INTRODUCTION

Dyes are coloured compounds used for imparting colour to the textiles,
silk, wool, food stuffs, etc. A dye is an organic compound which can
absorb some band of the light falling on it. The rest of the light is
reflected. The reflected light will eventually have colour complementary
to that of the absorbed. A dye may absorb all visible light except one
band that may be reflected. The dye will then have colour of the
reflected band.

Necessary Conditions To be a Dye: Dye is a natural or synthetic

coloring matter which is used in solution to stain materials especially
fabrics. All the colored substances are not dyes. A colored substance is
termed as a dye if it fulfills the following conditions,
 It must have a suitable color.
 It can be fixed on the fabric either directly or with the help of mordant.
 When fixed it must be fast to light and washing, i.e. it must be resistant
to the action of water, acids and alkalies, particularly to alkalies as
washing soda and soap have alkaline nature.

Classification of Dye :

Dye stuff are classified on different bases:

1. Physical form
2. Application form
3. Chemical form
Classification of Dyes Based on Physical form:
1) Powder form
a) Grain form
b) Fine powder form
c) Micro or ultrafine powder form
2) lump form
3) solution form
4) paste form
Classification Of Dyes Based On Application

ACID DYES: Acid media is required for application of this dye. The
substantivity of this dye is maximum to wool and least to cellulosic fiber.
The acid causes adverse effect on silk in terms of appearance. The dye
has good fastness to light. These dyes, which are sodium salts of organic
acids just as sulphuric acid, have poor washing fastness property. These
contain acid groups, such as –COOH and –SO3H which form
attractions to the slightly basic –NH groups in the amide links of wool,
silk and nylon:

2. Basic Dyes: These dyes are the salts of the coloured basic groups
containing amino group ( --NH2 or - NR2 ). Modified nylon and
polyesters can be dyed with these dyes. e.g. Aniline Yellow and
Malachite Green

3. Direct Dyes: These are the Dyes which can be applied directly to the
fabrics from an aqueous solution. These are most useful for fabrics
which can form hydrogen bonds with the Dyeing of Fabrics. Thus they
are used for dyeing cotton, wool, silk, rayon, nylon. These bond to
fabrics by hydrogen bonding and so are particularly attracted to cellulose
fibres, such as cotton and rayon, which have many –OH groups.

Hydrogen bonds are weak compared to covalent bonds and so the dyes
are only fast if the molecules are long and straight; they must be able to
line up with the cellulose fibres and form several hydrogen bonds .
4.Insoluble Dyes: These are Insoluble Dyeing of Fabrics compounds
produced in site on the surface of the fabric i.e. why they are also
called as ingrain Dyeing of Fabrics. The reaction involves the
coupling between napthal absorbed on the surface of the fabric
with the diazonium salt. As there is only surface absorption, the
colour is not very fast. These Dyeing of Fabrics are generally used
for dyeing cotton, silk, nylon, polyester etc. e.g. Orange - 1
 It was hoped that the new dye would react with wool:

 However, the results were very poor and so more work needed
to be done on the dyes.
 Stephen realised that the reaction would be more likely to
happen in alkaline conditions; however, this caused a problem, as
alkaline conditions would damage the wool.
 Instead, they used the dyes with cotton, which would not be
damaged by the alkaline conditions.
 This was a success; the dye molecules reacted with both the
amine and hydroxyl groups on the cotton fibers. The first fibre
reactive dyes had been produced.
5. Vat Dyes: These are insoluble Dyeing of Fabrics which are first
reduced to a colourless form in a large vat with a reducing agent
such as alkaline sodium hypo-sulphite and then applied to the
fabrics. Many azo compounds are examples of vat dyes e.g. Indigo.
6. Fabric Reactive: These are the Dyeing of Fabrics which contain a
reactive group which combines directly with the hydroxyl or the
amino group of the fiber. Because of the chemical reaction the
colour is fast and has a very long life. Cotton, wool or silk can be
dyed with this type of Dyeing of Fabrics.
 Fastness is a measure of how strongly a dye is attached to a
fabric and is an important indication as to whether the dye will
move into water when the material is washed.
 For many years, chemists dreamed of developing fast dyes that
would covalently bond to fabrics rather than only joining to the
fabric by weak intermolecular forces.
 During the 1950’s, a group of chemists working for ICI embarked
on their search for a better dye for wool.
 William Stephen, a member of that group, decided to modify the
structure of azo dyes by adding reactive groups in the hope that
they would combine with the amino groups of proteins in wool.
 One of his ideas was to modify an azo dye containing an amino
group by reacting it with trichlorotriazane:
7. Disperse Dyes: These Dyes are water soluble Dyeing of Fabrics
which are dispersed in suitable reagents before application to the
synthetic fibers. These Dyeing of Fabrics Dyeing of Fabrics are used
for dyeing nylon and polyester. These do not dissolve in water, but
instead are oxidised in the solution and physically held in place
within the fibres.
8. Modrant Dyes: These Dyeing of Fabrics do not dye the fabric
directly but require a binding agent known as mordant. The
mordant acts as a binding agent between the fiber and the dye.
These are used to dye wool. e.g. Alizarin (Turkey Red ) .

CLASSIFICATION OF DYES BASED ON CHEMICAL FORM:

1. Nitroso
2. Nitro
3. Azo
4. Stilbene
5. Diphenyl methane
6. Xanthane
7. Acridine
8. Quinone
9. Thiazole
10. Indamine
11. Azine
12. Oxazine
13. Thiazine
14. Lactone
15. Indigoid
16. Indophenol
17. Triaryl Methane

DYEING
Dyeing is the process of adding color to textile products like fibers,
yarns, and fabrics.
Dyeing is normally done in a special solution containing dyes and
particular chemical material. After dyeing, dye molecules have
uncut chemical bond with fiber molecules. The temperature and
time controlling are two key factors in dyeing .There are mainly
two classes of dye, natural and man-made. The primary source of
dye, historically, has generally been nature, with the dyes being
extracted from animals or plants .Since the mid-18th century,
however, humans have produced artificial dyes to achieve a
broader range of colors and to render the dyes more stable to
resist washing and general use. Different classes of dyes are used
for different types of fiber and at different stages of the textile
production process, from loose fibers through yarn and cloth to
completed garments. Acrylic fibers are dyed with basic dyes, while
nylon and protein fibers such as wool and silk are dyed with acid
dyes ,and polyester yarn is dyed with disperse dyes. Cotton is dyed
with a range of dye types, including vat dyes ,and modern
synthetic reactive and direct dyes.

AZO DYE
Synthesis of Azo Dyes Orange II or Methyl Orange Probably the
most common type of dyes are the azo dyes. There are literally
thousands of them. They are typically formed in a two-step
reaction - by first oxidizing an aromatic amine to a diazonium salt,
and then coupling the salt to an aromatic phenol (or a different
methylated amine) via an electrophilic aromatic substitution
reaction. For the synthesis of Orange II and Methyl Orange,
everyone will form the same diazonium salt of sulfanilic acid in the
first step according to the reaction scheme. Sulfanilic acid exists as
a zwitter ion in aqueous solution. The procedures for the
electrophilic aromatic addition are similar on paper, but a bit
different in how they are executed experimentally. To make
Orange II, the diazonium salt of sulfanilic acid is coupled with
2-naphthol in alkaline solution in the second step. To make Methyl
Orange, the salt is coupled with N,Ndimethylaniline in a weakly
acidic solution. These dyes will then be used to dye regular
Multifiber fabric strips (the mordanted cloth gives pretty similar
results).

EXPERIMENT
PROCEDURE
FORMATION OF DIAZONIAM SALT
1) In a 50-mL Erlenmeyer flask dissolve (with boiling if necessary)
1.2g of sulfanilic acid in 12.5 mL of 2.5% sodium carbonate
solution.
2) Cool the solution under tap water, add 0.47g of sodium nitrite,
and stir until it is dissolved. . Pour the solution into a flask
containing about 7.5g of ice and 1.3mL of concentrated
hydrochloric acid. In a minute or two a powdery white precipitate
of the diazonium salt should separate and the material is then
ready for use. The product is not collected but is used in the
preparation of Orange II or Methyl Orange dye while in
suspension. It is more stable than most diazonium salts and will
keep for a few hours.
METHYL ORANGE SYNTHESIS:
1) In a test tube, thoroughly mix 0.8mL of N,Ndimethylaniline and
0.63mL of glacial acetic acid.
2) To the suspension of diazotized sulfanilic acid contained in a
250mL beaker, add (with stirring) the solution of dimethylaniline
acetate. Rinse the test tube with a small quantity of water and add
it to the beaker.
3) Stir and mix thoroughly and within a few minutes the red, acid-
stable form of the dye should separate. A stiff paste should result
in 5-10min and 9mL of 3M sodium hydroxide solution is then
added to produce the orange sodium salt.
4) Stir well and heat the mixture to the boiling point, when a large
part of the dye should dissolve
5) Place the beaker in a pan of ice and water and allow the
solution to cool undisturbed. When cooled thoroughly, collect the
product on a Buchner funnel, using saturated sodium chloride
solution rather than water to rinse the flask and to wash the dark
mother liquor from the filter cake.
6) The crude product need not be dried but can be crystallized
from water after making preliminary solubility tests to determine
the proper conditions. The yield is about 1.25-1.5g.

DYEING TEST FABRIC STRIPS

9. For the direct dyes, Methyl Orange and Orange II, the dye bath
is prepared from 50mg of Orange II or Methyl Orange, 0.5mL of
3M sodium sulfate solution, 15mL of water, and 5 drops of 3M
sulfuric acid in a 30mL beaker. Place a piece of test fabric (without
mordant) in the bath for 5 min at a temperature near the boiling
point. Remove the fabric from the dye bath, allow it to cool, and
then wash it thoroughly with soap under running water before
drying it.
OBSERVATION: A complete colour range is available for cotton,
rayon, nylon. Other fabrics like wool, satin , tetron, tricot, chicken
can not be dyed with azo dyes.
SAFETY INFO: Avoid skin contact with diazonium salts. Some
diazonium salts are explosive when dry, so always use in solution.
Acids and bases should always be dispensed carefully in the hood.
CLEANUP: The organic crystallization filtrate should be placed in
the organic solvents container. The filtrate from the reaction
should be poured into an aqueous inorganic waste container in
the hood. Dye stains on glassware can be removed with a few
milliliters of 6M HCl then washing with water. Neutralize the acid
washings with sodium carbonate before pouring them down the
sink or pouring them into the container for aqueous inorganic
waste. Remove dye stains on the beaker, if necessary.
XANTHEN DYE
INTRODUCTION:
Phthaleins are an important class of organic compounds which
have many applications. Fluorescein dye is a synthetic organic
compound available as a dark orange/red powder soluble in water
and alcohol. Fluorescein dye has an absorption maximum at 494
nm and emission maximum of 521 nm (in water), the color of its
aqueous solution varies from green to orange. The light fastness of
the dyes was found to depend on the mobility of electrons
through conjugated system from donating electron (OH) to
electron withdrawing in (COO-) afforded a good value of light
fastness.
It is known that acid dyes and their metal complexes are used for
textile fibers dyeing, due to their high affinity to textile fibers, high
strength and stability, bright colours and a variety of possible
shades.This property depends on the number and position of the
sulphonic groups, and their attraction to positive groups of the
textile substrate. Furthermore, amino groups on the untreated
fibers are capable of forming hydrogen bonds with the groups –
OH and – CO of the dye molecules, therefore creating bridges
between fiber and dye, consequently, increasing the affinity of dye
to wool fiber.

FEATURES OF FLUORESCENT DYES:

Fluorescent Dyes are acknowledged for their unique and
productive features that include:
 Highly detectable (some even below 1 part per trillion)
 Water solubility
 Extremely low toxicity ratings
 Fair stability in a normal water environment
 Excellent fastness properties
 Displays good stability
 High color strength

DYEING PROCEDURES
Wool and nylon 6 fabrics were dyed using fluorescence dye. The
dye bath was prepared at pH 4 using acetic acid. Dyeing was
started at 40°C and then the temperature raised to 100°C over 45
min. Also, we can dye Wool and nylon 6 by the same prepared dye
in microwave and we can compare between two methods in
dyeing time, liquor ratio and temperature. Dye exhaustion on wool
and nylon 6 fabrics were evaluated spectrophotometrically. After
dyeing, all dyed samples were rinsed with water and air dried. Dye
exhaustion on wool and nylon 6 fabrics were evaluated
spectrophotometrically.

OBSERVATION
This dye was used for dyeing wool and nylon 6 in microwave.
Application of fluorescein on tetron & net fabric, degrade them.
Satin, cotton, tricot, chicken type of fabric can not be dyed by this
type of dye.

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