ENDAYA JR., JUDY A.

June 22, 2020

BSCE-2E

1. LINEAR MEASUREMENTS. The measured length airport runways in five major cities in the
Philippines are: 1250.00, 1375.50, 1410.50, 1550.25, and 1750.00 meters. Determine the
equivalent length of each runway in kilometres, decimetres, and centimetres. Tabulate values
accordingly.

LENGTH OF EQUIVALENT OF THE LENGTHS IN:

RUNWAYS Kilometres Decimetres Centimetres
(in Meters)
1250.00 1.25 12,500.00 125,000.00
1375.50 1.3755 13,755.00 137,550.00
1410.50 1.4105 14,105.00 141,050.00
1550.25 1.55025 15,502.50 155,025.00
1750.00 1.75 17,500.00 175,000.00

Solution: (1 meter = 0.001 km = 10 dm = 100cm)

o . oo 1 km o . oo 1 km
1250.00m x = 1.25 1375.50.00m x =
1m 1m
km 1.3755km

10 dm 10 dm
1250.00m x = 12,500.00 1375.50m x = 13,755.00
1m 1m
dm dm

o . oo 1 km o . oo 1 km
1410.50m x = 1.4105 1550.25m x =
1m 1m
km 1.55025 km

10 dm 10 dm
1410.50m x = 14,105.00 1550.25m x =15,502.50
1m 1m
dm dm

o . oo 1 km
1750.00m x = 1.75
1m
km

10 dm
1750.00m x = 17,500.00
1m
dm
ENDAYA JR., JUDY A. June 22, 2020
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2. AREA MEASUREMENTS. Given the dimensions of the following tracts of land:

a) 108.75 m by 76.82 m

A = LW
= 108.75 m x 76.82 m
A = 8,354.18 m2
= 0.01 km2
= 83.54 a
= 0.84 ha

b) 940.08 m by 1296.73

A = LW
= 940.08 m x 1,296.73 m
A = 1,219,029.94 m2
= 1.22 km2
= 12190.30 a
= 121.903 ha

c) 13.36 m by 50.08 m

A = LW
= 13.36 m x 50.08 m
A = 669.07 m2
= 0.001 km2
= 6.69 a
= 0.07 ha

d) 1,258.30 m by 624.03 m

A = LW
= 1258.30 m x 624.03 m
A = 785,216.95 m2
= 0.79 km2
= 7,852.17 a
= 78.52 ha

e) 8,476.55 m by 121.79 m

A = LW
= 8,476.55 m x 121.79 m
A = 1,032,359.03 m2
= 1.03 km2
= 10323.59 a
ENDAYA JR., JUDY A. June 22, 2020
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3. AREA MEASUREMENTS. Given the area and width of the following rectangular-shaped pieces of
property:

a) 2.575 ha and 195.42 m = 0.85 km2

0.925 km
275 ha x 10,000 m2 = 25,750 m2 L = 0.92 km
1 ha
0.92 km x 1,000 m = 920 m
L=A 1 km
W L = 920 m
= 25750 m2
195.42 m
L = 131.767 m d) 50.0 a and 100.0 m

50.0 a x 100 m2 = 5,000 m2

2
b) 125.42 m and 545.0 cm 1a

545 cm x 1 m = 5.45 m L=A

100 cm W
= 5,000 m2
L=A 100.0 m
W L = 50.0 m
= 125.42 m2
5.45 m
L = 23.01 m e) 42,545.19 m2 and 346.72 m

L=A
c) 0.85 km2 and 925.09 m W
= 42,545.19 m2
925.09 m x 1 km = 0.925 km 346.72 m
1000 m L = 122.71 m

A
L=
W
ENDAYA JR., JUDY A. June 22, 2020
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4. VOLUME MEASUREMENT. Following are the dimensions for length, width, and depth of five
excavated borrow pits for a highway project:

a) 113.26 m, 35.48 m, and 18.60 m

V = LWH
= 113.26 m x 35.48 m x 18.60 m
V = 74,743.45 m3

b) 50.08 m, 39.25 m, and 7.14 m

V = LWH
= 50.08 m x 39.25 m x 7.14 m
V = 14,034.67 m3

c) 243.55 m, 76.19 m, and 24.66 m

V = LWH
= 243.55 m x 76.19 m x 24.66 m
V = 457,592.80 m3

d) 42.055 m, 8.605 m, and 12.332 m

V = LWH
= 42.055 m x 8.605 m x 12.332 m
V = 4,462.745 m3

e) 9.5 m, 6.3 m, and 4.9 m

V = LWH
= 9.5 m x 6.3 m x 4.9 m
V = 293.3 m3
ENDAYA JR., JUDY A. June 22, 2020
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5. VOLUME MEASUREMENTS. Given the approximate flat area and depth of excavation of the following
burrow pits:

a.) 3,750.0 sq. m and 758 cm b.) 0.035 sq. km and 180.0 m c.) 15.6 ares and 495.0 m

d.) 9.250 ha and 250.0 m e.) 46,750 sq. m and 195.0 m

Determine the volume of earth removed from each pit in cubic meters.

Solution: V = T * A * (1/27) Where: b.) GIVEN: A = 0.035 sq.km x

1000000 sq . m
V = volume
1 sq . km
A = surficial slope area = 35,000 sq.m
T = 180.0 m
T = thickness of strata or even cut V = T * A * (1/27)
1
V = 180.0 m x 35,000 sq.m x ) (
a.) GIVEN: A = 3,750.0 m2; 27
0.01m 180.0 m x 35,000 sq .m x 1
T = 758cm x = V=
1 cm 27
7.58m
V = T * A * (1/27)
6,300,000. o cu . m
V=
1 27
V = 7.58 m x 3,750.0 m2 x ) (
27 100 sq . m
7.58 m x 3,750.0 sq .m x 1 c.) GIVEN: A = 15.6 ares x
V= 1 are
27 = 1,560 sq.m
T = 495.0 m
28425.0 cu . m
V= V = T * A * (1/27)
27 1
V = 495.0 m x 1,560 sq.m x ( )
27
495.0 m x 1,560 sq . m x 1
d.) GIVEN: A = 9.250 ha x V=
10000 sq . m 27
1 ha 777,200.0 cu . m
= 92,500.0 sq.m V=
27
T = 250.0 m
V = T * A * (1/27)
1 e.) GIVEN: A = 46,750 sq. m
V =250.0 m x 92,500.0 sq.m x ) (
27 T = 195.0 m
250.0 m x 92,500.0 sq . m x 1 V = T * A * (1/27)
V=
27 1
V = 195.0 m m x 46,750 sq. m x ( )
27
195.0 m x 46,750 sq . m x 1
V=
27

9,116,250.0 cu . m
V=
27
ENDAYA JR., JUDY A. June 22, 2020
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6. SIGNIFICANT FIGURES. Given the following numbers: 45.63, 5.700, 4010, 0.00037, 0.000940,
6.0090, 7.00, 9.5 x 108, 4.00 x 107, 2.604 x 1018, and 3.00 x 10-6. For each number, identify the
significant figures and state the number of significant figures. Tabulate values accordingly.

Numbers Identify The Significant Figures No. of Significant

Figures
45.63 45.63 4
5.700 5.700 4
4010 4010 3
0.00037 0.00037 2
0.000940 0.000940 3
6.0090 6.0090 5
7.00 7.00 3
9.5 x 108 9.5 x 108 2
4.00 x 107 4.00 x 107 3
2.604 x 1018 2.604 x 1018 4
3.00 x 10-6 3.0 x 10-6 3

7. ROUNDING OFF NUMBERS. Given the following numbers: 0.333333, 0.412342, 50.2155, 48.5455, and
16.3545. Round off each number to three, four, and five figures. Tabulate values accordingly.

Numbers 3 Figures 4 Figures 5 Figures

0.333333 0.333 0.3333 0.33333
0.412342 0.412 0.4123 0.41234
50.2155 50.2 50.22 50.216
48.5455 48.5 48.55 48.546
16.3545 16.4 16.35 16.355

8. MOST PROBABLE VALUE. The three angles of a triangle were measured with the following results: A
= 42°05’, B = 115°38’, and C = 22°08’. Determine the most probable value of each angle.

Measured Angle Correction Computed Angle

A = 42°05’ + 0°03’ 42°08’
B = 115°38’ + 0°03’ 115°41’
C = 22°08’ + 0°03’ 22°11’

Corr = 360° - 179°51’ = 0°09’ / 3

= 0° 09’ Corr= 0°03’

9. MOST PROBABLE VALUE. The angles about a point have the following observed values: 87°07’50”,
125°17’20”, and 147°35’20”. Determine the most probable value of the three angles.

Measured Angle Correction Most Probable Values

87°07’50” - 0°0’10” 87°07’40”
ENDAYA JR., JUDY A. June 22, 2020
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125°17’20” -0°0’10” 125°17’10”

147°35’20” -0°0’10” 147°35’10”

Corr = 360°0’30” - 360° = 0°00’30” / 3

= 0°0’30” Corr= 0°00’10”

10. MOST PROBABLE VALUE. The interior angles of a quadrilateral were observed to be: A = 100°35’40”,
B = 118°44’15”, C = 80°54’35”, and D = 59°45’50”. Determine the most probable value of each of
these angles.

Measured Angle Correction

A = 100°35’40” -0°00’6.67”
B = 118°44’15” -0°00’6.67” 118°44’8.33”
C = 80°54’35” -0°00’6.67” Most Probable Values
D = 59°45’50” -0°00’6.67” 100°35’33.33”

Corr = 360°0’20” - 360° = 0°00’20” / 3

= 0°0’20” Corr= 0°00’6.67”

11. PROBABLE ERROR. A quantity was measured ten times with the following results: 34.630, 34.626,
34.634, 34.628, 34.629, 34.626, 34.627, 34.633, 34.625, and 34.624 meters. Determine the
probable error of the mean and the relative precision of the mean.

Measurements (m) - Mean Residual (V) V2

34.630 – 34.6282 0.0018 0.00000324
34.626 – 34.6282 - 0.0022 0.00000484
34.634 – 34.6282 0.0058 0.00003364
34.628 – 34.6282 - 0.0002 0.00000004
34.629 – 34.6282 0.0008 0.00000064
34.626 – 34.6282 - 0.0022 0.00000484
34.627 – 34.6282 - 0.0012 0.00000144
34.633 – 34.6282 0.0018 0.00002304
34.625 – 34.6282 - 0.0032 0.00001024
34.624 – 34.6282 - 0.0042 0.00001764
∑V2 = 0.0000996

Em = ±0.6745 √ ∑V2 RP = ± Em
n(n-1) x
= ±0.6745 √0.0000996 = ± 0.000710923
10(9) 34.6282
= ±0.6745 √0.0000996 RP = ± 0.00002053
90 or
= ±0.6745 √0.00000111 = ± 2053
= ±0.6745 (0.001034) 100000000
Em = ±0.000710923
ENDAYA JR., JUDY A. June 22, 2020
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12. PROBABLE ERROR. A surveying instructor sent all the 40 students in his class out to measure a
distance between two points marked on a runway. The students working in follows: 920.45, 921.05,
921.65, 920.25, 920.15, 921.85, 921.95, 920.45, 921.15, and 921.35 meters. Assuming these values
are equally reliable and that variations result only from accidental errors, determine the relative
precision of a single measurement and the relative precision of the mean.

x = ∑x
n
x = (920.45 + 921.05 + 921.65 + 920.25 + 920.15 + 921.85 + 921.95 + 920. 45 + 921.15 + 921.35)
10
x = 921.03

x-x V V2
920.45 – 921.03 -0.58 0.3364
921.05 – 921.03 0.02 0.0004
921.65 – 921.03 0.62 0.3844
920.25 – 921.03 -0.78 0.6084
920.15 – 921.03 -0.88 0.7744
921.85 – 921.03 0.82 0.6724
921.95 – 921.03 0.92 0.8464
920.45 – 921.03 -0.58 0.3364
921.15 – 921.03 0.12 0.0144
921.35 – 921.03 0.32 0.1024
∑V2 = 4.076 m

∑ V2 ∑ V2
PES = ± 0.6745
√ (n−1)
PEm = ± 0.6745
√ n (n−1)

4.076 4.076
= ± 0.6745
√ (10−1)
= ± 0.6745
√ 10(10−1)

PEs = ± 0.4539 m PEs = ± 0.1435

PE s PE m
RPs = RPm =
mpv mpv

0.4539 0.1435
= RPm =
921.03 921.03

1 1
RPs = RPm =
2029.1474 6418.3275
ENDAYA JR., JUDY A. June 22, 2020
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13. PROBABLE ERROR. The following values were determined in a series of rod readings made under
identical conditions; 3.312, 3.307, 3.304, 3.306, 3.309, 3.301, 3.311, 3.308, 3.312, 3.306, and 3.313
meters. Determine the following: most probable value of the observed rod readings, probable error
of a single measurement and of the mean, and the relative precision of a single measurement and
of the mean.

Solution:

a.) n = 11 (number of observations)

∑X = (3.312 + 3.307 + 3.304 + 3.306 + 3.309 + 3.301 + 3.311 + 3.308 + 3.312 + 3.306 + 3.313)

=36.389 m

mpv = ∑x/n

= 36.389m / 11

mpv = 3.308 meters (most probable value of observed rod readings)

b.) v1 = (x1 – mpv) = 3.312 - 3.308 = +0.004 v12 = (+0.004)2 = 0.000016

v2 = (x2 – mpv) = 3.307 - 3.308 = -0.001 v22 = (-0.001)2 = 0.000001
v3 = (x3 – mpv) = 3.304 - 3.308 = -0.004 v32 = (-0.004)2 = 0.000016
v4 = (x4 – mpv) = 3.306 - 3.308 = -0.002 v42 = (-0.002)2 = 0.000004
v5 = (x5 – mpv) = 3.309 - 3.308 = +0.001 v52 = (+0.001)2 = 0.000001
v6 = (x6 – mpv) = 3.301 - 3.308 = -0.007 v62 = (-0.007)2 = 0.000049
v7 = (x7 – mpv) = 3.311 - 3.308 = +0.003 v72 = (+0.003)2 = 0.000009
v8 = (x8 – mpv) = 3.308 - 3.308 = 0.000 v82 = (0.000)2 = 0.0000
v9 = (x9 – mpv) = 3.312 - 3. 308 = +0.004 v92 = (+0.004)2 = 0.000016
v10= (x10–mpv) = 3.306 - 3.308 = - 0.002 v102= (-0.002)2= 0.000004
v11=(x11 –mpv) = 3.313 - 3.308 = +0.005 v112= (+0.005)2= 0.000025
∑v = +0.001 ∑v2 = 0.000141

PEs = is the probable error of any single measurement of a series

PEm = is the probable error of the mean
∑v2 = summation of the squares of the residual
n = is the number of observation
∑v = summation of the residual

∑ v2 0.000141
PEs = ± 0.6745
√ n−1
PEs = ± 0.6745
√ 11−1
ENDAYA JR., JUDY A. June 22, 2020
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0.000141 0.000141
PEs = ± 0.6745
√ 10
0.000141
PEm = ± 0.6745
√
11 (11−1)
0.000141
PEs = ± 0.6745
√ 10
PEs = ± 0.6745 √ 0.0000141
PEm = ± 0.6745
√ 110
0.000141
PEs = ± 0.6745 (0.003754996671)
PEm = ± 0.6745
√ 110
PEm = ± 0.6745 √ 0.000001282
PEs = ± 0.002532745255 m
PEs = ± 0.003 m PEm = ± 0.6745 (0.001132254388)
∑ v2 PEm = ± 0.000763705585 m
PEm = ± 0.6745
√ n (n−1) PEm = ± 0.008 m

c.) RP = PE/mpv where;

RP = relative precision

PEs = probable error of a single measurement

PEm = probable error of the mean

mpv = most probable value

RPs = PEs/mpv

RPs = 0.003/3.308
RPs = 3/3308
RPs = 1/1102.67 or 1:1102.67
RPm = PEm/mpv
RPm = 0.008/3.308
RPm = 2/827
RPm = 1/413.5 or 1:413.5

14. WEIGHTED MEASUREMENT. A line is measured on a windy day as 338.65 m. The same line
measured 338.37 m on a calm day. If the latter measurement is given four times the reliability of the
first, determine the most probable value of the measured line.

Given:

Length Weight
338.65 m 1
338.37 m 4
ENDAYA JR., JUDY A. June 22, 2020
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Required:

mpvL

Solution:

L W LW
338.65 m 1 338.65
338.37 m 4 1353.48
∑W = 5 ∑LW = 1692.13

MpvL = ∑LW
∑W
= 1692.13 m
5m
MpvL = 338.43 m

15. WEIGHTED MEASUREMENT. A distance AB is measured five times as 610.03, 610.01, 610.05,
610.04, 610.02 meters. The measurements were given weights of 3, .2, 1, 2, and 3, respectively, by
the head tapeman. Determine the weighted mean for distance AB. Also, determine what difference
results if later judgment revises the weights to 2, 3, 1, 3, and 2.

Formula:

Weighted mean =
∑ w.x
∑w
AB (x) Weight 1 Weight 2
610.03 3 2
610.01 2 3
610.05 1 1
610.04 2 3
610.02 3 2

Weighted mean1 = 3 (610.03) + .2 (610.01) + 1 (610.05) + 2 (610.04) + 3 (610.02)

3 + 2 + 1 +2 + 3
= 1830.09 + 1220.02 + 610.05 + 1220.08 + 1830. 06
11
= 6710.3
11
Weighted mean1 = 610.03
ENDAYA JR., JUDY A. June 22, 2020
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Weighted mean2 = 2 (610.03) + 3 (610.01) + 1 (610.05) + 3 (610.04) + 2 (610.02)

2+3+1+3+2
= 1220.06 + 1830. 03 + 610.05 + 1830.12 + 1220.04
11
= 6710.3
11
Weighted mean2 = 610. 03

xw1 – xw2
610.03 – 610. 03 = 0/ no difference.

16. WEIGHTED MEASUREMENT. An angle ABC is measured at different times using various instruments
and procedures. The results which are assigned certain weights, are as follows: 75° 09’ 26’’, weight
of 4; 75° 09’ 25’’, weight of 3; and 75° 09’ 27’’, weight of 1. Determine the most probable value of
the angle measured.

Ɵ W P
75° 09’ 26’’ 4 300° 37’ 44’’
75° 09’ 25’’ 3 225° 28’ 15’’
75° 09’ 27’’ 1 75° 9’ 27’’
∑w = 8 ∑P = 601° 15’ 26’’

mpv Ɵ = ∑P
∑w
mpv Ɵ = 601° 15’ 26’’
8
mpv Ɵ = 75° 9’ 25.75’’

17. WEIGHTED MEASUREMENTS. In this problem, the weight of an angle is assumed to be proportional
to the number of times it has been measured by repetition. Five angles in a pentagon were
measured with the following results; 134 o44’35”, 167o02’05”, 86o15’20”, 75o48’50”, and 76o08’50”. If
the number of repetitions for each measurement were 2, 6, 6, 8, and 4, respectively, determine the
adjusted values of the angles.

GIVEN:

θ W P

134o44’35”
2 269o29’10”

167o02’05”
ENDAYA JR., JUDY A. June 22, 2020
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6 1002o12’30”

86o15’20”
6 517o32’00”

75o48’50”
8 606o30’40”

76o08’50”
4 304o35’20”

n=5
∑W = 26 ∑P = 2700o19’40”

REQUIRED: mpvθ1, mpvθ2, mpvθ3, mpvθ4, mpvθ5

SOLUTION:
θ1 + θ2 + θ3 + θ4 + θ5 = 540O
= 134o44’35” + 167o02’05” + 86o15’20” + 75o48’50” + 76o08’50”
= 539O59’40”
Error:
e = (n-2)180o - 539O59’40”
e = (5-3)180o - 539O59’40”
e = 540o - 539O59’40”
e = 0o0’20”
Correction:
1
2
= x (0o0’20”) = 0o0’8.28”
1 1 1 1 1
+ + + +
2 6 6 8 4
1
6
= x (0o0’20”) = 0o0’2.76”
1 1 1 1 1
+ + + +
2 6 6 8 4
1
8
= x (0o0’20”) = 0o0’2.06”
1 1 1 1 1
+ + + +
2 6 6 8 4
1
4
= x (0o0’20”) = 0o0’4.14”
1 1 1 1 1
+ + + +
2 6 6 8 4

mpvθ1 = 134o44’35” + 0o0’8.28” = 134o44’43.28”

mpvθ2 = 167o02’05” + 0o0’2.76” = 167o02’7.76”

ENDAYA JR., JUDY A. June 22, 2020
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mpvθ3 = 86o15’20” + 0o0’2.76” = 86o15’22.76”

mpvθ4 = 75o48’50” + 0o0’2.07” = 75o48’52.06”

mpvθ5 = 76o08’50” + 0o0’4.14” = 76o08’54.14”

∑mpvθn = 540o

18. WEIGHTED MEASUREMENT. Two sides and the included angle of a triangle were measured and the
probable error of each value were computed as follows: a = 267.55 m ±0.05 m, b = 564.75 m ±0.06
m, and angle C = 57°15’45”. Determine the area of the triangle and the probable error of the area.

Given:
a = 267.55 m ±0.05 m
b = 564.75 m ±0.06 m
C = 57°15’45”

Required:
Area
PEA

Solution:
A = ab(sinC)
2

= (267.55 m)(564.75 m)(sin57°15’45”)

2
= 127,097.8682 m2
2
A = 63,548.93 m2
PEA = √(a x PEb)2 + (b x PEa)2
= √(267.55 m x ±0.05 m)2 + (564.75 m x ±0.06 m)2
= √1327.150731
PEA = ±36.43 m2

19. WEIGHTED MEASUREMENTS. There sides of a triangle were measured with the following results: a
= 1431.20 m ± 0.02 m, b = 570.77 m ± 0.03 m, and c = 1767.15 m ± 0.04 m. Determine the angles in
the triangle together with the probable errors of the angles.
ENDAYA JR., JUDY A. June 22, 2020
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Sides X Probable Error

a 1431.20 ± 0.02
b 570.77 ± 0.03
c 1767.15 ± 0.04
Angles of a Triangle

C2 = a2 + b2 – 2abcosC
2abcosC = a2 + b2 – c2
2ab
cos C = a2 + b2 + c2
2ab
cos C = (1431.2)2 + (570.77)2 + (1767.15)2
2 (1431.2) (570.77)
C = Arcos (-0458269126)
C = 117.275°

sin A = a sin c
C
1431.2
( 117.28 °)
A = sin-1 sin¿
¿
¿(¿ 1767.15 )
¿

A = 46.039°

A + B + C = 180°
B = 180° - A – C
B = 180° - 46.04 ° - 117.28°
B = 180° - 163.32°
B = 16.68 °

Probable Error of the Angles

PEa sin A
PEA = sin-1 ( )
a
0.02(sin ( 46.04 ° ) )
= sin-1 1431.2 )
¿

PEA = ± (5.76 x 10-4) °

PEb sinA
PEB = sin-1 ( )
a
ENDAYA JR., JUDY A. June 22, 2020
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0.03 ( sin ( 46.04 ))

PEB = sin-1 ( )
1431.2

PEB = ± (8.65 x 10-4) °

PEc sinA
-1
PEC = sin a )
¿
0.04 ( sin ( 46.04 ) )
PEC = sin-1 ( )
1431.2

PEC = ± (1.15 x 10-3) °

20. WEIGHTED MEASUREMENTS. A line AE is divided into segments for measurement with a tape.
The results were AB = 134.10 m ± 0.040 m, BC = 320.63 m ± 0.055, CD = 173.73 m ± 0.056 m, and
DE = 160.85 m ± 0.050 m. Determine the length of the line and the probable error of the
measured length.

Given:
AB 134.10 m ± 0.040 m
BC 320.63 m ± 0.055 m
CD 173.73 m ± 0.056 m
DE 160.85 m ± 0.050 m

Required:
a. AE=?
b. PEAE = ?

Solution:
a. AE = AB + BC + CD + DE
= 134.1 + 320.63 + 173.73 + 160.85
AE = 789.31 m

b. PEAE = √ (PEAB)2 + (PEBC)2 + (PECD)2 + (PEDC)2

= √ (0.040)2 + (0.055)2 + (0.056)2 + (0.050)2
= √ 0.010261
PEAE = ± 0.101296

21. WEIGHTED MEASUREMENTS. The difference in elevation between two ground points was
measured by each of three field parties using different kinds of levelling instruments. The results are
as follows: 1st party, DE = 18.45m ± 0.05 m; 2nd party, DE = 18.40m ± 0.04m; 3rd party, DE = 18.48m ±
0.05m. Determine the most probable difference in elevation between the two ground points.
ENDAYA JR., JUDY A. June 22, 2020
BSCE-2E

GIVEN:
1ST Party = 18.45 m ± 0.05 m
2ND Party = 18.40 m ± 0.04 m
3RD Party = 18.48 m ± 0.05 m

REQUIRED: Elevmpv =?
SOLUTION:

Party X PE W=1/(PE)2 RW=W/SW RWX

1 18.45 m ±0.05 m 400 1 18.45 m

2 18.40 m ±0.04 m 625 1.5625 28.75 m

3 18.48 m ±0.05 m 400 1 18.48 m

∑W = 1425 ∑RW = 3.5625 ∑RWX = 65.68

Elevmpv = ∑RWX/∑RW = 65.68/3.5625

Elevmpv = 18.4364 m

22. SUMMATION OF ERRORS. The four approximately equal sides of a tract of land were measured and
the measurements included the following errors: ±0.085 m, ±0.014 m, ±0.175 m, and ±0.205 m,
respectively. Determine the probable error for the total length (or perimeter) of the tract.

Given:
E1 = ±0.085 m
E2 = ±0.014 m
E3 = ±0.175 m
E4 = ±0.205 m

Required:
PEP

Solution:
PEP = √PEe12 + PEe22 + PEe32 + PEe42
= √(0.085 m)2 + (0.014 m)2 + (0.175 m)2 + (0.205 m)2
PEP = 0.283 m

23. SUMMATION OF ERRORS. The dimensions of a five-sided tract of land are given by the following
measurements and corresponding probable errors: 221.63 m ± 0.004 m, 235.70 m ± 0. 002 m,
ENDAYA JR., JUDY A. June 22, 2020
BSCE-2E

196.05 m ± 0.005 m, 296.13 ± 0.012 m, and 303.18 m ± 0.015 m. Determine the probable error of
the sum of the five measurements and the most probable value of the perimeter.

Sides Length Probable Error

a 221.63 m ± 0.004 m
b 235.70 m ± 0.002 m
c 196.05 m ± 0.005 m
d 296.13 m ± 0.012 m
e 303.18 m ± 0.015 m

P=a+b+c+d+e
P = 221.63 + 235.70 + 196.05 + 296.13 + 303.18
P = 1252.69 m

PEs = √ (PEa) 2 + (PEb) 2 + (PEc) 2 + (PEd) 2 + (PEe) 2

PEs = √ (0.004)2 + (0.002)2 + (0.005)2 + (0.012)2 + (0.015)2

PEs = 0.02 m

P’ = 1252.69 m ± 0.02 m

24. PRODUCT OF ERRORS. Two sides of a rectangle were measured as being 226.25 m ± 0.03 m and
307.28 m ± 0.04 m. Determine the area of the figure and the probable error of the area.

Length 307.28 m ± 0.04 m

Width 226.25 m ± 0.03 m

A=lxw
A = 307.28 m x 226.25 m
A = 69,522.1 m2

PEA = √ (l x PEw)2 + (w x PEl)2

= √ (307.28 x 0.03)2 + (226.25 x 0.04)2
PEA = 12.92 m2

25. PODUCT OF ERRORS. The base and the altitude of a triangular-shaped figure were measured with
certain estimated probable errors as follows: b = 425.67 m ± 0.07 m and h = 138.63 m ± 0.06 m.
Determine the area of the figure and the probable error in the resulting calculation.

GIVEN:
h = 138.63 m ± 0.06 m
b = 425.67 m ± 0.07 m h = 138.63 m ± 0.06
m

REQUIRED: A’=? ; PER =? b = 425.67 m ± 0.07 m

ENDAYA JR., JUDY A. June 22, 2020
BSCE-2E

SOLUTION:

A = (½)bh

A = 1/2(425.57 m)(138.63 m)

A = 29,498.385 m2

PER = ½ [(b x PEh)2 + (h x PEb)2]1/2

PER = ½ [(425.67m x 0.06)2 + (138.63m x 0.07m)2]1/2

PER = ½ (±27.3160 m)

PER = ± 13.658 m

A’ = A + PER

A’ = 29,498.385 m2 ± 13.658 m