Infrastructure

Infrastructure
By Ashi, Ashish, Basharat, Deep, Durga

Agenda
• Introduction to Infrastructure
• Types of Infrastructure
• Difference between Economic and Social Infrastructure
• Importance of Infrastructure
• Energy
• Healthcare
11/26/2022 PRESENTATION TITLE 2

Introduction to Infrastructure
Infrastructure refers to all such activities, services and facilities, which are needed to provide different
kinds of services in an economy. It refers to the support system of economic and social development of
the country. Infrastructure includes:
• Roads, railways, airports, dams, power stations, oil and gas pipelines, telecommunications, etc.
• Education system (schools, colleges, universities)
• Health system (hospitals and clinics)
• Sanitary system (clean drinking water)
• Monetary system (banks, financial institutions, insurance providers, etc.)

Types of Infrastructure
• Economic Infrastructure – It
includes infrastructure
associated with energy,
transportation and
communication.
• Social Infrastructure – It
includes infrastructure
associated with education,
health, and housing.

Difference Between Economic and
Social Infrastructure
Economic Social
• It helps to improve the quality of • It helps to improve the quality of
economic resources. human resources.
• It directly supports the economic • It indirectly supports the economic
system. system.
• It helps to increase the stock of • It helps to increase the stock of
physical capital in the economy. human capital in the economy.
• Eg: roads, railways, waterways, • Eg: education, healthcare, housing
airways, telecommuncations, sanitation, etc.
banking, electricity, water supply,
etc.

Importance of Infrastructure
1 2 3 4 5
Provides
Facilitates
Agricultural Economic Employment Facilitates
Functioning of
Development Development and Improves Outsourcing
the Economy
Quality of Life

Energy
Energy is an important input for
most of the production processes
and consumption activities. It
plays a crucial role in the
development of an economy.
Types of Energy
• Commercial – It refers to those sources of energy which command a price and the
users have to pay a price for them. Eg: coal, petroleum, electricity.
• Non-commercial – It consists of those sources of energy which generally do not
command a price. Eg: firewood, agricultural waste, dried dung.
• Conventional – It refers to the sources of energy which are in use since long and
can be stored. They are non-renewable in nature. Eg: coal and petroleum.
• Non-conventional – It refers to the sources of energy which have come into use
only recently. Eg: solar energy, wind energy, hydropower, geothermal power, etc.
Consumption of Energy in India
Commercial energy makes

up 74% of the total energy Non-conventional India relies on imports
consumption in India, coal energy sources for its crude and
being the most popular, at constitute about 26% petroleum needs,
54%, followed by oil at 32%, of the total energy which will likely grow
natural gas at 10% and
hydro energy at 2%. consumption. rapidly in the future.
Sectoral Consumption of
Commercial Energy
Sector 1953-54 1970-71 1990-91 2014-15
Household 10 12 12 23
Agriculture 01 03 08 18
Industries 40 50 45 44
Transport 44 28 22 2
Others 5 07 13 13
Total 100 100 100 100
Health
“Health is a state of complete
physical, mental an social well-
being and not merely the
absence of disease or infirmity.”
-World Health Organization
Three Tier System of Health
Infrastructure
• Primary Health Care – It includes identification, prevention and control of
prevailing health problems, promotion of proper nutrition, basic sanitation and
adequate water supply; maternal and child health care, basic immunisation, and
promotion of mental health and essential drugs. They are set up at all levels,
urban and rural.
• Secondary Health Care – It includes facilities for surgery, Electro-Cardio Gram
(ECG) and other scans. They are set up at district levels and big towns.
• Tertiary Health Care – Includes hospitals with advanced level equipment and
medicines that help deal with complicated ailments. They also conduct research
and provide advanced health care. For example, AIIMS.
Public Health Infrastructure
• Primary Health Centres (PHCs) have been set up by the government
in villages.
• India has a large number of hospitals run by voluntary agencies and
the private sector.
• Since independence, there has a significant increase in the physical
provision of health services:
• Number of hospitals and dispensaries increased from 9,294 to 45,978.
• Nursing personnel increased from 18,054 to 23.44 lakh.
• Allopathic doctors increased from 61,800 to 9.2 lakh.
Indian Systems of Medicine
India has its own well developed alternate system of
healthcare which is known as AYUSH, which consists six
systems – Ayurveda, Yoga, Unani, Siddha, Naturopathy,
Homeopathy.
India currently has 3,167 ISM hospitals, 26,000 dispensaries

and up to 7 lakh certified practitioners.

Indicators of Health and Health
Infrastructure
• Expenditure on health sector is only 4.7% of the total GDP, which is
extremely low as compared to other developing countries.
• India, housing 17% of the world’s population bears a frightening 20%
of the Global Burden of Diseases.
• 5 lakh children die of water borne diseases die every year.
• Malnutrition and inadequate supply of vaccines lead to death of 2.2
million children per year.
• Less than 20% of the population utilizes the public healthcare system,
and 62% of PHCs are understaffed and only 30% of them have
sufficient stock of medicine.

Indicators of Health in India in
Comparison to Other Countries
Indicator India China USA Sri Lanka
Infant Mortality Rate/1000 live 38 9 6 8
births
Under-5 Mortality/1000 live 48 11 7 10
births
Birth by Skilled Attendants (%) 74 100 99 99
Infants Immunized (%) 87 99 95 99
Health Expenditure as % of GDP 4.7 5.6 17 3.5

Thank you!

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Infrastructure

By Ashi, Ashish, Basharat, Deep, Durga

11/26/2022 PRESENTATION TITLE 2

• Education system (schools, colleges, universities)

• Health system (hospitals and clinics)

• Sanitary system (clean drinking water)

• Monetary system (banks, financial institutions, insurance providers, etc.)

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Commercial energy makes

India currently has 3,167 ISM hospitals, 26,000 dispensaries

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