Metals and Corrosion

CSEC CHEMISTRY

Jason Solomon
 Metal
• Metal, any of a class of substances characterized by high electrical and
thermal conductivity as well as by malleability, ductility, and high
reflectivity of light.
• 80% of the elements on the periodic table are metals.
• Metallurgy is one of the oldest applied science.
• Metal atoms have a small number of valence electrons usually 1, 2, or
3.
 Metal
• Metallic bonding is the type of bonding between metal atoms.
This bonding gives metal distinct physical properties.
• Metal lattice consist of metal cations and sea of delocalized
electrons. The lattice is held together by strong electrostatic
force between the positive cations and negative electrons, called
metallic bond.
 Physical Properties of Metals
• High Melting point and boiling point
• Due to strong electrostatic forces. Large amount of heat energy is required for
heating and boiling.
• Good conductor of electricity and Heat
• Delocalized electrons acts as charge carriers enabling electric current flow or
heat carriers enabling heat to travel through metals.
• Metals have shiny lustre
• Lustre is the shininess of a metal.
 Physical Properties of Metals
• Hard, malleable and ductile
• High Density
• Colour
 Chemical Properties of Metals
• Ionic compounds are form when metals react and behaves as a
reducing agent because they lose electrons in the reaction. The
other reactant gains electrons (RIG).
• Metal usually have 1, 2, or 3 valence electrons. Its easier to lose
electron to react. They form positive cations in chemical
reaction by losing valence electrons.
 Reaction of Metals with Oxygen
• Air (oxygen) oxidises the surface of some such as potassium and
sodium. Those metals are store to prevent exposure to air.
• There are metals that can be exposed to air (oxygen) without any
noticeable change for prolong period.
• Metals react with oxygen to form metal oxides.
• Metal oxides that can dissolve water form alkaline solution.
Reaction of Metals with Oxygen
 Reactions of Metals with Water
• Metals that are extremely reactive with oxygen are very reactive
water.
• The reactions between metal and water produces metal hydroxide
and hydrogen.

• The reaction between metal and steam produces metal oxide and
hydrogen.
Reactions of Metals with Water
 Metal and Diluted acids Reactions
• The reactive metals and diluted acids react to form a salt and
hydrogen gas, except with nitric acid.
• The salt obtain from the reaction depends on the metal and acid.
• A ‘Chloride’ salt is form when metals and hydrochloric acid react.

• A ‘Sulfate’ salt is form when metals and sulfuric acid react.

Metal and Diluted acids Reactions
 Metal Compounds Reactions
• Metal oxides
• A salt and water is formed when metal oxides reacts with acid. Its known as
an neutralisation reaction. The reaction is exothermic.

• Copper(II) oxide and sulfuric acid reacts to form soluble copper(II)

sulfate and water. Colour change from black to blue. Heat affects the
speed of the reaction.
 Metal Compounds Reactions
• Metal Hydroxides
• Metal hydroxides are base and react with acids to form a salt and water. It is
a neutralisation reaction. The reaction exothermic.

• Zinc hydroxide and hydrochloric acid reacts to form soluble zinc

chloride and water.
 Metal Compounds Reactions
• A salt, carbon dioxide, and water are form when metal carbonates
reacts with acids. The production of carbon dioxide is evident by
effervescence occurring.

• The reactions of calcium carbonate and nitric acid produce soluble

calcium nitrate, carbon dioxide, and water. A colourless solution of
calcium nitrate is form.
 Reactivity And Extraction Of Metals
• The reactivity series of metal is a list of metals arrange from the most
to least reactive. The series is determine base on;
• Reactivity with oxygen, water, and diluted acids.
• Ease of their compounds decomposition when heated.
• Displacement reactions
• Reaction with oxygen, water, and dilute acids.
• Potassium, sodium, calcium, and magnesium seems to be the most reactive
with oxygen, water, diluted acids (hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid).
 Reactivity And Extraction Of Metals
• Reaction with oxygen, water, and dilute acids (cont’d)
• Copper do not react with steam or dilute acids. It’s the least reactive metal
with oxygen. Silver shows no reaction with oxygen, water, or dilute acids.
• Potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium, zinc, iron, copper and silver are
arrange starting from the most to the least reactive with water, oxygen, and
dilute acid.
• The “ease of ionisation” determines the reactivity of a metal.
Potassium is the most reactive metal because it is easily ionise. Silver
is hard to ionise causing it to be the least reactive.
 Reactivity And Extraction Of Metals
• Decomposition reaction
• When one reactant breaks into two or products.
• The very reactive metals potassium and sodium, compounds are fairly stable.
Hydroxides and carbonates do not decompose and nitrates only slightly.
• The more reactive metal from more stable compounds and less reactive a
metal is then the more less stable the compound.
• Reason: Reactive metals easily ionise and the ions form are very stable.
 Reactivity And Extraction Of Metals
• Displacement reaction
• This reaction occurs when a free state metal displaces another metal from a
compound. The reaction is exothermic. Its also a redox reaction.
• The more reactive metal displaces the least reactive metal.
• In the solution, the more reactive metal will ionise and cause the less reactive
metal to be discharged forming atoms.
 Reactivity Series of Metals
• Reactivity series is base on the reactions of metals with oxygen,
water, and dilute acids as well as ease of decomposition of metal
compounds and displace reaction.
• Potassium is the most reactive and form the most stable ions because it
ionises easily. Those ions are very hard to discharge.
• If two metals reacts similarly then we can find out which is more reactive
through displacement reaction.
• Hydrogen is a non-metal but still part of the reactive series to predict how
metals will react with acids. Metals higher than hydrogen in the series reacts
with acid.
Reactivity Series of Metals
 Extraction of Aluminium and Iron
• Most metals occurs as compounds in the earth’s crust and must be
extracted from these compounds.
• The metals are extracted compounds referred to as “ores”.
• Metal oxides, sulfides, and carbonates are the most important ores.
• The process of metal extraction from ores is a reduction process.
 Aluminium extraction
• Aluminium is the most abundant metal in the earth crust.
• Aluminium is extracted from the ore called bauxite.
• Bauxite is impure hydrated aluminium oxide, Al2O3.xH2O.
• Bauxite is purified to form anhydrous aluminium oxide (Al2O3) called
alumina. Jamaica export alumina overseas where it undergoes
‘electrolysis’ to extract aluminium.
 Aluminium extraction
• Electrolysis of alumina occurs in large steel tanks lined with carbon
(graphite), this forms an electrolytic cell. The process of producing
aluminium from bauxite is called the bayer process.
 Aluminium extraction
1. Pure alumina dissolve into molten cryolite at about 950 ⁰C. Cryolite
is sodium aluminium fluoride, Na3AlF6. The ions are free to move
once alumina has dissolved into cryolite.
2. Electrolysis of molten cryolite/alumina solution in the electrolytic
cell.
• Aluminium ions reduce at the cathode forming aluminium atoms. Molten
aluminium collected at the bottom of cell and tapped off. Made into sheets or
block.
 Aluminium extraction
2. Oxide ions is oxidised at the anode forming oxygen gas. Carbon
dioxide is form by reaction with carbon anode. The anode breaks over
time and needs to be replace eventually.
 Iron Extraction
• The main ores from which iron is extracted from are haematite,
(impure iron(III) oxide, Fe₂O₃) and magnetite (impure iron(II,III) oxide,
Fe₃O₄).
• The extraction of iron from the ores takes place using carbon
monoxide as a reducing agent inside a blast furnace.
Iron Extraction
 Iron Extraction Process
1. A mixture of iron ore, limestone, and coke is added through top of
the furnace. The mixture is called ‘the charge’.
2. From the bottom of the furnace hot air is blown.
3. Coke burns at the bottom of the furnace in hot air forming carbon
dioxide. The reaction is exothermic and the temperature at the
furnace bottom is about 1900 ⁰C.
 Iron Extraction Process
• 4. Carbon dioxide and coke reacts in the middle of the furnace producing
carbon monoxide. The carbon monoxide goes up the furnace.

• 5. The carbon monoxide reduces the iron ores to iron in the upper part of
the furnace. The molten iron goes to the bottom of the furnace where it is
removed. The ‘pig iron’ is purified and made into steel or an alloy of iron.
• Carbon is more reactive than iron which allows it to displace iron from iron
(iii) oxide.
 Metals Reactivity
• Metals lower in the reactive series form less stable ions and are easier
to reduce compare to metal higher in the series. Therefore, less
powerful method of reduction is needed such heating the ore with a
reducing agent such as carbon, carbon monoxide, or hydrogen. This
method requires less energy than electrolysis and less expensive.
• The ‘electrolysis of the molten ore’ is the most powerful method of
reduction. Metals higher in the reactivity series forms very stable
ions.
 Iron Extraction Process
• The main impurity which iron ore contains is silicon dioxide (sand).
The built up of silicon dioxide (sand) would eventually clog up the
furnace.
• Calcium carbonate decompose in the upper part of furnace due to
the heat forming calcium oxide and carbon dioxide.

• oxide (basic) and silicon dioxide (acidic) reacts form calcium silicate,
called slag. Slag form a layer above the molten iron at the bottom of
the furnace where it is also removed.
 Uses of Metals
• The purpose for which a metal is use relates to a particular property
of that metal. Metals are widely use because they are strong, durable,
malleable, ductile, good conductor of heat and good conductor of
electricity.
• Combining different metals produces ‘alloys’. Alloys are created with a
specific desire in mind, to improve or modify the properties of the
metals.
• Metals are used in the area of construction, electronics, medicine,
machinery, decorative items, etc.
 Uses of Metals
• Aluminium
• Overhead electrical cables with steel core
• Make saucepans
• Aluminium cans for food and drink
• Window frames
• Aluminium foil for cooking
• Manufacturing of car
• Manufacturing of aeroplane
 Uses of Metals
• Lead
• Lead-acid batteries
• Radiation shield
• Manufacture lead alloys
• Pigments
• Iron
• Ornaments
• Manufacturing of steel
• Manufacturing vehicles, appliances, utensils, and implantable devices.
 Uses of Metal
• Gold
• Jewellery, ornaments
• Mercury
• Use to make thermometers
• Copper
• Electric wires
• Zinc
• Zinc coating of iron to prevent rusting/Galvanising
 Alloys
• Alloys are made from combining two or more metals. Additionally,
non-metal can be used.
• Alloys are made to improve the properties or modify their properties.
• Alloys are generally stronger, harder, and more resistant to corrosion
compared to the original metals.
• The size of metal atoms are usually different.
 Alloys
• Aluminium
• Duralumin is made from 94% aluminium, 4% copper, and small amount of
magnesium and manganese.
• Use: construction of aircraft and to make precision tools.
• Stronger than aluminium and light weight like aluminium.
• Magnalium is made from 95% aluminium and 5% magnesium.
• Use: Construction of aircrafts, automobile parts, make metallic mirrors, and scientific
instruments.
• Stronger, harder, and more corrosion resistant than aluminium. Lighter in weight than
aluminium.
 Alloys
• Steel is an alloy of iron made using carbon or other metals. Carbon
steels are made by mixing iron and carbon together.
• The amount of carbon used is between 0.1% to 1.5%.
• As the carbon increases the steel becomes harder and less malleable.
Alloys
 Alloys
• Lead is usually mix with tin, antimony, or copper to produce alloys.
• Lead solder is a common alloy of lead metal. It made by mixing 60%
lead and 40% tin. It is used to join metallic objects together.
• Lead solder melting point is lower than lead. It is harder and stronger
than lead.
 Alloys
• Bronze was the first alloy to be discovered. It’s made up of copper and tin.
It has a copper content of 90% and a tin content of 10 %. To improve the
overall characteristics, very small amounts of zinc, nickel, or manganese
may be added.
• Copper and zinc are combined to make brass. It contains approximately 80
% copper and 20 % zinc. Other components can be added in smaller
amounts. Brass is used to improving copper’s electrical characteristics.
• Steel is made by mixing 90 % iron and 1% carbon. It’s more corrosion-
resistant and long-lasting.
• Stainless steel is made by mixing iron with chromium and nickel. It contains
approximately 18 % chromium and 5 % nickel.
 Alloy
• Gold with a purity of 24 carats is regarded as the purest. Pure gold is
very soft due to which it is not suitable for making jewelry. To make
gold harder, it is mixed with a small amount of silver or copper. In
India gold ornaments are made of 22 carats of gold, which means that
22 parts of pure gold is alloyed with 2 parts of either silver or copper.
 Alloy
• Each alloy has certain useful properties. An alloy’s properties are
distinct from those of the individual metals from which it is produced.
Some properties of alloys are given below.
1.Alloys are harder than their constituent metals.
2.Alloys are more resistant to corrosion than pure metals.
3.Alloys are more durable than the metals they are made from.
4.The electrical conductivity of alloys is lower than that of pure metals.
5.Alloys have a lower melting point than the metals from which they
are made.
6.Alloys have greater ductility than their constituent metals.
 Alloy
• Brass is used for making cooking utensils, screws, locks, doorknobs,
electrical appliances, zippers, musical instruments, decoration and
gift items
• Bronze is used to make statues, coins, medals, cooking utensils, and
musical instruments, among other things.
• Stainless steel is used for the construction of railways, bridges, roads,
airports etc. It is also used for making cooking utensils and other
products.
 Lead-acid battery
• When looking at how a lead acid battery works, it is necessary to look
at the basic components. The battery has comparatively few
components - essentially there are four main elements:
 Lead-acid battery
• Positive plate: This is covered with a paste of lead dioxide.
• Negative plate: This is made of sponge lead.
• Separator: This is an insulating material between the two plates, but
it allows the electrolyte and the ions into it to enable conduction
without the two plates touching.
• Electrolyte: This consists of water and sulfuric acid
• Batteries use a chemical reaction to do work on charge and produce a
voltage between their output terminals.
 Metals packaging
• Metal based packaging materials provide excellent barrier properties
and hence, being used widely in food packaging applications. They are
used in different package forms as can and foils. Major health and
product safety concerns of metal packaging comprise migration of
lead, aluminum, iron, nickel, bulging of cans, and corrosion. Metals
are not inert to food products, hence coated with protective layer to
prevent metal–food interaction and migration of metal components.
Metal packaging materials have lower global warming potential and
higher recyclability due to their magnetic properties which helps in
easier segregation.
• How are cans made?
 Corrosion
• Rusting can be prevented by keeping oxygen and water away, and by
sacrificial protection. An alloy is a mixture of elements, including at
least one metal. Different alloys have different properties.
• Metals can oxidise in air. They react with oxygen and form metal
oxides. For example, sodium is a very reactive metal.
• When sodium is cut or scratched, its freshly exposed shiny surface
rapidly turns dull as a thin layer of sodium oxide forms:
• sodium + oxygen → sodium oxide
• 4Na(s) + O2(g) → 2Na2O(s)
 Corrosion
• Other metals may oxidise more slowly. Gold and other very
unreactive metals do not oxidise in air at all.
• Corrosion happens when a metal continues to oxidise. The metal
becomes weaker over time, and eventually all of it may become metal
oxide.
• Rusting
• Rusting is a specific example of corrosion, which occurs when iron or steel
reacts with oxygen and water:
 Corrosion
• iron + oxygen + water → hydrated iron(III) oxide
• Hydrated iron(III) oxide is the orange-brown substance seen on the
surface of rusty objects.
• A rusting experiment (next slide)
• The experiment in the diagram shows that both oxygen and water are
needed for rusting to happen.
Corrosion
The nail only rusts in the left-
hand test tube. It does not
rust:
in the middle test tube, where
there was water but no
oxygen
in the right-hand test tube,
where there was oxygen but
Calcium chloride (in the right-hand test tube) absorbs water
no water
 Corrosion Protections
• Tin plating
• Tin plating is the process of depositing a coating of solderable tin plating onto the
surface of a material via an electrical current. Electroplating tin is an extremely cost-
effective process. This is due to tin being so readily available and much less
expensive than metals such as gold, platinum or palladium.
• Enameling
• Enameling is a process by which powdered glass is fused to a metal substrate at high
heat. Enamels can be applied to glass, ceramics, and most commonly, metals. The
application of enamels can add color to metals such as copper, silver, and gold. The
powdered glass can be applied either wet or dry to a surface.
• Galvanization
• Galvanisation or galvanization (or galvanizing as it is most commonly called) is the
process of applying a protective zinc coating to iron or steel, to prevent rusting. The
most common method is hot dip galvanizing, in which steel sections are submerged
in a bath of molten zinc.
 Corrosion Protections
• Tin
• Tin is the most preferable choice for coating food cans because of its anti-
corrosion properties. Unlike Zinc and other reactive metals, tin doesn't react
with the acids produced by food naturally. It is also malleable, lightweight and
recyclable
• Copper plating
• It is an electro-chemical process, in which a layer of copper is deposited on
the metallic surface of a solid through the use of electric current. Copper
plating is an important process because: It provides valuable corrosion
protection. It improves wear resistance of the surface

• https://youtu.be/V4TVDSWuR5E
 Impacts of Metals on the Environment
• TEXTBOOK