Namaste

Building Services II

Shahabuddin Khan
Assistant Professor
Department of Electrical Engineering
Pulchowk Campus, IOE
sk@pcampus.edu.np
 Chapter – 4
Electrical Installation[6 hours]

Shahabuddin Khan
Assistant Professor
Department of Electrical Engineering
Pulchowk Campus, IOE
sk@pcampus.edu.np
 Syllabus
Electrical Installation[6 hours]
1. Introduction
2. Types of Wiring System
3. General Rules for Wiring System and Code of Practice
4. Determination of Light sub-circuit, power sub-circuit & Total Load
5. Determination of Size of Conductor
6. Electrical Installation for Electrical Heating System, Air-conditoning System, lifts,
escalators and pumps etc.

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 Wiring Method
Joining box or Tee System
v In this installation method, connections
to any appliances are prepared through
joints.
v The joints are made from joint boxes
using appropriate connectors and joints
cutouts.
v This method of wiring doesn’t consume
cable but extra cost for connector box.
v It makes wiring weak if not properly
connected.
v Used for “Low Cost System”

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 Wiring Method
Looping System
v This wiring installation method is universally used in any electrical method.
v Different appliances and lamps are connected in a parallel position so that every
appliance can be separately controlled.
v When the connection is required, the feed conductors are being lopped in by getting it
directly to the terminal and then fetching it forward again to the next points.
v The light and switch feeds are carried around the circuit by a series of loops.
v It will be carried around from one point to another until the last on the circuit is reached.
v The line or phase conductors are lopped either in a box or switchboard.

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 Wiring Method: Looping System
Advantages:
v It is easy to locate the fault. Because
the circuit of the wire is obtained from
board to board.
v Combined boxes are no longer needed.
v In an in-loop system, no joint of wire
is pressed into concealed.

Disadvantages:
v The longer the wire in this system,
the greater the voltage drop across
the line.
v Looping – usually becomes difficult
in switches and lamp holders.

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 Types of Wiring

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 Types of Wiring: Cleat Wiring
v In this system of wiring, cables are supported and gripped between porcelain cleats and
6mm. above the wall or roof.
v The main part is base, which is grooved to accommodate the cables, the other part is the
cap which is put over the base.
v This wiring system uses VIR (Vulcanised Indian Rubber) or PVC (Polyvinyl chloride)
wire.

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 Types of Wiring: Cleat Wiring
v This wire can be weatherproof.
v At present this wiring is not
used for home.
v This is because it is temporary
wiring. It is used especially in
temporary military campuses or
festival-related pavilions.

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 Types of Wiring: Cleat Wiring
Advantages
v Cheapest
v Installation and Dismantling is easy and quick
v Material is recoverable after Dismantling.
v Inspection can be made quickly.
v Less skilled persons are required.
v Alterations and additions are easy.

Disadvantages
v Not Good Looking
v Less Durable
v Cables are exposed to atmosphere and there is a possibility of mechanical injury.

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 Types of Wiring: Cleat Wiring
Where to Use
v For temporary installation in dry places
v Appearance is not so important
v Cost is main concern
v Not suitable for domestic premises
v Low Voltage i.e. Less than 250 V

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 Types of Wiring: Lead Sheathed Wiring
v In lead sheathed or metal sheathed wiring the cables used
are insulated wires, TRS or PVC, with metal outer covering
of about 1 mm. thick.
v The metal covering is known as sheathing and is made of
lead – aluminium alloy containing about 95% of lead.
v The metal sheathed cables are run on wooden batten and are
fixed to it by link – clips.
v The whole metal sheathing efficiently earthed as per IS732-
1983

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 Types of Wiring: Lead Sheathed Wiring
Advantages
v It provides protection against mechanical injury.
v It can be used in damp situations.
v It can be used in situations exposed to-sun, and rain provided no joint is exposed.
v It has longer life.

Disadvantages
v It is costly system of wiring.
v It is not suitable where chemical (acids and alkalies) corrosion may occur.
v In case of insulation damage, the metal sheath become alive and gives shock.

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 Types of Wiring: Wooden Casing Wiring
v It consists of rectangular blocks made from
seasoned and knots free wood (preferably
teakwood).
v The casing has usually two (or three) ‘U’ shaped
grooves, into which the VIR or PVC cables are laid
in such a way that the opposite polarity cables are
laid in different grooves.
v The casing is covered by means of a rectangular
strip of the same width as that of casing known as
capping and is screwed to it.
v This system of wiring is suitable for low voltage
installations.

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 Types of Wiring: Wooden Casing Wiring
Advantages
v It provides good insulation as conductors are apart.
v It provides good mechanical strength.
v Easy to inspect by opening the capping.

Disadvantages
v It is costly system now – a – days because it needs seasoned, knot free wood.
v There is every risk of fire.
v The labour cost is more because it requires skilled carpenters.
v This system can not be used in damp places.

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 Types of Wiring: Batten Wiring
v CTS cables are available in single-core, twin-core or three-core with a circular or oval in
shape.
v CTS cables are sufficiently chemical proof, water proof, steam proof.
v The cables are run or carried on well seasoned, perfectly straight and well varnished (on
all four sides) teak wood batten of thickness 10 mm. at least.
v The width of the batten depends upon the number and size of cables to be carried by it.
Battens are fixed to the walls or ceilings by means of gutties or wooden plugs.
v The cables are held on the wooden batten by means of tinned brass link clips spaced at
an interval of 10 cm.
v This system is suitable for low voltage installations.

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 Types of Wiring: Batten Wiring

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 Types of Wiring: Batten Wiring
Advantages
v It’s appearance is good, if carried properly.
v It’s life is sufficiently long.
v It can withstand the action of most chemicals such as acids and alkalies.
v It’s installation is easy and quick compared to casing-capping.
v It is cheap compared to casing – capping, metal conduit and lead sheathed wiring.
Disadvantages
v This system of wiring is not recommended in situations exposed to sun and rain, unless
preventive steps are taken.
v It can not be used in damp places.
v Good work man ship is required to make a sound job.
v Only suitable below then 250V.

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 Types of Wiring: Conduit Wiring
v Conduit wiring system consists of either VIR or PVC cables taken through tubes or
pipes and terminated at the outlets or switches / sockets.
v The tube or pipe is known as “conduit”.
v Conduit wiring may run over the surface of the walls and ceiling or may be concealed
under masonary work.
v Types of Conduits
1. Rigid steel / metal conduit.
2. Rigid PVC / non-metallic conduit.
3. Flexible steel conduit.
4. Flexible PVC / non-metallic conduit.

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 Types of Wiring: Conduit Wiring

PVC conducts has following

advantages over the metal conduct.
i. Lighter in weight- weighs only
about 1/6th the weight of
corresponding steel conduct.
ii. Cheaper than steel conduct
iii. Anti-corrosive
iv. Easy to install
But metallic conduit has better
mechanical protection.

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 Conduit Wiring: Surface Wiring
v This wiring is done on the outside of the wall obviously. Such wiring is known as
Surface Conduit Wiring.
v This is done by making a hole in the wall at equal distances and fixing it with the help
of a GI clamp.
v And by pulling the wire through this pipe, it is given to the board and light, fan, or
another consumer device.

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 Conduit Wiring: Concealed Wiring
v In this method of wiring, the PVC conduits are laid prior to the RCC casting and every
part of conduits are concealed inside the slab and wall.
v After concealing the conduit, wires are drawn into the conduits with the help of pull
wire.
Advantages of Concealed Wiring:
i. Better mechanical protection with compare to surface wiring
ii. Cheaper than surface wiring
iii. Better outlook of building
iv. Longer life than surface wiring
Disadvantages of Concealed Wiring:
i. Complete planning and design is necessary prior to the civil construction
ii. No flexibility for future alternation and expansion
v Concealed wiring is now-a-days widely used in modern buildings

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 Conduit Wiring: Concealed Wiring

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Size of Conduit and Number of Conductor Drawn in

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References: IS 732 (1989): Code of Practice for Electrical Wiring Installations [ETD 20: Electrical Installation]
Size of Conduit and Number of Conductor Drawn in

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References: IS 732 (1989): Code of Practice for Electrical Wiring Installations [ETD 20: Electrical Installation]
Size of Conduit and Number of Conductor Drawn in

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 Vertical Raising Main System
v It is not a complete wire system, but is a part of the system
replacing the cable from main panel to DBs at various floors.
v In a normal system DBs at various floor are supplied from
main control panel via individual sets of cable.
v A single vertical raising main system can supply power to all
DBs from the main control panel.
v A vertical raising main control of four bare copper or
aluminum bars laid vertically in a metal enclosure. The bars
are insulated from the metal enclosure and the enclosure is
earthed.
v Power is tapped at each floor through smaller bus bars or
insulated cable.
v A suitable switch fuse unit is provided at each tap off points.
v This system is most suitable for multi storey building.

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 Vertical Raising Main System
Advantages:
v Easy installation
v Long life
v Reliable operation (short ckt/fire)
v Easy maintenance

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 Comparison of Wiring Types

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 Choice of Wiring
1. Durability
2. Safety
3. Appearance
4. Cost
5. Mechanical Protection
6. Accessibility
7. Maintenance Cost

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 General rules guidelines for wiring
1. Every installation is to be properly protected near the point of entry of supply cables by a
two-pole linked main switch and a fuse unit. In a two-wire installation if one pole is
permanently earthed, no fuse, switch or circuit breaker is to be inserted this pole. A 3-pole
switch and fuse unit is to be used in 3-phase supply
2. The conductor used is to be of such a size that it may carry load current safely.
3. The conductors installed are to be safe in all respects.
4. Every sub-circuit is to be connected to a distribution fuse board.
5. Every line (phase or positive) is to be protected by a fuse of suitable rating as per
requirements.
6. A switch board is to be installed so that its bottom lies 1.25 metres above the floor.
7. All plugs and socket-outlets are to be 3-pin type, the appropriate pin of socket being
connected permanently to the earthing system.

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 General rules guidelines for wiring
8. (a) All incandescent lamps unless otherwise required, are to be hung at a height of 2.5
metres above the floor level.
(b) Unless otherwise specified, all ceiling fans are to be hung 2.75 metres above the floor.
9. (a) Lights and fans may be wired on a common circuit. Each sub-circuit is not to have more
than a total of ten points of lights, fans and socket outlets. The load on each sub-circuit is to
be restricted to 800 watts. If a separate circuit is installed for fans only, the number of fans
in that circuit is not to exceed ten
10. No fuse and switch is to be provided in earthed conductor.
11. Every circuit or apparatus is to be provided with a separate means of isolation such as a
switch.
12. All apparatus requiring attention are to be provided with means of access to it.
13. In any building, light and fan wiring and power wiring are to be kept separate.
14. In 3-phase, 4-wire installation the load is to be distributed equally on all the phases.

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 General rules guidelines for wiring
8. No additional load is to be connected to an existing installation unless it has been
ascertained that the installation can safely carry the additional load and that the earthling
arrangements are adequate.
9. Lamp holders used in bath rooms are to be constructed or shrouded in insulating materials
and fitted with protective shield and earth continuity conductor is not to be of size less than
7/0.915 mm.
10. The metal sheaths or conduits for all wiring and metal coverings of all consuming
apparatus or appliances is to be properly earthed in order to avoid danger from electrical
shock due to leakage or failure of insulation.
11. Each sub-circuit is to be protected against excessive current (that may occur either due to
overload or due to failure of insulation) by fuse or automatic circuit breaker.
12. All live conductors are to be insulated or otherwise safe guarded to avoid danger.
13. After completion of work the installation is to be tested before energisation

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 Code of Practice

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 Circuit
An assembly of electrical equipment supplied from the same origin and protected against
overcurrent by the same protective device(s).
Certain types of circuit are categorised as follows:
1. Category 1 Circuit
v A circuit (other than a fire alarm or emergency lighting circuit ) operating at low
voltage and supplied directly from a mains supply system.
2. Category 2 Circuit
v With the exception of fire alarm and emergency lighting circuits, any circuit for
telecommunication ( for example, radio, telephone, sound distribution, intruder
alarm, bell and call and data transmission circuits ) which is supplied from a safety
source.
3. Category 3 Circuit
v A fire alarm circuit or an emergency lighting circuit.

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 Circuit and Subcircuit

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 Number of Subcircuit for Light and Fan Load
v A light, fan and 5 Amp three pin socket load is considered in a sub circuit.
v There are maximum 10 points in light and fan and 6A Socket Outlet in sub circuit as per
IE ( Indian Electricity ) rules.
v The maximum load for single light and fan sub circuit should not exceed 800 W.
v If separate circuit is provided for fan, then the number of fan shall not exceed ten.
v However, in case of CFL points where load per point may be less, number of points may
be suitably increased.
v There are minimum two sub circuit is kept in the residential housing therefore if there is
fault in one sub circuit, other sub circuit does not affected and load get supply though
other sub circuit.

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References: https://law.resource.org/pub/in/bis/S05/is.sp.30.2011.svg.html, https://cpwd.gov.in/publication/internal2013.pdf
 Number of Subcircuit for Power Load
v The 15 Amp three pin socket load is calculated in the power sub circuit.
v It includes water heater, AC, refrigerators etc.
v The maximum load for power sub circuit should not exceed 3000 W. If the power load
exceed above 3000 W, separate power circuit is taken.
v Power circuit in non-residential building will have only one outlet per circuit.
v Each power circuit in residential building can feed following outlets:
Ø Not more than 2 Nos. 16A outlets. /Use 3 Nos for Nepal
Ø Not more than 3 Nos. 6A outlets.
Ø Not more than 1 No.16A and 2 Nos. 6A outlets.
v Load more than 1 KW shall be controlled by suitably rated MCB and cable size shall be
decided as per calculations.
v Power sub-circuit shall be designed according to the load but in no case shall there be
more than two 16A outlets on each sub-circuit.
v For Low Voltage Load, Power sub-circuits shall be designed according to the load but in
no case shall there be more than four outlets on each sub-circuit.
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References: https://law.resource.org/pub/in/bis/S05/is.sp.30.2011.svg.html, https://cpwd.gov.in/publication/internal2013.pdf
 Possible No of Outlets

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References: https://happho.com/electrical-fittings-required-2-bedroom-house/
 Location of Outlets
v The location and number of light points and other outlets are determined from the size of
building and its utility.
v To a great extent it is also a matter of personal preference.
v It is advisable to plan 10 to 15% more than the required number of outlets for future
extension.
v A minimum of four outlets per average size room should be provided.
v Light points may be provided on wall or ceiling or on both but should be such as to
provide uniform illumination and cause minimum glare.
v In large rooms or halls the light points should be spaced at a distance not exceeding 5
metres.
v In schools, libraries, etc., the spacing between two adjacent light points should not be
more than their height above the floor.
v Fan points should he provided at the rate of one fan per 16 sq.mm area.
v Other outlets such as sockets etc., should he provided according to requirements and
located at convenient positions.
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References: https://law.resource.org/pub/in/bis/S05/is.sp.30.2011.svg.html, https://cpwd.gov.in/publication/internal2013.pdf
 Location of Power Outlets
v As per furniture layout or user’s requirements.
v If not mentioned, Place at one power socket for 2.5-3m radius.
v In a Room, Place at least two power socket.

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 Example
A residential house consists of following loads. Find out number of sub circuits.
No. of T5 tube light 48” = 20
No. of ceiling fan = 8
No. of Three pin ( 5 amp ) socket = 10
No. of Three pin ( 15 amp ) socket = 6
Light and Fan circuit sub circuit load :
( 20 * 28 ) + ( 8 * 60 ) + ( 10 * 100 )
560 + 480 + 1000
2040 Watt
Number of Light and Fan sub circuit =
2040 / 800 = 2.55 = 3
Power sub circuit load : ( 6 * 1000 ) = 6000
Watt
Number of Power sub circuit = 6000 /
3000 = 2
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References: https://www.myelectrical2015.com/2019/04/find-out-number-sub-circuits.html
 Example 2
Location Light Points Fan Points 5 A Sockets 15 A Socket
Outlets Outlets
Bedroom No. 1 2 1 1 1
Bedroom No. 2 2 1 1 -
Bedroom No. 3 1 1 1 -
Drawing-Dinning 3 2 1 1
Room
Kitchen 1 - - 1
Toilet 1 - - -
Front Verandah 1 - - -
Back Verandah 1 - - -

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 Example 2
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝐿𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠 = 12
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝐹𝑎𝑛 𝑃𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠 = 5
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 5𝐴 𝑆𝑜𝑐𝑘𝑒𝑡 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑡 = 4
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 15𝐴 𝑆𝑜𝑐𝑘𝑒𝑡 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑡 = 3
𝐴𝑠 𝑃𝑒𝑟 𝐼𝐸𝑅, 𝑆𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡/𝑓𝑎𝑛 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑠.
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡/𝑓𝑎𝑛 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑠 = 12 + 5 + 4 = 21
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 − 𝑓𝑎𝑛 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑠 = 12×60 + 5×100 + 4×100 = 1620 𝑊
𝐴𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝐼𝐸𝑅, 𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑑 𝑏𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 10 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑑 𝑏𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠
𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 800𝑊
1620
𝑁𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝐿𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑆𝑢𝑏 𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑡 = =
800

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 Example 2
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 15𝐴 𝑆𝑜𝑐𝑘𝑒𝑡 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑡 = 3
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑆𝑜𝑐𝑘𝑒𝑡 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑠 = 3×1000 = 3000 𝑊
𝐴𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝐼𝐸𝑅, 𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑑 𝑏𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑑 𝑏𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠
𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 3000 𝑊
𝑁𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑆𝑢𝑏 𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑡 = 2

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 Example 2

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References: Raina, K. B. Electrical Design Estimating and Costing. New Age International, 2007.
 Current Carrying Capacity
v The current carrying capacity of a wire or cables is defined as the maximum values of
current that the wire or cable can carry continuously without producing excessive heating
and without damaging its insulation.
v The current carrying capacity of cables or wire depends upon the following factors:
i. Number of cores: If number of core is more, the rate of heat dissipation will decrease
and the current carrying capacity will decrease.
ii. Method of installation: The cooling effect will more effective in cable laid
underground with compare to cable laid in the exposed of air . Therefore the cable laid
underground will have comparatively high current carrying capacity.
iii. Ambient air temperature: The current carrying capacity of cable or wire decreases
with increases in ambient temperature.
iv. Resistivity of conductor material.

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 Selection of Size of Conductor
While selecting the size of cable for a particular application, the following two factors has
to be considered:
i. Current carrying capacity of cable
v The derated current carrying capacity of the cable selected must be greater than the line
current in the cable.
v Check by Datasheet
v Full Load Current for DC Motor
𝐻. 𝑃. 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠 × 735.5
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑀𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 =
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑀𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟
𝐹𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 =
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒

7/23/22 10:56 PM SK, Pulchowk Campus 49

 Selection of Size of Conductor
v Full Load Current for Single Phase AC Motor
𝐻. 𝑃. 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠 × 735.5
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑀𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 =
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑀𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟
𝐹𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 =
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 × 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
v Full Load Current for Three Phase AC DC Motor
𝐻. 𝑃. 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠 × 735.5
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑀𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 =
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑀𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟
𝐹𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 =
√3×𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 × 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟

7/23/22 10:56 PM SK, Pulchowk Campus 50

 Selection of Size of Conductor
ii. Voltage drop in the cable
v The Voltage drop must be within the permissible limits.
v Do necessary calculation of voltage drop.
v Depends on length and resistance of conductor used.

7/23/22 10:56 PM SK, Pulchowk Campus 51

Selection of Size of Conductor: Voltage Drop

For DC System,
𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝐷𝑟𝑜𝑝 = 2𝐼𝑅
Let us define K,
As per NEC, It is the dc resistance for a 1K Cmil conductor that is 1K feet Long @ a 75
0C Operating temperature.

K=12.9 Ohms for Copper and K=21.2 for Aluminum

K=0.02 for Copper when length is in meter and area is in sq mm
K=0.03 for Copper when length is in meter and area is in sq mm
7/23/22 10:56 PM SK, Pulchowk Campus 52
Selection of Size of Conductor: Voltage Drop

For DC System,
𝐿
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐷𝑟𝑜𝑝 = 2𝐼𝐾
𝐴
𝐿
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐷𝑟𝑜𝑝 = 2𝐼𝐾 ≤ 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐷𝑟𝑜𝑝
𝐴
2𝐼𝐾𝐿
≤ 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐷𝑟𝑜𝑝

7/23/22 10:56 PM SK, Pulchowk Campus 53

Selection of Size of Conductor: Voltage Drop

For Single Phase AC System,

𝑃!"
𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 =
𝑉 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜙
2𝐼𝐾𝐿
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 ≥
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐷𝑟𝑜𝑝

7/23/22 10:56 PM SK, Pulchowk Campus 54

Selection of Size of Conductor: Voltage Drop
For Three Phase Three Core AC System,
𝑃!"
𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 =
3 𝑉# 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜙
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐷𝑟𝑜𝑝 𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝑅𝑐𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 = 𝐼×𝑍$/&'
𝐼 is the line current going through the
conductor to the load.
3×𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐷𝑟𝑜𝑝 = 3×𝐼×𝑍$/&'
𝐿
𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐷𝑟𝑜𝑝 = 3 𝐼()*+ 𝐾
𝐴
𝐿
𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐷𝑟𝑜𝑝 = 3 𝐼()*+ 𝐾 ≤ 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐷𝑟𝑜𝑝
𝐴
3 𝐼()*+ 𝐾𝐿
≤ 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐷𝑟𝑜𝑝
7/23/22 10:56 PM SK, Pulchowk Campus 55
Selection of Size of Conductor: Voltage Drop
For Three Phase 3.5C Core AC System,
𝑃!"
𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 =
3 𝑉# 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜙
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐷𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑛 𝑅 − 𝑁 𝐶𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 = 𝐼$ ×𝑍 + 𝐼" 𝑍
𝐼$
𝑃ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑜𝑟 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐷𝑟𝑜𝑝 = 𝐼$ ×𝑍 + 𝑍
2
3𝐼$
𝑃ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑜𝑟 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐷𝑟𝑜𝑝 = 𝑍
2
𝐿
𝑃ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑜𝑟 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐷𝑟𝑜𝑝 = 1.5×𝐼%&'( ×𝐾
𝐴
𝐿
𝑃ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑜𝑟 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐷𝑟𝑜𝑝 = 1.5×𝐼%&'( ×𝐾 ≤ 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑃ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑜𝑟 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐷𝑟𝑜𝑝
𝐴
1.5×𝐼%&'( 𝐾𝐿
≤ 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑃ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑜𝑟 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐷𝑟𝑜𝑝

7/23/22 10:56 PM SK, Pulchowk Campus 56

 Example
Design the size of cable, conduit and its controlling unit of following motors.

Rated Full Load Starting

S.No Motor Type Rating Efficiency pf Input Voltage Current Current
1 DC 10 80 250
Single Phase
2 AC 1 80 0.8 240
Three Phase
3 AC 10 85 0.8 400

7/23/22 10:56 PM SK, Pulchowk Campus 57

 Example
Design the size of cable, conduit and its controlling unit of following motors.

S.N Rated Full Load Starting

Motor Type Rating Efficiency pf Input
o Voltage Current Current
9193.
1 DC 10 80 250 36.775 55.1625
75
Single Phase 919.3
2 1 80 0.8 240 4.788411458 7.182617188
AC 75
Three Phase 8652.
3 10 85 0.8 400 15.61180599 23.41770899
AC 94

Based on Power Rating refer, starter type which gives idea of number of wires to be
used and hence, we can recommend the size of conduit.
Fusing current is determined by starting current of each motor.

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 Example

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 Example

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 Example

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 Simple Heating System

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 Building Heating System

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 Simple Room Heating Flow Diagram

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 Lift
v The initial lift problem is one of service; so many factors enter in to this problem that each
individual case must be considered as a separate problem in itself.
v However, some accepted general rules may be stated for the guidance of lift selection.
a. Capacity & number of lifts.
(A minimum capacity of 13 passenger lift for office bldg. and 8 passenger lift for
residential building). Ensure provision of goods lift.
b. Lift well size.
c. Pit depth.
d. Machine room size.
e. Over head.
f. The floor of lift machine room shall be designed for a uniform load of 1000 kg/sqm.
g. Lift pit to be water proofed.
h. No structural member intrusions into lift well, like column, beam projections which
compromise lift well dimensions.

7/23/22 11:10 PM SK, Pulchowk Campus 65

 Design of Lift
Size and Shape of the Car: -
Ø The size of the car is determined either from the number of passengers to be carried or by
limitations in the building design.
Ø In figuring the car of area required for a given number of passengers, the usual practice is
to allow a space of 0.2 m2/person.
Ø The maximum load capacity of the lift is figured on a basis of 360 kg/m2, which assume
the average weight of a passenger to be 70 kg.

7/23/22 11:10 PM SK, Pulchowk Campus 66

 Design of Lift
Lift Speeds (m/min.): -
v The speed at which a lift should travel is determined by consideration of the size and height
of the building in addition to the character of the service to be performed; i.e., residence,
hotels, department stores and offices.
v The usual practice for the speed of lift is as follows: -

7/23/22 11:10 PM SK, Pulchowk Campus 67

 Design of Lift
Capacity of lifts:
v The capacity of passenger lifts varies from 500 kg to 2000 kg, about 500 kg in residence,
2000 kg in department stores and from 1500 to 2000kg in office buildings.
v The capacity determines the car size, which should be of sufficient floor, are to provide not
more than 360 kg/m2

7/23/22 11:10 PM SK, Pulchowk Campus 68

 Design of Lift
Number of Lifts Required:
v The number of lifts required to supply a given service is difficult to determined accurately
because each building is an individual problem in itself, due to the large variation in the
demands such as internal traffic depend on types of offices.
v Accordingly, the results obtained in similar buildings are used as a basis of calculation.
v The following method may be used as guide for determining the number of lifts required
in a building of known dimensions. The population can be estimated from the rentable area
as follows:

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 Design of Lift
v Total travel in meter if not known, can be estimated by assuming 5 m. for the ground
floor and 3.5 m. between other floors.
v The estimated time for synchronizing the cars, loss in time due to accelerating and
retarding, loading and unloading at the first floor is 30 seconds.
v The estimated time for accelerating and retarding, loading and unloading for each floor
above the first is 10 seconds.
v The estimated time required emptying the building above the first floor usually ranges
from 40 to 60 minutes.

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 Example

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 Lift Specifications

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 Lift Specifications

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 Power Requirement of Lifts
v When selecting a motor, it is important to note that the rating of the motor (i.e., that on
the nameplate) refers to net output power from the motor.
v This is equal to the product of the output net torque (i.e., the output mechanical torque
less the friction and windage losses) and the output rotational speed in radians per
second.
v This output mechanical power will obviously be less than the input electrical power to
the motor, due to the following losses (taking an AC motor as an example):
ü Stator copper losses.
ü Core losses (Eddy current and hysteresis losses).
ü Rotor copper losses.
ü Friction and windage losses.
v Thus the efficiency of the motor is the division of the output mechanical power by the
input electrical power.
v By using the input rated current, voltage and power factor, and the output speed and
torque, the efficiency of any motor can be calculated.
7/23/22 11:10 PM SK, Pulchowk Campus 74
References: Al-Sharif, Lutfi. (1999). Lift and Escalator Motor Sizing with Calculations and Examples. Lift Report. 25. 16-23.
 Method 1
Steady state method (power only)
The first and most commonly used method is to check that the motor supplies
sufficient power to move the out of balance mass at the rated speed.
The formula
v The basic method can be used in most cases to select the size of the motor.
v The worst case is taken as that of lifting a fully loaded car in the up direction at the rated
speed (assuming that the counterweight ratio is 50% or less).

7/23/22 11:10 PM SK, Pulchowk Campus 75

References: Al-Sharif, Lutfi. (1999). Lift and Escalator Motor Sizing with Calculations and Examples. Lift Report. 25. 16-23.
Following stages is used to calculate the Power Requirements
v The fully loaded passenger mass is reduced by the amount of counterweight. This
represents the out of balance mass.
v This is multiplied by the acceleration of gravity, to determine the force in Newtons
needed to move this out of balance mass against gravity in the up direction.
v Multiplying this force by the rated speed gives the rate of flow of energy, or in other
words the power in watts. This represents the net output power of the system.
v This calculated net output power has to flow through the system, and thus a larger value
of power has to be supplied to account for all losses in the shaft and gearbox. Thus, the
net output power is divided by the shaft efficiency and the gearbox efficiency to provide
the required motor power output rating.
v The efficiency of the shaft and the gearbox (forward) can be taken as a combined figure
of 85%, if no exact data is available. The forward efficiency of the gearbox is taken in this
case because the motor is driving. The reverse efficiency is only taken if the braking
calculation is being carried out. The forward and reverse efficiencies for worm gearboxes
are different.
7/23/22 11:10 PM SK, Pulchowk Campus 76
References: Al-Sharif, Lutfi. (1999). Lift and Escalator Motor Sizing with Calculations and Examples. Lift Report. 25. 16-23.
 Sizing of Lift Motor

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References: Al-Sharif, Lutfi. (1999). Lift and Escalator Motor Sizing with Calculations and Examples. Lift Report. 25. 16-23.
 Example 1
In a lift system which has an MG set supplying its DC hoist, calculate the size of the AC
prime mover for a 49 passenger lift, running at 1.6 m/s, if the efficiency of the installation
(including the MG set, the DC hoist motor and the shaft efficiency) is 70%, and the
counterweight ratio is 40%.

7/23/22 11:10 PM SK, Pulchowk Campus 78

References: Al-Sharif, Lutfi. (1999). Lift and Escalator Motor Sizing with Calculations and Examples. Lift Report. 25. 16-23.
 Example 2
An 8 passenger hydraulic lift, runs at a speed of 1 m/s, and has an overall efficiency of
80%. If the mass of the car is equal to the rated load in the car, then calculate the required
minimum size of the motor for the pump unit.

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References: Al-Sharif, Lutfi. (1999). Lift and Escalator Motor Sizing with Calculations and Examples. Lift Report. 25. 16-23.
 Method 2
Dynamic method (Moment of inertia)
v The basic power method, only ensures that the motor can lift the out of balance
masses at the rated speed.
v It thus only addresses the steady state situation (i.e., after all masses have started
moving at the rated speed).
v However, the motor has to accelerate these masses up to the rated speed, and it
has to do so at an acceptable value of acceleration.
v In this section we examine the moment of inertia method, as a checker for the basic
method.
v It ensures that the motor is capable of supplying the required kinetic energy for
translational and rotational masses at the required acceleration.

7/23/22 11:10 PM SK, Pulchowk Campus 80

References: Al-Sharif, Lutfi. (1999). Lift and Escalator Motor Sizing with Calculations and Examples. Lift Report. 25. 16-23.
 Method 2

v A value of acceleration of 0.8-1.0 m/s2 is

acceptable.
v If the value is more, this is still acceptable if
the drive is a variable speed drive (i.e.,
ACVV1 , VVVF2 , DC SCR because the
drive the exact required voltage to achieve the
required acceleration.
v If the acceleration is less than 0.6 m/s2 , then
the motor is not adequate, and a larger size
motor with a higher torque needs to be
selected, or the masses have to be reduced.
7/23/22 11:10 PM SK, Pulchowk Campus 81
References: Al-Sharif, Lutfi. (1999). Lift and Escalator Motor Sizing with Calculations and Examples. Lift Report. 25. 16-23.
 Example 3
A lift system is designed to run at 1.75 m/s, with a car capacity of 28 passengers. The car
mass is 2000 kg, and the counterweight ratio is 50%. Select a motor which will run at a
speed of 920 rpm from the table below.

Jcoupling = 0.15 kg m2
Q= 2100 kg
C/W = 3050 kg
7/23/22 11:10 PM SK, Pulchowk Campus 82
References: Al-Sharif, Lutfi. (1999). Lift and Escalator Motor Sizing with Calculations and Examples. Lift Report. 25. 16-23.
 Example 3

7/23/22 11:10 PM SK, Pulchowk Campus 83

References: Al-Sharif, Lutfi. (1999). Lift and Escalator Motor Sizing with Calculations and Examples. Lift Report. 25. 16-23.
 Example 3

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References: Al-Sharif, Lutfi. (1999). Lift and Escalator Motor Sizing with Calculations and Examples. Lift Report. 25. 16-23.
 Energy Consumption
v Schroeder (1986) has
Drive Floors above TP(seconds)
developed a generalised
ground Range Mean
formula for calculating the
Hydraulic without less than 6 5-7 6
daily energy consumption
counterweight
of a lift installation.
Geared AC 2-speed 6 9-12 10.5
v He based the formula on
the typical trip time, which
ACVV 12 7-10 8.5
he labelled as TP.
(high mass)
v This factor TP depends on
ACVV 12 5-8 6.5
the number of floors, the
(low mass)
type of drive and
Gearless Motor- generator 18 4-6 5
consequently the rated
Thyrisor 18 3-5 4
speed.

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References: Joris Schroeder, “Energy Consumption and Power Requirements of Elevators”
 Energy Consumption
Once the relevant installation has been found in the table, then the mean value of TP in the
table is used. Alternatively, for more accuracy, “the lower end of the range is used for 1:1
roping and a relatively large motor, or the upper end of the range is used for 2:1 roping and
a relatively small motor” (Schroeder, 1986).
This is then used in the following formula:
E = (R x ST x TP)/3600
where
E is the daily energy consumed in kWh/day
R is the motor rating in kW’s
ST is the number of starts per day

7/23/22 11:10 PM SK, Pulchowk Campus 86

References: Joris Schroeder, “Energy Consumption and Power Requirements of Elevators”
 Energy Consumption
The difficulty with the parameter ST is that it has to be estimated or measured, thus
affecting the final accuracy of the estimate.
The value found is then used to calculate the yearly energy consumed (e) per floor unit area
(m2), as follows (Schroeder, 1986):
𝑘𝑊ℎ
𝐸 ×𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠/𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟×0.85
𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝑒=
𝑃𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛×𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒/𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑜𝑛

This gives the annual energy consumed in units of energy (kWh) per square metre.

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 Find Energy Consumption of Lifts?

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 Power Requirement in Escalator
The sizing of the escalator motor depends on a number of factors
v The vertical rise of the escalator.
v The efficiency of the escalator.
v The efficiency of the gearbox.
v The running speed of the escalator.
v The angle of inclination of the escalator.
v The number of passengers per step.
v The rise of each step.

7/23/22 11:10 PM SK, Pulchowk Campus 89

References: Al-Sharif, Lutfi. (1999). Lift and Escalator Motor Sizing with Calculations and Examples. Lift Report. 25. 16-23.
 Motor Sizing
v When sizing an escalator motor, it is only necessary to use the static method (i.e., to
ensure that the motor can move all the masses at rated speed).
v The time it takes to accelerate up to full speed is not as critical as that in the case of a lift,
because escalators only start a few times a day (or in some cases only once a day).
v Following is the derivation of the formula for deciding the kW size of the motor. The
weight of each passengers will be (assuming a 75 kg per passenger mass):
𝐹 = 𝑚×𝑔
v Where:
m is the mass of one passenger in kg.
g is the acceleration due to gravity

7/23/22 11:10 PM SK, Pulchowk Campus 90

References: Al-Sharif, Lutfi. (1999). Lift and Escalator Motor Sizing with Calculations and Examples. Lift Report. 25. 16-23.
 Motor Sizing
v The effective number of steps on an escalator is equal to the vertical rise divided by the
step rise:

v Where:
RE is the escalator vertical rise.
RS is the step vertical rise.
Assuming that the number of passengers per step is n, then the total weight of all passengers
on the escalator is:

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References: Al-Sharif, Lutfi. (1999). Lift and Escalator Motor Sizing with Calculations and Examples. Lift Report. 25. 16-23.
 Motor Sizing

Thus, the force in the direction of

travel (denoted as Feff ) resulting from
the weight of all passengers is:

Where: θ is the angle of inclination of the escalator

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References: Al-Sharif, Lutfi. (1999). Lift and Escalator Motor Sizing with Calculations and Examples. Lift Report. 25. 16-23.
 Motor Sizing
By multiplying this force by the linear speed of the escalator, the required power is found.
However, the efficiency of the stepband and of the gearbox should be taken into
consideration, as well as the power needed to keep the handrails moving. The final formula
thus becomes:

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References: Al-Sharif, Lutfi. (1999). Lift and Escalator Motor Sizing with Calculations and Examples. Lift Report. 25. 16-23.
 Example
An escalator has a rise of 20 m, is intended to run at a linear speed of 0.75 m/s, and will
carry two passengers per step (i.e., n=2). Calculate the power rating of the necessary
motor, assuming that the total efficiency of the gearbox and the stepband is 83%. Assume
an angle of inclination of 30° to the horizontal.

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References: Al-Sharif, Lutfi. (1999). Lift and Escalator Motor Sizing with Calculations and Examples. Lift Report. 25. 16-23.
 Air Conditioning System
v Air-conditioning is maintenance of specified inside conditions: temperature, relative
humidity, air changes and air quality. Air-conditioning also includes winter heating and
clean air system.
v Depending upon specific requirements, following systems of air-conditioning are
followed:
i. Window type AC Units.
ii. Split type AC Units.
iii. Package type AC Units.
iv. Central AC System.

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 What is HVAC???

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 Basic Principle

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 Air Conditioning System Types
Window type Units:
v Suitable for individual isolated rooms.
v Consumes very high amount of power.
v No relative humidity control.
v Very little control over air quality.
v Suitable for area upto 100 Sqm.
Split Units:
v They are same as window type units, except that the compressor units are located away
from evaporator (fan) units.
v The noise of compressor is kept away.
v Energy wasteful.

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 Air Conditioning System Types
Package type:
v They are mini and compact central plants available up to 10-Ton capacity.
v This system is suitable for areas between 100 to 1000 sqm.

Central AC Plants:
v They are suitable for large areas.
v Excellent control over temperature, humidity, clean air, air changes, noise control, uniform
distribution and have energy efficiency.
v A properly designed central AC system will be reliable, effective and efficient.
v Hence for air-conditioning areas in excess of 1000 sqm, central AC plant is preferred.

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 Air Conditioning System Sizing

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 Power Rating of Air Conditioning System
As a general rule of thumb, for AC power consumption calculation you should take,
v 1 ton of cooling = 1,000 watts
v 1.5 ton of cooling = 1,500 watts
v 2 ton of cooling = 2,00 watts
v 3 ton of cooling = 3000 watts and so on.

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 HVAC System Requirements

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 Thank You
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References