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    Chemistry Group VII Elements

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    Dove
    This document discusses the group 7 elements (halogens) and their bonding properties. It covers how halogens exist as diatomic molecules when bonding with themselves. It also describes their physical properties like atomic radius, melting/boiling points, and color which increase down the group due to stronger van der Waals forces. Additionally, it examines the halogens' chemical properties such as their electronegativity, reactivity, and ability to act as oxidizing agents, which decrease down the group. The document concludes by discussing how halogens form hydrogen halides and halide salts through their reactions.

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    Chemistry Group VII Elements

    Uploaded by

    Dove
    56 views27 pages
    This document discusses the group 7 elements (halogens) and their bonding properties. It covers how halogens exist as diatomic molecules when bonding with themselves. It also describes their physical properties like atomic radius, melting/boiling points, and color which increase down the group due to stronger van der Waals forces. Additionally, it examines the halogens' chemical properties such as their electronegativity, reactivity, and ability to act as oxidizing agents, which decrease down the group. The document concludes by discussing how halogens form hydrogen halides and halide salts through their reactions.

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    This document discusses the group 7 elements (halogens) and their bonding properties. It covers how halogens exist as diatomic molecules when bonding with themselves. It also describes their physical properties like atomic radius, melting/boiling points, and color which increase down the group due to stronger van der Waals forces. Additionally, it examines the halogens' chemical properties such as their electronegativity, reactivity, and ability to act as oxidizing agents, which decrease down the group. The document concludes by discussing how halogens form hydrogen halides and halide salts through their reactions.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    56 views27 pages

    Chemistry Group VII Elements

    Uploaded by

    Dove
    This document discusses the group 7 elements (halogens) and their bonding properties. It covers how halogens exist as diatomic molecules when bonding with themselves. It also describes their physical properties like atomic radius, melting/boiling points, and color which increase down the group due to stronger van der Waals forces. Additionally, it examines the halogens' chemical properties such as their electronegativity, reactivity, and ability to act as oxidizing agents, which decrease down the group. The document concludes by discussing how halogens form hydrogen halides and halide salts through their reactions.

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    Group 7 Elements

    (halogens)
    TABLE OF CONTENTS

    01 02 03 04

    Introduction Bonding that Chemical Halides


    halogens properties of formation
    undergo halogens
    Group VII Elements

    ● Halogens are the elements found in group VII of the periodic


    table.

    ● They all have seven valence electrons.

    ● Halogens have the ability to accept an electron to attain stability;

    ● Halogens also have the ability to share electrons with itself as well
    as other non-metals in the periodic table;
    ONE OF THE MOST UNIQUE FEATURES OF THE HALOGENS IS ITS ABILITY TO EXIST AS DIATOMIC MOLECULES WHEN IT
    COMBINES WITH ITSELF.

    THE MEMBERS OF THIS GROUP ARE FLUORINE, CHLORINE, BROMINE, IODINE, ASTATINE.

    N.B. ASTATINE HAS NO STABLE OR LONG-LIVED ISOTOPES THEREFORE, MOST PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ASTATINE HAVE BEEN
    PREDICTED FROM THEORY AND BY EXTRAPOLATION FROM THE PROPERTIES OF OTHER ELEMENTS.
    Physical Properties
    As we move down Group VII, the increasing number of inner shells
    filled with electrons greatly outweighs the increase in nuclear ~Nuclear Charge
    charge.

    Consequently, the attraction of the nucleus for the outermost


    electrons becomes weaker and the outcome is an increase in
    ~Atomic radius
    atomic radius down the group.

    Also, there is greater van der Waals forces of attraction since


    these electrons can move freely setting up temporary dipoles. ~van der Waals forces
    These attractive forces which exist between the molecules
    increase as we descend the group.
    Volatility, density, and state
    • These strong intermolecular forces of attraction means that, more energy is
    needed to break the bonds between the molecules.

    • Therefore, the melting point and boiling point increase as we descend the
    group.

    • Thus the halogens become less volatile going down the group.

    • The increase in van der Waals forces of attraction also results in a change of
    the Physical states of molecules from a gas to a liquid to a solid.

    • In addition, as the forces of attraction between molecules increase, the


    molecules pack closer together thus the mass per unit volume increases i.e.
    density increases.
    Colour
    The colour of the halogen molecules at room temperature gets darker as we
    descend group VII.

    The colour exhibited by these compounds is the complementary colour of the light they
    absorb from the visible light region of the spectrum and promoted to a higher energy
    level. The colour of the molecules depends on the amount of energy the outer electrons
    absorbs.

    Fluorine is a pale yellow gas whilst chlorine is a pale green gas. Bromine is a red-brown
    liquid. Iodine is a shiny black solid which sublimes upon heating to give a purple vapor
    Astatine is a black solid.
    What is the most loyal element
    …………….....BROmine!!!!!!

    —HALOGENIE
    WHAT IS THIS TOPIC ABOUT?

    BONDING BETWEEN GROUP 7


    ELEMENTS

    The halogens exist as simple molecules


    they are all diatomic.

    Diatomic this means that each molecule


    contains two atoms.

    Halogens go through covalent bonding


    (X-X)with each other these called
    HALOGEN BONDS.
    A DIATOMIC HALOGEN ATOM
    TYpes Bonding that halogens
    undergo

    Halogen Covalent Ionic Bonds


    bonding bonding
    This type of
    THis type of Type of bonds bonds happen
    bonds happens that happens between
    between the between halogens and
    diatomic atom halogens and metals
    pair nonmetals
    Halogen Bond energy
    Bond enthalpy is the energy needed to break one mole of a covalent bond to
    produce individual atoms, starting from the original substance in the gas state,
    and ending with gaseous atoms.
    Chemical properties of
    halogens

    Electronegativity Reactivity Oxidation

    Electronegativity This reactivity is oxidation may be


    depends upon defined as the
    the attraction due to high
    chemical process
    between the electronegativity in which a
    nucleus and and high effective substance gains
    bonding
    nuclear charge. oxygen or loses
    electrons in the
    outer shell. electrons and
    hydrogen.
    Electronegativity

    Electronegativity is the ability of an atom to attract electrons or electron


    density towards itself within a covalent bond. Electronegativity depends
    upon the attraction between the nucleus and bonding electrons in the outer
    shell.Halogens have a large electronegativity because there is no inner
    shielding by electrons.
    Electronegativity
    decreases down the
    group because of the
    increase of the radius
    of each atom
    increases due to more
    shells.
    Reactivity

    Halogens are highly reactive.This reactivity is due to high electronegativity and


    high effective nuclear charge. Halogens can gain an electron by reacting with
    atoms of other elements.Halogens gets less reactive as the atoms go down the
    group.The atoms move further away from the nucleus.

    7 Fluorine-Reacts with almost anything instantly. Fluorine is dangerous because


    of its instantaneous reaction.
    14 Chlorine-Reacts with heated iron wool very quickly.
    21 Bromine-Has to be warmed and the iron wool heated. The reaction is faster.
    28 Iodine-Has to be heated strongly and so does the iron wool. The reaction is
    slow.
    Reactions with
    The halogens react with
    hydrogen to produce hydrogen
    compounds called hydrogen
    halides. For example, chlorine The halogens react with
    reacts with hydrogen: metals to produce salts.

    Hydrogen + chlorine →
    Reactions with EG.Sodium + chlorine →
    hydrogen chloride
    metals sodium chloride

    𝐻2 (g) + 𝐶𝑙2 (g) → 2HCl (g) 2Na (s) + 𝐶𝑙2 (g) → 2NaCl (s)

    The hydrogen halides are Sodium and chlorine


    gases at room temperature. react vigorously when
    They dissolve in water to heated, giving an orange
    produce acidic solutions. flame and clouds of white
    Hydrogen chloride dissolves sodium chloride
    in water to produce
    hydrochloric acid, HCl(aq).
    Hydrogen(H₂) reaction with halogens

    Fluorine Explodes in the cold and dark, forming hydrogen fluoride


    Chlorine Explodes with a flame or in sunlight, forming hydrogen chloride
    Bromine Vigorous reaction with burning hydrogen, forming hydrogen bromide
    Iodine Very slow reaction when heated strongly, forming some hydrogen iodide

    Metals reaction with halogens

    Fluorine Cold iron wool burns to produce white iron(III) fluoride


    Chlorine Hot iron wool burns vigorously to produce orange-brown iron(III) chloride
    Bromine Hot iron wool burns quickly to produce red-brown iron(III) bromide
    Iodine Hot iron wool reacts slowly in iodine vapour to produce grey iron(II) iodide
    Oxidation

    Oxidizing agents is a species that has the ability to accept electrons.Halogens can
    accept electrons for it has at least one free unpaired electron on its outer shell.

    However as the group atoms radius grow bigger the oxidizing ability decrease.The
    ability of halogens to accept electrons decreases down the group.

    Electrode potential values directly measure oxidizing agents the stronger the more
    positive potential.Due to this more positive electrode potential can oxide ions with
    lower electrode potential .
    Oxidation reactions
    of halogens
    Oxidizing agents Reaction

    All halogens Sulphate(SOз₂)➝sulphate(SOз₂)

    All halogens hydrogen sulphide(H₂S)➝Sulphur(S)

    Fluorine,Chlorine,bromine 𝐹𝑒 2+ + ➝ 𝐹𝑒 3+

    Fluorine,chlorine,bromine Thiosulphate (S₂𝑂32− )➝sulphate(SOз)

    Iodine a Thiosulphate (S₂𝑂32 )➝tetrathionate(S4𝑂62− )


    halides

    The formation of hydrogen halides are likely to occur because they have
    negative enthalpy value that is, the energy of the products is less than that
    of the reactants,making the products more stable.

    Stability of Hydrides
    The hydrogen halides are all colourless gases at room temperature and
    pressure except for hydrogen fluoride ,which boils at 19℃ due to strong
    hydrogen bonding. These when dissolved in water form strong ions which
    increases in strength down the group so they are easily dissociated.

    Dissociation equation: HX(g)+H₂O(ι)➝HзO๋(aq)+X-


    Molecule Bond length/nm Bond enthaply/kJmol-1

    H-F 0.092 +562

    H-Cl 0.128 +431

    H-Br 0.141 +366

    H-I 0.160 +299

    ● As group seven descends the bond lengths increase therefore implies


    Group seven hydrides stability decreases down the group.
    ● Thermal stability of group seven hydrides can be experimentally verified by
    placing a hot nichrome wire into test tubes each containing HCl,HBr and
    HI.HCl-no change is seen ,But with HBr reddish-brown effervescent was
    produced since hydrogen bromide dissociate to produce bromine gas .
    Test FOR HALIDES

    Majority Metal halides are soluble except silver and lead halide .Since they are
    insoluble solutions containing these ions can be used to identify the presence of
    halide ions in solution.
    Video on how halide test is
    conducted
    Reactions of aqueous halide ions
    Reagents F(aq) Cl-(aq) Br(aq) I(aq)

    Pb(NOз)₂ White White Cream Yellow


    precipitate precipitate precipitate of Precipitate of
    formed of PbF₂ formed PbCl₂ PbBr₂ PbI₂

    AgNOз No reaction White Cream Yellow


    AgF soluble in precipitate precipitate Precipitate of
    water formed AgCl AgI

    Solubility of
    silver halide in Insoluble Insoluble Insoluble
    a. Dil.HNOз Soluble Insoluble Insoluble
    b.Dil.NHз(aq)(a Soluble Soluble Insoluble
    q)
    C conc.NHз

    Effect of No affect White ppt turns Cream No effect


    sunlight purple-grey ppt.turns green
    yellow
    The reactions of solid halides

    Reagent Fluoride Chloride Bromine Iodide

    Conc. H₂SOч HF formed HCl formed HBr and a little HI formed


    Br formed

    Conc HF formed CL formed Br formed I formed


    H₂SOч+MnO₂

    Conc H₂POч HF formed HCL formed HBr formed HI formed


    THE END.

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