. Modifying the
shape of this chamber using movements of the tongue, jaw, and lips causes different timbres to
be imparted to the basic sound produced at the vocal cords (Hayes, 2009).

Skandera & Burleigh (2005) stated that there are 5 long vowels and 7 short vowels; which are
/i:/, /u:/, /3:/, /A:/, /O:/ and /I/, /U/, /e/, /@/, /æ/, /2/, /6/. Vowel which articulated with weak

6
breath force is said as lax vowel and vowel which is produced with more energy is said as tense
vowel. Kelly (2004) also stated that based on the characteristics of the articulation, there are
three categories vowel sounds; closed vowel sounds (/i:/ /I/ /U/ /u:/), mid vowel sounds (/e/ /@/
/3:/ /O:/), and open vowel sounds (/æ/ /2/ /A:/ /6/).

Gliding vowels

A gliding vowel or diphthong is a sequence of two vowels that functions as a single sound. A
diphthong forms just one syllable, whereas a two-vowel sequence forms two (Hayes, 2009).
Diphthongs sound consist of a movement or glide from one vowel to another. There is no
obstruction to the flow of air as it passes from the larynx to the lips when diphthong is produced
(Roach, 2012). Skandera & Burleigh (2005) divided diphthongs into centering and closing
diphthongs. Centering diphthongs move towards schwa /I@/, /U@/, /e@/, and closing
diphthongs move toward a closer vowel /eI/, /aI/, /OI/, /@U/, /aU/.

Triple vowels

Triple vowels or triphthongs consist of three sounds; /eI@/, /aI@/, /OI@/, /@U@/, /aU@/
(Skandera & Burleigh, 2005). Triphthong is a glide from one vowel to another and the to a third,
all produced rapidly and without interruption. Triphthong is composed of five closing diphthongs
with schwa added; [eI+@], [aI+@], [OI+@], [@U+@], [aU+@] (Roach, 2012).

2.2. . Result and Discussion

Result

• The pronunciation of English alphabets is not sometimes pronounced in English words or

speech sounds.
• The English vowel sounds change due to the influence of the letters after or before the
sounds or letters.
• Each English alphabet cannot represent one fixed vowel sound due to the English
pronunciation inconsistency
• The English alphabets a, i, u, e, and o represent speech sounds /eI, aI, ju: i:, @U/
• There are some patterns found in English vowel pronunciation.
• English vowel pronunciation mostly has no fixed pattern

7
Discussion

Monophthongs
• /i:/ is pronounced by the letters ee, ea, ie, ei. e, i, eo, ey, (ua)y
• /I/ is pronounced by the letters i, y, e, ie, a, o, u, ui, oe
• /e/ is pronounced by the letters e, a, eo, ea, ei, u, ai, ie
• /æ/ is pronounced by the letters a, ai, ua
• /2/ is pronounced by the letters o, oo, u, ou, oe
• /A:/ is pronounced by the letters a(r), au, e(r), ea(r)
• /6/ is pronounced by the letters o, au, (w)a, ou, ow(l),
• /O:/ is pronounced by the letters a(w), ou, au, a, o(r), oo(r), oa(r), ou(r), oa
• /U/ is pronounced by the letters o, oo, u, ou,
• /u:/ is pronounced by the letters o, oo, ou, ew, ue, eu, oe, ui, u, ie,
• /3:/ is pronounced by the letters o(r), ou(r), i(r), y(r), e(r), u(r), ea(r)
• /@/ is pronounced by the letters i, (l)e, a, u, o, ar, ai, e(r), o(r), ou(s).

Diphthongs
• /eI/ is pronounced by the letters a (a-e) (a-i) (a-tion), a(i)e, a(y), ea, e(y)
• /aI/ is pronounced by the letters i, i(e), y, y(e), a(i), u(y), (u)i
• /U@/ is pronounced by the letters u(re), u(r), u(ou), u(a), oo
• /OI/ is pronounced by the letters oy, oi
• /e@/ is pronounced by the letters a(r)e, ai(r), ea(r), e(r)e
• /@U/ is pronounced by the letters o, oa ou, oe, o(w)
• /aU/ is pronounced by the letters o(w), ou,
• /I@/ is pronounced by the letters ee(r), ia, ie, iu, ea, e, io, an

Triphthongs
• /aI@/ is pronounced by the letters ir/@/, io, ie, ia
• /eI@/ is pronounced by the letters aye(r), ayo
• /aU@/ is pronounced by the letters ou(r), owe, owa(d)
• /OI@/ is pronounced by the letters oya
• /@U@/ is pronounced by the letters owe(r)

8
 CHAPTER III
Conclusion

English pronunciation does not have a fixed pattern, and it shows the inconsistency of
pronunciation. It makes the EL learners experience the incorrectness of pronunciation, for
example lay /leI/ or effect /Ifect / is pronounced as /laI/ or /@fect/. While speaking, correct
pronunciation is important to catch the correct meaning and avoid misunderstanding. By
knowing the sounds represented by letters and the patterns how to pronounce makes easier to
pronounce the English words.

English sounds are lettered by single, double and cluster. Monophthongally, /i:/ is
sounded by ee, ea, ie, ei. e, i, eo, ey, (ua)y, /I/ by i, y, e, ie, a, o, u, ui, oe, /e/ by e, a, eo, ea, ei, u,
ai, ie /æ/ by a, ai, ua, /2/ by o, oo, u, ou, oe, /A:/ by a(r), au, e(r), ea(r), /6/ by o, au, (w)a, ou,
ow(l), /O:/ by a(w), ou, au, a, o(r), oo(r), oa(r), ou(r), oa, /U/ by o, oo, u, ou, /u:/ by o, oo, ou, ew,
ue, eu, oe, ui, u, ie, /3:/ by o(r), ou(r), i(r), y(r), e(r), u(r), ea(r), and /@/ is sounded by i, (l)e, a, u,
o, ar, ai, e(r), o(r), ou(s). Diphthongally, /eI/ is sounded by a(a-e) (a-i) (a-tion), a(i) e, a(y), ea,
e(y), /aI/ by i, i(e), y, y(e), a(i), u(y), (u)i, /U@/ by u(re), u(r), u(ou), u(a), oo /OI/ by oi, oy, /e@/
by a(r)e, ai(r), ea(r), e(r)e /@U/ by o, oa ou, oe, o(w) /aU/ by o(w), ou, and /I@/ is sounded by
ee(r), ia, ie, iu, ea, e, io, an. Triphthongally, /aI@/ is sounded by ir/@/, io, ie, /eI@/ by aye(r),
ayo, /aU@/ by ou(r), owe, owa(d), /OI@/ by oya, and /@U@/ is sounded by owe(r).

/i:/ is pronounced in double e, final syllable sound -C<<e>>C<<e>>, -and

C<<i>>C<<e>>. /I/ is pronounced in morpheme plural form -ies, morpheme -ed followed by /t/,
/k/, or /d/ close syllable, and final syllable sound -C<<a>>C<<e>>. /e/ is pronounced in one
syllable word C<<e>>C. /2/ is pronounced in one syllable word C<<o>>C<<e>>. /6/ is
pronounced in one syllable word C<<o>>C. /O:/ is pronounced when a meets ll (/l/) in one
syllable word, a meets w (silent /w/) in one syllable word, o meets r (equivocal) in one syllable
sound. /@/ is pronounced in morpheme noun form -or and morpheme adjective form -ous. r
positioned as close syllable influences to lengthen [A:, O:, 3:] and to produce schwa, so does in
diphthong. /eI/ is pronounced in one syllable word C<<a>>C<<e>>. /aI/ is pronounced in one
syllable word C<<i>>C<<e>>. /U@/ is pronounced in one syllable word C<<u>><<r>><<e>>.
/e@/ is pronounced in one syllable word C<<a>><<r>><<e>>, CVV<<r>>. /@U/ is from letter
o pronunciation, and /@U/ is pronounced when there is syllable with o. /i@/ is pronounced in
one syllable word C<<e>><<e>><<r>>. Double semivowel will not perform triphthong. Letter i,
u, w, y produce triphthong when they are combined with vowels.